{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "silver-steel",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "tool-steels",
  "name": "Silver steel (BS 1407 high-carbon bright tool steel)",
  "abbreviation": "BS 1407",
  "role": "precision-ground tool steel bar",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Silver steel is a high-carbon, chromium-bearing tool steel made to British Standard BS 1407 and sold as precision ground bar. The certificate of conformity sets carbon at 0.95 to 1.25 % and chromium at 0.35 to 0.45 %, and the bar as delivered is no harder than 285 HB. The European equivalent 1.2210 (115CrV3) hardens to 64 to 66 HRC by quenching, but the steel is not corrosion resistant and rusts unless protected.\n",
  "best_for": "Hardened precision pins, punches, shafts and small tooling where bright ground bar and a hardness of 64 to 66 HRC after quenching are needed (1.2210 datasheet)",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion resistance: the 1.2210 datasheet says the steel is not corrosion resistant and will rust unless protected. It also softens on tempering, from 62 HRC at 200 °C to 51 HRC at 400 °C.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron-based high-carbon steel: C 0.95 to 1.25 %, Cr 0.35 to 0.45 %, Mn 0.25 to 0.45 %, Si 0.4 % maximum, P 0.045 % maximum, S 0.045 % maximum, balance Fe (BS 1407 analysis range, weight percent)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "1407",
        "source": "protool-cert",
        "where": "Opening paragraph ('British Standard Specification Number BS 1407')"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.2210",
        "source": "wikipedia-silver-steel",
        "where": "Composition section ('The European/Werkstoff equivalent is 1.2210 / 115CrV3')"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "115CrV3",
        "source": "wikipedia-silver-steel",
        "where": "Composition section ('The European/Werkstoff equivalent is 1.2210 / 115CrV3')"
      },
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "L2",
        "note": "printed on the 1.2210 page, which headers the grade as Silver Steel",
        "source": "abrams-1-2210",
        "where": "Grade header, 'AISI/SAE L2; T61202'"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "T61202",
        "note": "printed on the 1.2210 page against AISI/SAE L2",
        "source": "abrams-1-2210",
        "where": "Grade header, 'AISI/SAE L2; T61202'"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "SKS43",
        "source": "terasrenki-2210",
        "where": "Material Code table, JIS column (1.2210 115CrV3 datasheet)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "protool-cert",
    "where": "Analysis Range % table on the certificate of conformity, and the opening paragraph that names BS 1407"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "carbon_content",
      "label": "Carbon, BS 1407 analysis range",
      "value": 0.95,
      "value_high": 1.25,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis range in weight percent, as printed on the certificate",
        "standard": "BS 1407 (optional standard named on the certificate)"
      },
      "method": "Analysis range printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Analysis Range % table (Carbon 0.95/1.25)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "chromium_content",
      "label": "Chromium, BS 1407 analysis range",
      "value": 0.35,
      "value_high": 0.45,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis range in weight percent, as printed on the certificate",
        "standard": "BS 1407"
      },
      "method": "Analysis range printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Analysis Range % table (Chromium 0.35/0.45)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "manganese_content",
      "label": "Manganese, BS 1407 analysis range",
      "value": 0.25,
      "value_high": 0.45,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis range in weight percent, as printed on the certificate",
        "standard": "BS 1407"
      },
      "method": "Analysis range printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Analysis Range % table (Manganese 0.25/0.45)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "silicon_content",
      "label": "Silicon, BS 1407 analysis maximum",
      "value": 0.4,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis maximum in weight percent, as printed on the certificate",
        "standard": "BS 1407"
      },
      "method": "Analysis maximum printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Analysis Range % table (Silicon 0.4 max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "phosphorus_content",
      "label": "Phosphorus, BS 1407 analysis maximum",
      "value": 0.045,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis maximum in weight percent, as printed on the certificate",
        "standard": "BS 1407"
      },
      "method": "Analysis maximum printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Analysis Range % table (Phosphorus 0.045 max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "sulphur_content",
      "label": "Sulphur, BS 1407 analysis maximum",
      "value": 0.045,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis maximum in weight percent, as printed on the certificate",
        "standard": "BS 1407"
      },
      "method": "Analysis maximum printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Analysis Range % table (Sulphur 0.045 max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Hardness as delivered, typical range (spheroidised and annealed)",
      "value": 207,
      "value_high": 235,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "spheroidised and annealed, as delivered",
        "basis": "typical range printed on the certificate, not a guaranteed limit"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Opening paragraph ('typical hardness of 207-235HB with 285HB maximum')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Maximum hardness as delivered",
      "value": 285,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "as delivered, measured to BS 240 as the supplier states"
      },
      "method": "Maximum printed on the manufacturer's product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tas-product",
      "where": "Product description, paragraph 1 ('not more than 285HB when measured in accordance with BS240')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BS1407 Silver Steel (Metric), T&A Precision Silver Steel product page",
        "id": "silver-steel.co.uk product page",
        "url": "https://www.silver-steel.co.uk/product/bs1407-silver-steel-metric/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, annealed (45/55 TPSI)",
      "value": 700,
      "value_high": 850,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "annealed, as supplied",
        "printed_in_source": "45/55 TPSI"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on a manufacturer certificate of conformity",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "protool-cert",
      "where": "Tensile strength line ('45/55 TPSI (700/850 N/mm2)')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
        "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
        "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
      "label": "Hardness after quenching, 1.2210 datasheet",
      "value": 64,
      "value_high": 66,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210, 115CrV3); the European equivalent that Wikipedia names. Its chromium and vanadium contents differ from the BS 1407 analysis.",
        "quench": "water or oil, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a steel-maker's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Hardening section ('Hardness after quenching is 64-66, 64-66 HRC')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
        "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
        "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
      "label": "Maximum working hardness, 1.2210 datasheet",
      "value": 62,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (115CrV3); the European equivalent named by Wikipedia"
      },
      "method": "Maximum printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "abrams-1-2210",
      "where": "Physical properties ('Working hardness max. 62 HRC')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ABRAMS PREMIUM 1.2210 (Silver Steel), grade datasheet",
        "id": "ABRAMS Industries datasheet, 1.2210 (115CrV3)",
        "url": "https://files.abrams-industries.com/steel/en_eu/1.2210.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
      "label": "Hardness after tempering at 200 °C, 1.2210 datasheet",
      "value": 62,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (115CrV3)",
        "tempering_temperature": "200 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value in the tempering table of a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "abrams-1-2210",
      "where": "Heat treatment, Tempering row, 200°C column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ABRAMS PREMIUM 1.2210 (Silver Steel), grade datasheet",
        "id": "ABRAMS Industries datasheet, 1.2210 (115CrV3)",
        "url": "https://files.abrams-industries.com/steel/en_eu/1.2210.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
      "label": "Hardness after tempering at 400 °C, 1.2210 datasheet",
      "value": 51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (115CrV3)",
        "tempering_temperature": "400 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value in the tempering table of a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "abrams-1-2210",
      "where": "Heat treatment, Tempering row, 400°C column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ABRAMS PREMIUM 1.2210 (Silver Steel), grade datasheet",
        "id": "ABRAMS Industries datasheet, 1.2210 (115CrV3)",
        "url": "https://files.abrams-industries.com/steel/en_eu/1.2210.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, 1.2210 datasheet average value",
      "value": 7.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210)",
        "temperature": "ambient, as the datasheet heading says"
      },
      "method": "Average value printed in a steel-maker's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Physical properties (average values) at ambient temperature, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
        "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
        "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, 1.2210 datasheet average value",
      "value": 33.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210)",
        "temperature": "ambient, as the datasheet heading says"
      },
      "method": "Average value printed in a steel-maker's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Physical properties (average values) at ambient temperature, Thermal conductivity row (first value)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
        "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
        "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 1.2210, 20 to 100 °C",
      "value": 11.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210)",
        "temperature_range": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "10-6 oC-1 (equal to ppm/K)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a steel-maker's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion table, 20-100 oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
        "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
        "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardening_temperature",
      "label": "Hardening temperature, 1.2210 datasheet",
      "value": 780,
      "value_high": 820,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210)",
        "quench": "water or oil quench, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a steel-maker's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Hardening section ('Harden from a temperature of 780-820oC')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
        "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
        "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardening_temperature",
      "label": "Hardening temperature, BS 1407 silver steel (manufacturer specification)",
      "value": 760,
      "value_high": 800,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "heat slowly, then quench into well agitated water, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the manufacturer's technical specification (PDF without a text layer, read from the page image)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tas-spec",
      "where": "Heat Treatment, Hardening paragraph ('Heat slowly to 760-800°C')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "T&A Precision Silver Steel: BS1407 Technical Specification",
        "id": "T & A Precision Grinding Co. Ltd, Commodity Code 7228 5020",
        "url": "https://www.silver-steel.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/BS1407-Technical-Specifications.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
      "label": "Approximate quench hardness, BS 1407 silver steel",
      "value": 65,
      "value_high": 68,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "Rc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "approximate quench hardness, as printed; the scale is printed as Rc"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the manufacturer's technical specification (PDF without a text layer, read from the page image)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tas-spec",
      "where": "Heat Treatment, Hardening paragraph ('approximate quench hardness is 65 to 68 Rc')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "T&A Precision Silver Steel: BS1407 Technical Specification",
        "id": "T & A Precision Grinding Co. Ltd, Commodity Code 7228 5020",
        "url": "https://www.silver-steel.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/BS1407-Technical-Specifications.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "stress_relief_temperature",
      "label": "Stress-relief temperature, 1.2210 datasheet",
      "value": 650,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210)",
        "hold": "1 to 2 hours, then air cooling, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a steel-maker's datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Stress Relieving section ('approx. 650 oC, holding for 1-2 hours')",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
        "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
        "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Ordinary air and handling without protection",
      "headline": "The 1.2210 datasheet says this steel is not corrosion resistant and will rust unless protected.",
      "effect": "The Ravne datasheet for SIHARD 2210 (1.2210) states: 'This is an alloy steel and it is not corrosion resistant. It will rust unless protected.' The sheet gives no corrosion rate, humidity exposure or test.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement in the Corrosion Resistance section of the 1.2210 datasheet",
        "grade": "1.2210 (SIHARD 2210)",
        "rating_basis": "rating assigned by Space Mushroom from the qualitative statement; the datasheet gives no rating"
      },
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Solid steel: the grouped safety data sheet for carbon, alloy and tool steels (AISI grades) states that they present no inhalation, ingestion or contact health hazard in their solid state. The sheet does not name silver steel or BS 1407.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "uwo-sds-steels",
        "where": "Section 4.2 (Overview); Section 1.1 (Product identity and alternate names)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dusts and fumes from burning, melting, welding, sawing, brazing, grinding and machining may be hazardous. Excessive exposure can irritate the eyes, nose and throat, and inhaling fumes can cause metal fume fever.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "uwo-sds-steels",
        "where": "Section 4.2 (Overview, acute effects)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Distortion during heat treatment",
        "trigger": "Hardening machined bar without a prior stress relief",
        "consequence": "Stress relieving at about 650 °C is carried out to reduce distortion during heat treatment, according to the 1.2210 datasheet.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "ravne-2210",
        "where": "Stress Relieving section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of hardness from over-tempering",
        "trigger": "Tempering at 400 °C instead of 200 °C (1.2210 datasheet table)",
        "consequence": "Hardness falls from 62 HRC after tempering at 200 °C to 51 HRC after tempering at 400 °C.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "abrams-1-2210",
        "where": "Heat treatment, Tempering row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Rusting in storage or handling",
        "trigger": "Bare steel left in damp air or handled without protection",
        "consequence": "The 1.2210 datasheet says the steel will rust unless protected.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ravne-2210",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Stress relieve after heavy machining: the 1.2210 datasheet gives about 650 °C, held for one to two hours, then air cooling.",
        "source": "ravne-2210",
        "where": "Stress Relieving section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Temper after hardening. The 1.2210 tempering table gives 62 HRC at 200 °C and 51 HRC at 400 °C.",
        "source": "abrams-1-2210",
        "where": "Heat treatment, Tempering row"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Use local exhaust ventilation where grinding, welding or burning makes dust or fume, and wear a NIOSH approved dust, mist or fume respirator when welding or burning this metal.",
        "source": "uwo-sds-steels",
        "where": "Exposure controls and personal protection (respiratory protection); precautionary statement P261"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Punches, dowels, mandrels, spindles, shafts, guide pins and ejector pins",
      "example": "The supplier lists punches, dowels, mandrels, spindles, drill bushes, shafts, engraving tools, knurls, collets and lathe centres as customer applications for its BS 1407 silver steel.",
      "source": "tas-product",
      "where": "Product description, paragraph 3 (Customer applications)"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Hand tools: punches, engravers and screwdrivers",
      "example": "Wikipedia says silver steel has been widely used to make punches, engravers and screwdrivers.",
      "source": "wikipedia-silver-steel",
      "where": "Uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Drills, broaching tools, engraving tools, ejectors and metal saws (1.2210 equivalent)",
      "example": "The 1.2210 datasheet lists spiral and tap drills, broaching tools, engraving tools, ejectors and metal saws as applications for the grade.",
      "source": "ravne-2210",
      "where": "Applications section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 37.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 11.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "Not stated in the USGS iron ore summary used for this profile.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, usable ore, 2025e (world total 2,600,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the Australia 980,000, Brazil 420,000, India 310,000 and China 290,000 values). The table is iron ore, the feedstock of the steel's iron, not steel itself. Critical list: USGS 2025 list page."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (listed as used in stainless steel)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for a share of apparent US consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys; chromium-containing scrap can substitute for ferrochromium in some metallurgical uses."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 51,000 thousand t, chromium content; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values); Recycling; Substitutes; critical list from the USGS 2025 list page"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 38,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Gabon",
          "share_percent": 25,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Ghana",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (listed as used in steel production and batteries)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: manganese was recycled incidentally as a constituent of ferrous and nonferrous scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-manganese",
      "where": "World Mine Production table, manganese content, 2025e (world total 20,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values); Recycling; Substitutes; critical list from the USGS 2025 list page"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "T & A Precision Grinding certificate of conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (BS 1407)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "T & A Precision Silver Steel: BS1407 Technical Specification (PDF without a text layer)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.silver-steel.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/BS1407-Technical-Specifications.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel designation and datasheet (SIJ Metal Ravne, 1.2210)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "ABRAMS PREMIUM 1.2210 (Silver Steel) datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://files.abrams-industries.com/steel/en_eu/1.2210.pdf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "1.2210 115CrV3 BS 1407 Silver Steel datasheet (Terasrenki)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "http://cdna.terasrenki.com/ds/1.2210_115CrV3_BS-1407_SilverSteel_Datasheet_1.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet: Carbon, Alloy and Tool Steels AISI Grades (TW Metals, rev. 01/14/2016), copy hosted by University of Western Ontario",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.eng.uwo.ca/files/departments-units/student-shop/2016/sds-carbon-alloy-and-tool-steels.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron Ore",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No yield strength, elongation or fatigue strength for BS 1407 silver steel was found in the sources fetched for this profile.",
    "The modulus of elasticity on the 1.2210 datasheet is printed with a multiplier in its unit, so it is left out rather than converted.",
    "Density, thermal conductivity, expansion, hardening and tempering rows for the 1.2210 grade come from 1.2210 datasheets. No BS 1407 bar datasheet gave these values. The 1.2210 chromium and vanadium contents are higher than the BS 1407 analysis, so these rows describe the European equivalent, not the BS 1407 bar.",
    "The BS 1407 hardening, quench hardness and tempering rows come from a T&A specification PDF with no text layer; they were read from the page image and cannot be matched in text.",
    "Wikipedia gives an annealed hardness that does not agree with the certificate's Brinell range, so it is not recorded.",
    "The UNS code and AISI L2 come from the Abrams 1.2210 page, which headers the grade as Silver Steel. No UNS code printed for BS 1407 bar itself was found.",
    "No corrosion rate, humidity exposure or salt-spray test of silver steel was found. The only corrosion statement is the qualitative sentence on the 1.2210 datasheet.",
    "The hazard data rest on a grouped SDS for AISI carbon, alloy and tool steels, not an SDS for silver steel. No toxicology for the bar beyond that statement was found.",
    "No side-effect data (outgassing, vacuum or radiation behaviour) and no space-flight use were found; the uses are general precision tooling.",
    "Critical-mineral status for chromium and manganese comes from the USGS 2025 list page only; the European Commission critical raw materials list was not checked.",
    "Iron recycling is not stated in the USGS iron ore summary used here, so the recycling field is left as a statement of that fact. Carbon supply is not profiled.",
    "Supply shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from the USGS production tables, not printed as shares.",
    "No image with a verified licence was found, so the profile has no media entry.",
    "Packaging and surface finish (lanolin spray, surface finish) appear only in the T&A specification PDF and are not recorded."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Silver steel is a precision-ground, high-carbon tool steel. Its supplier sells it as bright ground bar for shafts, pins, punches and tooling, and says the high carbon content lets it be hardened for wear resistance. The bar is supplied in the annealed condition, which makes it easy to machine before hardening. It is not stainless: the 1.2210 datasheet says it rusts unless protected.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Precision tooling and small parts",
        "line": "The supplier lists punches, dowels, mandrels, spindles, drill bushes, shafts, engraving tools, knurls, collets and lathe centres as customer applications for its BS 1407 silver steel."
      },
      {
        "where": "Hand tools and punches",
        "line": "Wikipedia says silver steel has been widely used to make punches, engravers and screwdrivers."
      },
      {
        "where": "Drills, broaching and cutting tools (1.2210 equivalent)",
        "line": "The 1.2210 datasheet lists spiral and tap drills, broaching tools, engraving tools, ejectors and metal saws as applications for the grade."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Hardness",
        "line": "Hardens to 64 to 66 HRC after quenching, according to the 1.2210 datasheet.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tempering",
        "line": "Keeps 62 HRC after tempering at 200 °C, according to the 1.2210 tempering table.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Machining",
        "line": "Is supplied annealed at no more than 285 HB, so it can be machined before it is hardened.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Finish",
        "line": "Is ground and polished to close tolerances with a bright surface, as the supplier describes.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Silver steel is a plain high-carbon, chromium steel. Its certificate analysis range has no vanadium line, while the 1.2210 datasheet lists vanadium and higher chromium, so the 1.2210 values describe a close relative rather than the BS 1407 bar. The 1.2210 tempering table shows hardness falling steadily as the tempering temperature rises, from 62 HRC at 200 °C to 51 HRC at 400 °C.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Hardness as delivered",
        "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hardness after quenching (1.2210)",
        "benchmark": "hardness_rockwell_c",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density (1.2210)",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Stress relieve after heavy machining at about 650 °C for one to two hours, then air cool (1.2210 datasheet).",
      "Temper after hardening. The 1.2210 tempering table gives 62 HRC at 200 °C and 51 HRC at 400 °C.",
      "Keep bare bar dry and protected, because it rusts.",
      "Wear dust and fume protection when grinding, welding or burning."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Precision shafts, pins and punches that need bright ground bar. The supplier says it is ground and polished to close tolerances.",
      "Hardened wear parts such as punches and ejectors. The 1.2210 datasheet gives 64 to 66 HRC after quenching."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Rusts unless protected. The 1.2210 datasheet says the steel is not corrosion resistant.",
      "Hardness falls as tempering temperature rises: 62 HRC at 200 °C and 51 HRC at 400 °C (1.2210).",
      "Distortion in hardening. Stress relief at about 650 °C reduces it, according to the 1.2210 datasheet."
    ],
    "verdict": "Silver steel is a precision tool steel for small hardened parts. It is machined soft, hardened by quenching, tempered, and must be protected from rust.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Silver steel to BS 1407 is an iron-based, high-carbon tool steel with chromium, manganese, and small silicon, phosphorus and sulphur contents. It is supplied spheroidised and annealed, and the bar is ground and polished to close tolerances. Wikipedia notes that the name comes from the polished look of the bar, not from any silver in the alloy.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix. The certificate analysis is the balance to iron."
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Sets the hardness reached on quenching. The supplier says the high carbon content lets the steel be hardened for considerable wear resistance."
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Adds strength and hardenability, as the supplier states."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Listed in the analysis. The sources give no separate role for it."
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Listed in the analysis. The sources give no separate role for it."
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity limit set by the analysis."
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulphur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Impurity limit set by the analysis."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Solid steel presents no inhalation, ingestion or contact hazard according to the grouped safety data sheet for carbon, alloy and tool steels. Dust and fume from machining, grinding and welding are the concern.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The solid bar",
            "line": "The grouped safety data sheet says that carbon, alloy and tool steels in their solid state present no inhalation, ingestion or contact health hazard. It does not name silver steel."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and fume",
            "line": "Dusts and fumes from burning, melting, welding, sawing, brazing, grinding and machining may be hazardous. Excessive exposure can irritate the eyes, nose and throat."
          },
          {
            "label": "Protection",
            "line": "Use local exhaust ventilation and a NIOSH approved dust, mist or fume respirator when welding or burning this metal."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Solid steel: no hazard; dust and fume are the concern"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the steel is overheated or over-tempered",
        "lead": "These are workshop heat-treatment limits, not hazards.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Stress relief",
            "line": "Stress relieving at about 650 °C is carried out to reduce distortion during heat treatment, according to the 1.2210 datasheet."
          },
          {
            "label": "Over-tempering",
            "line": "Tempering at 400 °C leaves the 1.2210 grade at 51 HRC, against 62 HRC after tempering at 200 °C."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Rust in storage",
        "lead": "The sources say the steel rusts, so keep it protected in storage and in handling.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Protection",
            "line": "The 1.2210 datasheet says the steel is not corrosion resistant and will rust unless protected."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 20,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from pages and PDFs fetched in that run. Values are as printed. The BS 1407 hardening and tempering rows come from a PDF without a text layer, and the 1.2210 rows describe the European equivalent."
  },
  "sources": {
    "protool-cert": {
      "title": "Certificate of Conformity, Water Hardenable Silver Steel (T & A Precision Grinding Co., BS 1407)",
      "id": "BS 1407 certificate of conformity, hosted by Protool Ltd",
      "url": "https://www.protool-ltd.co.uk/cdn/shop/files/silver-steel-information-2.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "tas-spec": {
      "title": "T&A Precision Silver Steel: BS1407 Technical Specification",
      "id": "T & A Precision Grinding Co. Ltd, Commodity Code 7228 5020",
      "url": "https://www.silver-steel.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/BS1407-Technical-Specifications.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "tas-product": {
      "title": "BS1407 Silver Steel (Metric), T&A Precision Silver Steel product page",
      "id": "silver-steel.co.uk product page",
      "url": "https://www.silver-steel.co.uk/product/bs1407-silver-steel-metric/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-silver-steel": {
      "title": "Silver steel (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia article, Silver steel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia text; cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "ravne-2210": {
      "title": "SIHARD 2210 Steel: designation by standards, chemical composition, physical properties and heat treatment (SIJ Metal Ravne)",
      "id": "SIJ Metal Ravne datasheet, copyright 2016",
      "url": "https://steelselector.sij.si/data/pdf/OCR1.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "abrams-1-2210": {
      "title": "ABRAMS PREMIUM 1.2210 (Silver Steel), grade datasheet",
      "id": "ABRAMS Industries datasheet, 1.2210 (115CrV3)",
      "url": "https://files.abrams-industries.com/steel/en_eu/1.2210.pdf",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "terasrenki-2210": {
      "title": "1.2210 115CrV3 BS 1407 Silver Steel datasheet (Terasrenki)",
      "id": "Terasrenki datasheet, 1.2210 115CrV3",
      "url": "http://cdna.terasrenki.com/ds/1.2210_115CrV3_BS-1407_SilverSteel_Datasheet_1.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "uwo-sds-steels": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet: Carbon, Alloy and Tool Steels AISI Grades (TW Metals, rev. 01/14/2016)",
      "id": "TW Metals SDS, copy hosted by University of Western Ontario",
      "url": "https://www.eng.uwo.ca/files/departments-units/student-shop/2016/sds-carbon-alloy-and-tool-steels.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-manganese": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Manganese",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/silver-steel/"
}