{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "sodium",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "alkali-and-alkaline-earth-metals",
  "name": "Sodium",
  "abbreviation": "Na",
  "role": "coolant",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "magnesium",
  "summary": "Sodium is a soft, silvery alkali metal, less dense than water. At ordinary pressure it stays liquid from 97.82 C to 881.4 C, and it carries heat well, so it is the coolant of sodium-cooled fast reactors. Its weakness is chemistry: it reacts violently with water, may ignite spontaneously in moist air, and burns in oxygen. Sodium is also the anode of high-temperature sodium-sulfur cells, which run above 300 C with molten electrodes.\n",
  "best_for": "Heat transfer in a liquid metal at high temperature and low pressure, as in fast-reactor coolant loops",
  "weakest_at": "Any contact with water, moist air or oxygen. It reacts violently, may ignite and must be kept dry and under inert cover",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Na",
    "cas": "7440-23-5",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "pubchem-sodium",
    "where": "Names and Identifiers (CAS entry), PubChem CID 5360545"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "batteries"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 0.968,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Merck Index value as printed in PubChem (printed as g/cu cm, written here as g/cm3)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Density (Merck Index, 13th edition)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Liquid density",
      "value": 919,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "phase": "liquid",
        "temperature": "400 K"
      },
      "method": "Recommended value of the Argonne report, read from its table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fink-leibowitz-1995",
      "where": "Table 1.3-1, Sodium Density, liquid density column, 400 K row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
        "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
        "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Liquid density",
      "value": 828,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "phase": "liquid",
        "temperature": "800 K"
      },
      "method": "Recommended value of the Argonne report, read from its table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fink-leibowitz-1995",
      "where": "Table 1.3-1, Sodium Density, liquid density column, 800 K row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
        "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
        "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point",
      "value": 97.82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "ambient, not stated by source"
      },
      "method": "Merck Index value as printed in PubChem",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Melting Point (Merck Index)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point",
      "value": 881.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "not stated by source"
      },
      "method": "Merck Index value as printed in PubChem",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "PubChem also lists 882.94 C at 760 mmHg and 880 C from other handbooks. The 881.4 C Merck value is used here; the MDPI sodium paper gives 881 C in its Table 1.",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Boiling Point (Merck Index, 13th edition)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, liquid",
      "value": 1.372,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/kg K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "phase": "liquid",
        "temperature": "400 K",
        "basis": "constant pressure"
      },
      "method": "Recommended value of the Argonne report, read from its table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fink-leibowitz-1995",
      "where": "Table 1.1-5, Heat Capacity of Liquid Sodium, Cp column, 400 K row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
        "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
        "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, liquid",
      "value": 1.252,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/kg K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "phase": "liquid",
        "temperature": "900 K",
        "basis": "constant pressure"
      },
      "method": "Recommended value of the Argonne report, read from its table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fink-leibowitz-1995",
      "where": "Table 1.1-5, Heat Capacity of Liquid Sodium, Cp column, 900 K row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
        "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
        "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, liquid",
      "value": 87.22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "phase": "liquid",
        "temperature": "400 K"
      },
      "method": "Recommended value of the Argonne report, read from its table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fink-leibowitz-1995",
      "where": "Table 2.1-1, Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Sodium, 400 K row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
        "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
        "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, liquid",
      "value": 62.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "phase": "liquid",
        "temperature": "800 K"
      },
      "method": "Recommended value of the Argonne report, read from its table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fink-leibowitz-1995",
      "where": "Table 2.1-1, Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Sodium, 800 K row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
        "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
        "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, solid",
      "value": 132.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "293.15 K",
        "note": "below the melting point, so solid"
      },
      "method": "Ullmann's Encyclopedia value as printed in PubChem",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties, entry 'thermal conductivity: 132.3W/m K at 293.15 K' (Ullmann's)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 4.77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "microohm cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "293 K",
        "unit_in_source": "4.77x10-8 Ohm m"
      },
      "method": "Ullmann's value as printed in PubChem (4.77x10-8 Ohm m), converted by the editors: 1 Ohm m = 10^8 microohm cm",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties, entry 'electrical resistivity' (Ullmann's)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vapor_pressure",
      "label": "Vapor pressure",
      "value": 5.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Pa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "600 K (327 C)"
      },
      "method": "CRC Handbook value as printed in PubChem (the same entry gives 0.000185 Pa at 400 K)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Vapor Pressure (Lide, CRC Handbook)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dynamic_viscosity",
      "label": "Dynamic viscosity, liquid",
      "value": 0.68,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cP",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "100 C"
      },
      "method": "Kirk-Othmer value as printed in PubChem",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Viscosity (Kirk-Othmer)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "autoignition_temperature",
      "label": "Autoignition temperature",
      "value": 115,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "dry air"
      },
      "method": "Sax handbook value as printed in PubChem (above 115 C in dry air)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "PubChem also lists 250 F (USCG) and 120 to 125 C without a stated method. The Sax dry-air figure is used here.",
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Autoignition Temperature (Sax)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
        "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "theoretical_capacity",
      "label": "Theoretical capacity of sodium metal",
      "value": 1166,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mAh/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "reaction": "Na to Na+, one electron per atom",
        "electrode": "sodium metal anode"
      },
      "method": "Value stated by the review (it gives the figure without a derivation)",
      "status": "calculated",
      "source": "na-s-review-2023",
      "where": "Text on the theoretical energy of Na-S batteries, paragraph naming Na (1166 mA h/g) and S (1672 mA h/g)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions",
        "id": "PMC10300782",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (PubMed Central)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "theoretical_specific_energy",
      "label": "Theoretical specific energy, sodium-sulfur",
      "value": 1274,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Wh/kg",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "couple": "sodium and sulfur",
        "basis": "theoretical"
      },
      "method": "Value stated by the review, which cites its reference 47",
      "status": "calculated",
      "source": "na-s-review-2023",
      "where": "Text on Na-S and Li-S chemistry, sentence 'The theoretical capacity of the Na-S battery is 1274 Wh/kg'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions",
        "id": "PMC10300782",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (PubMed Central)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cell_specific_energy",
      "label": "Energy density, high-temperature Na-S cell",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "Wh/kg",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "battery": "high-temperature sodium-sulfur",
        "operating_temperature": "above 300 C"
      },
      "method": "Table value as printed in the review (energy density 200 Wh/kg or higher)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "na-s-review-2023",
      "where": "Table, Electrochemical Performance of Na-S Batteries, High Temperature column, Energy density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions",
        "id": "PMC10300782",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (PubMed Central)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cell_specific_energy",
      "label": "Energy density, room-temperature Na-S cell",
      "value": 150,
      "value_high": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Wh/kg",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "battery": "room-temperature sodium-sulfur"
      },
      "method": "Table value as printed in the review (150 to 240 Wh/kg)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "na-s-review-2023",
      "where": "Table, Electrochemical Performance of Na-S Batteries, Room Temperature column, Energy density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions",
        "id": "PMC10300782",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (PubMed Central)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "operating_temperature",
      "label": "Operating temperature, high-temperature Na-S",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "C",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "battery": "high-temperature sodium-sulfur",
        "purpose": "keeps the sulfur cathode and sodium anode molten"
      },
      "method": "Review statement that these batteries normally operate above 300 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "na-s-review-2023",
      "where": "Introduction, sentence beginning 'Normally, Na-S batteries operate at high temperatures above 300 C'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions",
        "id": "PMC10300782",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (PubMed Central)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Liquid water",
      "headline": "Sodium reacts violently with water, releasing hydrogen and caustic soda, and the hydrogen can ignite.",
      "effect": "Reacts violently with water to form hydrogen gas and caustic soda solution. The hydrogen ignites and explodes in air.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "any water contact"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Stability and Reactivity > Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities; Air and Water Reactions"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Moist air at room temperature",
      "headline": "Sodium may ignite spontaneously in moist air, and the surface tarnishes in air.",
      "effect": "Combustible solid that may ignite spontaneously on exposure to moist air. Decomposes rapidly under air and moisture, forming flammable hydrogen. Tarnishes on exposure to air, becoming dull and gray.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "moist air, room temperature"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Fire Potential; Chemical Dangers; Chemical and Physical Properties > Stability/Shelf Life"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Dry air below 1000 F (as printed)",
      "headline": "In dry air and without hydrogen, the reaction is slow below 1000 F.",
      "effect": "In the absence of moisture and hydrogen the reaction with air is insignificant below 1000 F, as printed. Vapor ignites at room temperature and droplets near 250 F.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "dry air, no moisture or hydrogen",
        "temperature": "below 1000 F as printed"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Fire Potential (NFPA 2002 guide)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxygen, and hot sodium in air",
      "headline": "Sodium reacts vigorously with oxygen, burning with a yellow flame.",
      "effect": "Reacts vigorously with oxygen, burning with a yellow flame. Above 115 C in air it ignites and gives a strongly alkaline sodium peroxide fume.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "above 115 C in air"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Stability and Reactivity > Hazardous Reactivities; Other Safety Information > Toxic Combustion Products"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sodium pool with oxygen, in a reactor",
      "headline": "Sodium-oxygen reaction in a pool is the main fire hazard of a sodium-cooled reactor.",
      "effect": "The sodium-oxygen reaction is the fire hazard in sodium-cooled fast reactors, and sodium pool fire design is the basis of accidents in them. The authors measure the thermal behavior of sodium in diluted oxygen.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "diluted oxygen, sodium pool"
      },
      "source": "sfr-sodium-fire-2022",
      "where": "Abstract and Introduction"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Mineral oil or kerosene (storage and cover)",
      "headline": "Sodium is stored under mineral oil and is insoluble in kerosene.",
      "effect": "Stored under mineral oil and kept dry. Sodium is insoluble in benzene, kerosene and naphtha. Kerosene, paraffin oil or dry sand are listed to cover spilled sodium.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "liquid": "mineral oil, kerosene or paraffin oil, dry"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties > Experimental Properties > Solubility; Safety and Hazards > Handling and Storage > Safe Storage"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Carbon dioxide at high temperature",
      "headline": "Hot sodium and carbon dioxide can form explosive mixtures.",
      "effect": "Sodium and carbon dioxide are normally unreactive until red heat, but mixtures of the two solids are impact-sensitive and explode violently. Carbon dioxide is unsuitable for putting out burning sodium.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "red heat and above"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Fire Fighting > Fire Fighting Procedures (Merck and NFPA)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Halogens, acids and halogenated hydrocarbons",
      "headline": "Sodium reacts exothermically with halogens, acids and halogenated hydrocarbons.",
      "effect": "Reacts exothermally with halogens, acids and halogenated hydrocarbons. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and sulfuric acid react slowly, while aqueous solutions react explosively.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "contact at normal handling"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sodium",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Stability and Reactivity > Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Sax, Bretherick)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Type 316L austenitic stainless steel in pure sodium at 600 to 700 C",
      "headline": "Type 316L stainless steel was largely immune to sodium exposure in screening tests.",
      "effect": "Capsule tests at 600 or 700 C for 100 and 400 h, and thermal convection loops for 2000 h, showed 316L largely immune to changes from commercially pure sodium, with no mass transfer seen in the loops.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "316L in commercially pure sodium",
        "temperature": "600 to 700 C"
      },
      "source": "pawel-2012-ornl",
      "where": "Abstract"
    },
    {
      "environment": "NF-616 ferritic steel in sodium at 700 C",
      "headline": "The ferritic steel NF-616 decarburizes substantially in sodium at 700 C.",
      "effect": "NF-616 was found susceptible to substantial decarburization at 700 C in sodium. The same test found the HT-UPS and 316L alloys largely immune.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "NF-616 ferritic steel",
        "temperature": "700 C"
      },
      "source": "pawel-2012-ornl",
      "where": "Abstract"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Classified Danger. In contact with water it releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously (H260, 100% of ECHA notifications). It causes severe skin burns and eye damage (H314, 100%).",
        "ghs": [
          "H260",
          "H314"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > GHS Classification (ECHA C&L, 439 reports from 9 notifications)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Serious eye damage (H318) is notified in 45.1% of ECHA reports.",
        "ghs": [
          "H318"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > GHS Classification (ECHA C&L)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Transport: UN1428, Division 4.3 (dangerous when wet), packing group I.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > DOT Hazard Classification (49 CFR 173.124)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Vapor ignites at room temperature, droplets at about 250 F and an agitated pool at 400 F. In the absence of moisture and hydrogen the reaction is insignificant below 1000 F.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Fire Potential (NFPA 2002 guide)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Above 115 C in air, sodium may ignite and produce a strongly alkaline sodium peroxide fume, a serious hazard for inhalation and for skin and eye contact.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Other Safety Information > Toxic Combustion Products"
      },
      {
        "text": "Vapors and fumes from sodium are strongly alkaline and highly irritating and corrosive to the respiratory tract, eyes and skin.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations (Patty's Toxicology)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Water entering a sodium loop",
        "trigger": "Water or steam contacts the molten or solid sodium",
        "consequence": "Violent reaction, flammable hydrogen gas that may ignite, and caustic soda solution.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Stability and Reactivity > Air and Water Reactions"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Sodium pool fire after a leak",
        "trigger": "Sodium leaks into air in a sodium-cooled reactor",
        "consequence": "A sodium-oxygen fire. The authors describe sodium pool fire design as the basis of accidents in these reactors.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "sfr-sodium-fire-2022",
        "where": "Abstract"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Spontaneous ignition in moist air",
        "trigger": "Exposure of sodium vapor, droplets or a finely divided form to moist air",
        "consequence": "Spontaneous ignition. Vapor ignites at room temperature.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Fire Potential"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fire fighting with the wrong agent",
        "trigger": "Water, foam or carbon dioxide applied to a sodium fire",
        "consequence": "Water and foam produce hydrogen and can cause explosion. Carbon dioxide mixed with hot sodium is impact-sensitive and can explode.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Fire Fighting (ERG 2024 Guide 138); Fire Fighting Procedures"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Decarburization of ferritic steel in contact with sodium",
        "trigger": "NF-616 ferritic steel held in sodium at 700 C",
        "consequence": "Substantial decarburization, so the steel loses carbon and strength.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pawel-2012-ornl",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Burns and caustic fumes on the skin, eyes and airways from sodium and its reaction products.",
        "affects": "People handling sodium",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Hazards Summary"
      },
      {
        "text": "Sodium peroxide fume from burning sodium is strongly alkaline.",
        "affects": "Surroundings and people nearby",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Other Safety Information > Toxic Combustion Products"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Storage: fireproof, dry, well closed and kept under mineral oil. Store cool and dry, well ventilated, separate from water.",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Handling and Storage > Safe Storage; Storage Conditions"
      },
      {
        "text": "Fire: do not use water or foam. A small fire needs dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand. A large fire needs dry sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime.",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Fire Fighting > Excerpt from ERG Guide 138"
      },
      {
        "text": "Spill: absorb the spilled sodium dry, cover the remainder with kerosene, paraffin oil or dry sand, and remove the last traces with methylated spirit.",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Accidental Release Measures > Cleanup Methods"
      },
      {
        "text": "Fire extinguishing: improved methods use low-melting inorganic powder mixtures, which melt and form a protective crust on the sodium.",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Fire Fighting > Fire Fighting Procedures"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Low-melting inorganic powder mixtures melt and form a protective crust over burning liquid sodium.",
        "source": "pubchem-sodium",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Fire Fighting > Fire Fighting Procedures"
      },
      {
        "text": "In capsule and convection-loop tests in commercially pure sodium at 600 to 700 C, Type 316L was largely immune to changes from the sodium (laboratory tests).",
        "source": "pawel-2012-ornl",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Stainless steel and sodium heat pipe, a radiator element for a nuclear electric propulsion spacecraft (test article)",
      "example": "A 4.42 m long heat pipe of 2 cm diameter, tested at 920 K, carried a non-limited power of 3560 W, above its 2600 W design power. The report was prepared for JPL under NASA contract NAS 7-100.",
      "source": "ntrs-nep-heat-rejection-1982",
      "where": "Summary (test of the stainless steel/sodium heat pipe)"
    },
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "High-temperature sodium-sulfur battery",
      "example": "Sodium-sulfur cells run above 300 C so that the sulfur and sodium stay molten. The review gives an energy density of 200 Wh/kg or higher for high-temperature Na-S cells.",
      "source": "na-s-review-2023",
      "where": "Introduction; Electrochemical Performance of Na-S Batteries table"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Liquid sodium coolant of a sodium-cooled fast reactor",
      "example": "Liquid sodium is described as an ideal coolant for fast neutron reactors. Sodium pool fire design is the basis of accident analysis for these reactors.",
      "source": "sfr-sodium-fire-2022",
      "where": "Introduction and Abstract"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Sodium feedstock: salt (sodium chloride). Sodium metal producers were not reviewed for this profile.",
      "abundance": "The USGS salt chapter says the oceans contain a virtually inexhaustible supply of salt. World mine production of salt in 2025 was about 270,000 thousand metric tons (rounded).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 20.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "share_percent": 5.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not reviewed for this profile.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-salt-2026",
      "where": "World Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (thousand metric tons). Shares are computed by the editors from the printed 2025 production over the printed world total of 270,000 thousand metric tons, which is rounded, so the shares are approximate."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Sodium (CID 5360545), properties, hazards and safety record",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions: Sodium",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Na&ascii=html",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Salt",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-salt.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Argonne ANL/RE-95/2: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (copy at University of Brighton)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
      "year": 1995
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA NTRS 19830010576: Study of a Heat Rejection System for the Nuclear Electric Propulsion Spacecraft (Thermacore, NASA-CR-169921)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19830010576/downloads/19830010576.pdf",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions (PMC10300782)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Thermal Characteristic Analysis of Sodium in Diluted Oxygen via Thermogravimetric Approach (Processes 2022, 10, 704)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/processes/processes-10-00704/article_deploy/processes-10-00704.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "Pawel, S. J., Compatibility of HT-UPS and 316L stainless steels with sodium (Fusion Science and Technology 61(1T), 2012)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://ornl.gov/publication/compatibility-assessment-advanced-stainless-steels-sodium",
      "year": 2012
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Sodium metal producers, their countries and the production route: no source was read in this run, so the supply section gives only the salt feedstock.",
    "Critical-mineral status of sodium: the USGS and EU lists were not read for sodium, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "Crystal system and space group of sodium: no source was opened for this profile, so left out.",
    "Gas or oxide growth rate of sodium in air: not reviewed for this profile. Only qualitative statements from PubChem were used.",
    "Corrosion of sodium by carbon steel, nickel alloys and other structural metals with ratings: only the 316L and NF-616 comparison was read (Pawel 2012).",
    "Outlet temperatures of sodium-cooled fast reactors: a search snippet gave 510 to 550 C, but no fetched page was read for it, so it is left out.",
    "Thermal conductivity of 142 W/m K in the MDPI Table 1: no temperature is stated, so it is not used.",
    "Reduction potential of Na/Na+ (2.714 V, printed as a positive number in PubChem): the sign convention is not confirmed by a source, so it is not used.",
    "Heat of fusion: PubChem prints 27.05 cal/g in an entry whose source is not clear, so it is not used.",
    "Sodium-ion cell data (energy, cycle life, cathode pairings): not reviewed for this profile. The review was used only for the sodium metal capacity.",
    "Sodium-potassium alloy NaK: not profiled here. The heat-pipe test used sodium only.",
    "Photographs of sodium: no images were fetched in this run, so the media list is empty.",
    "Environment tags: none applied, because no source read in this run describes sodium in a space environment.",
    "Property names not in property-canon.yaml: operating_temperature, autoignition_temperature, dynamic_viscosity, theoretical_capacity and theoretical_specific_energy. The canonical names density, melting_point, boiling_point, specific_heat, thermal_conductivity, electrical_resistivity and vapor_pressure were used where they fit.",
    "Heat of vaporization (Kirk-Othmer, printed 3.874X10+6 J/kg) and critical temperature (2508.7 K) were dropped because their printed form did not match the PubChem text on the value check.",
    "Type: the taxonomy has no alkali-metal type under metals, so type is set to magnesium as the nearest light reactive metal. An alkali-metal type would need an edit to src/data/taxonomy.ts, which was outside this task."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Sodium is a soft, silvery metal less dense than water (0.968 g/cm3 at 20 C). At ordinary pressure it is liquid from 97.82 C to 881.4 C, which lets a sodium-cooled fast reactor run hot without high pressure. It carries heat well, with a thermal conductivity of 87.22 W/m K at 400 K. Its problem is chemistry. It reacts violently with water, may ignite spontaneously in moist air, and burns with a yellow flame in oxygen. A sodium leak is therefore a fire and hydrogen hazard, and sodium fire design is a core part of sodium-cooled reactor safety.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Sodium-cooled fast reactors",
        "line": "Liquid sodium is described as an ideal coolant for fast neutron reactors. The 2022 study states that sodium pool fire design is the basis of accidents in these reactors."
      },
      {
        "where": "Heat pipes for spacecraft radiators",
        "line": "A 1982 Thermacore study for NASA's nuclear electric propulsion spacecraft tested a stainless steel and sodium radiator heat pipe, 4.42 m long and 2 cm in diameter. At 920 K it carried 3560 W with no power limit, above its 2600 W design power."
      },
      {
        "where": "High-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries",
        "line": "Sodium-sulfur cells run above 300 C with molten electrodes. The review gives 200 Wh/kg or higher for high-temperature cells, and 1274 Wh/kg as the theoretical energy of the sodium-sulfur couple."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Liquid range",
        "line": "Sodium melts at 97.82 C and boils at 881.4 C at ordinary pressure, so it stays liquid across a wide temperature range.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "97.82 C to 881.4 C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat transfer",
        "line": "Liquid sodium conducts heat at 87.22 W/m K at 400 K and 62.9 W/m K at 800 K, from the Argonne recommended values.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "87.22 W/m K at 400 K"
      },
      {
        "label": "Charge per gram",
        "line": "The theoretical capacity of sodium metal as an anode is 1166 mAh/g, the figure the review uses.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1166 mAh/g"
      },
      {
        "label": "Cell energy",
        "line": "The review gives an energy density of 200 Wh/kg or higher for high-temperature sodium-sulfur cells, and 150 to 240 Wh/kg for room-temperature sodium-sulfur cells.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "200 Wh/kg or higher"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Sodium is a liquid-metal coolant and a battery anode, so its useful figures are the heat transfer, the liquid range and the energy per gram. As an anode its theoretical 1166 mAh/g is the figure to compare against other anodes, and as a coolant its liquid range sets the operating window. Its density (0.968 g/cm3 at 20 C) means it floats on water, and the same chemistry that makes it useful as a coolant makes any water contact dangerous.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Store dry, well closed and under mineral oil, separate from water.",
      "Do not use water or foam on a sodium fire. Use dry sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime.",
      "Sodium vapor and fumes are caustic. For spills, the PubChem safety record calls for a chemical protection suit with self-contained breathing apparatus and evacuation of the danger area.",
      "Transport as UN1428, Division 4.3, packing group I."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Heat transfer in a liquid metal at high temperature and low pressure, as in a fast-reactor coolant loop.",
      "High-temperature sodium-sulfur cells, which run above 300 C and deliver 200 Wh/kg or higher according to the review."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Water: it reacts violently, releasing flammable hydrogen and caustic soda.",
      "Moist air: it may ignite spontaneously, and vapor ignites at room temperature.",
      "Fire fighting: water, foam and carbon dioxide are the wrong agents on a sodium fire."
    ],
    "verdict": "Sodium is a proven liquid-metal coolant and a proven hot battery anode. It is hazardous to handle in water or moist air, and its fire behaviour, not its energy, is the design problem.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Sodium metal is the pure element, Na, with one atom per formula unit. It is not an alloy in this profile.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Sodium",
          "symbol": "Na",
          "role": "The only element in the metal. The atomic weight is the NIST standard value.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 22.98976928
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Sodium is classified Danger. It reacts with water, releasing flammable gas, and it causes severe skin burns and eye damage.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hazard classification",
            "line": "In contact with water it releases flammable gases that may ignite spontaneously (H260, 100% of ECHA notifications). It causes severe skin burns and eye damage (H314, 100%). Serious eye damage (H318) is notified in 45.1% of reports."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fumes",
            "line": "Vapors and fumes from sodium are strongly alkaline and highly irritating and corrosive to the respiratory tract, eyes and skin."
          },
          {
            "label": "Burning sodium",
            "line": "Above 115 C in air, sodium may ignite and produce a sodium peroxide fume, which is strongly alkaline."
          }
        ],
        "level": 4,
        "verdict": "Classified Danger, water-reactive and corrosive"
      },
      {
        "title": "Fire and reactions",
        "lead": "The fire behaviour of sodium is the main design problem for reactors and handling.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fire agents",
            "line": "Water and foam produce hydrogen and are wrong on a sodium fire. Carbon dioxide mixed with hot sodium is impact-sensitive and can explode. The ERG guide calls for dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand."
          },
          {
            "label": "Reactor pool",
            "line": "The 2022 study states that sodium pool fire design is the basis of accidents in sodium-cooled fast reactors."
          },
          {
            "label": "Halogens and acids",
            "line": "Sodium reacts exothermally with halogens, acids and halogenated hydrocarbons."
          }
        ],
        "level": 4,
        "verdict": "Sodium fires need dry agents"
      },
      {
        "title": "Storage and handling",
        "lead": "Sodium is kept dry and closed, under mineral oil, away from water.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "The PubChem safety record says fireproof, dry, well closed and kept under mineral oil, in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place separate from water."
          },
          {
            "label": "Spills",
            "line": "Absorb the spilled sodium dry, then cover the remainder with kerosene, paraffin oil or dry sand."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Dry, closed, under mineral oil"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 19,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages and PDFs fetched in this run. Two values were converted or computed by the editors (electrical resistivity, supply shares); the rest are printed as in their sources."
  },
  "sources": {
    "pubchem-sodium": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Sodium (CID 5360545), with Merck Index, Kirk-Othmer, Ullmann's, CHRIS, ECHA C&L, DOT and ERG 2024 excerpts",
      "id": "PubChem CID 5360545",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5360545/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI); contributed data keep their own terms"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for Sodium (standard atomic weight line)",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Na&ascii=html",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (US government work)"
    },
    "usgs-salt-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Salt",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-salt.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "fink-leibowitz-1995": {
      "title": "ANL/RE-95/2, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor (J. K. Fink and L. Leibowitz, Argonne National Laboratory, January 1995)",
      "id": "ANL/RE-95/2",
      "url": "https://researchdata.brighton.ac.uk/id/eprint/258/3/Thermodynamic%20and%20transport%20porperties%20of%20sodium%20liquid%20and%20vapor.pdf",
      "year": 1995,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government report"
    },
    "ntrs-nep-heat-rejection-1982": {
      "title": "Study of a Heat Rejection System for the Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) Spacecraft, Thermacore final report for JPL, NASA-CR-169921 (Donald M. Ernst)",
      "id": "NTRS 19830010576",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19830010576/downloads/19830010576.pdf",
      "year": 1982,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (US Government work)"
    },
    "na-s-review-2023": {
      "title": "Research on Wide-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: Features, Challenges and Solutions",
      "id": "PMC10300782",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10300782/",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access (PubMed Central)"
    },
    "sfr-sodium-fire-2022": {
      "title": "Thermal Characteristic Analysis of Sodium in Diluted Oxygen via Thermogravimetric Approach, Processes 2022, 10, 704",
      "id": "doi:10.3390/pr10040704",
      "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/processes/processes-10-00704/article_deploy/processes-10-00704.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "pawel-2012-ornl": {
      "title": "Compatibility assessment of advanced stainless steels with sodium (Pawel, Fusion Science and Technology 61, 2012)",
      "url": "https://ornl.gov/publication/compatibility-assessment-advanced-stainless-steels-sodium",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "publisher record (ORNL)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/sodium/"
}