{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "silver-palladium-ag70pd30",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "silver-palladium-alloys",
  "name": "Silver-palladium contact alloy (Ag70Pd30)",
  "abbreviation": "Ag-Pd30",
  "role": "sliding and switching contact alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "precious-metals",
  "summary": "Ag70Pd30 is a silver-palladium alloy with silver as the main metal, printed as \"Ag 70/Pd 30\" by Goodfellow. Goodfellow gives a melting point of 1225 °C and a density of 10.9 g/cm3 for its 0.15 mm as-rolled foil. Tokuriki Honten gives 1210 °C and 10.9 g/cm3 for its row named Ag-Pd30, with a soft hardness of 70 HV and a hard hardness of 300 HV.\n",
  "best_for": "Sliding contacts in motors and resistors that need a hard temper, 300 HV in Tokuriki's Ag-Pd30 row",
  "weakest_at": "Hardness in the soft temper (70 HV) and tensile strength in the soft temper (160 MPa, Tokuriki); no sulfide, humidity or space test result was found",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Ag70Pd30, silver-palladium alloy, composition Ag 70/Pd 30 as printed by Goodfellow (basis not stated)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Ag-Pd30",
        "source": "tokuriki-contact",
        "where": "Physical properties table, row Ag-Pd30"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "PdAg70",
        "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
        "where": "Page title and description, PdAg70 alloy (30 % Pd, 70 % Ag)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Ag70Pd30",
        "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
        "where": "Synonyms list"
      }
    ],
    "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
    "where": "Product table, Composition row; synonym Ag70Pd30 foil"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Ag70/Pd30 foil (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 10.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Ag70/Pd30 foil",
        "temper": "as rolled",
        "thickness": "0.15 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "gcm⁻³"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the material property table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Silver-palladium alloy foil (Ag70/Pd30), Goodfellow product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/silver-palladium-alloy-foil-ag70-pd30-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Ag70/Pd30 foil (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 1225,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Ag70/Pd30 foil",
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the material property table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Melting point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Silver-palladium alloy foil (Ag70/Pd30), Goodfellow product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/silver-palladium-alloy-foil-ag70-pd30-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, Ag70/Pd30 foil (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 14.84,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µOhmcm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Ag70/Pd30 foil",
        "temper": "as rolled",
        "thickness": "0.15 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the material property table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Electrical resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Silver-palladium alloy foil (Ag70/Pd30), Goodfellow product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/silver-palladium-alloy-foil-ag70-pd30-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Ag-Pd30 row (Tokuriki Honten)",
      "value": 1210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ag-Pd30 (row name; composition not printed on the page)",
        "unit_in_source": "℃"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer reference table of sliding contact materials",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Physical properties of sliding contact materials table, column Melting point, row Ag-Pd30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
        "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Ag-Pd30 row (Tokuriki Honten)",
      "value": 10.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ag-Pd30 (row name; composition not printed on the page)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer reference table of sliding contact materials",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Physical properties of sliding contact materials table, column Density, row Ag-Pd30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
        "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, Ag-Pd30 soft",
      "value": 70,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ag-Pd30 (row name)",
        "temper": "soft",
        "unit_in_source": "HV"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer reference table of sliding contact materials",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Physical properties table, column Hardness (HV) Soft, row Ag-Pd30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
        "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, Ag-Pd30 hard",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ag-Pd30 (row name)",
        "temper": "hard",
        "unit_in_source": "HV"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer reference table of sliding contact materials",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Physical properties table, column Hardness (HV) Hard, row Ag-Pd30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
        "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Ag-Pd30 soft",
      "value": 160,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ag-Pd30 (row name)",
        "temper": "soft",
        "precipitation_hardened": "no footnote mark on this row"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer reference table of sliding contact materials",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Physical properties table, column Tensile strength (Soft) (MPa), row Ag-Pd30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
        "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Volume resistivity, Ag-Pd30 (Tokuriki Honten)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "μΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ag-Pd30 (row name)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "μΩ･cm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer reference table of sliding contact materials",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Physical properties table, column Volume resistivity, row Ag-Pd30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
        "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, PdAg70 soft annealed (listing)",
      "value": 114,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "composition": "PdAg70 (30 % Pd, 70 % Ag)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "soft annealed (A)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical property table of an online listing; the listing does not name its original datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
      "where": "Mechanical Property table, row Elastic modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PdAg70 Alloy, Soft Annealed (A): Premium Contact Material for Telecom and Control Applications (MfgRobots listing)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Listing page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, PdAg70 soft annealed (listing)",
      "value": 310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "composition": "PdAg70 (30 % Pd, 70 % Ag)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "soft annealed (A)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical property table of an online listing; the listing does not name its original datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
      "where": "Mechanical Property table, row Tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PdAg70 Alloy, Soft Annealed (A): Premium Contact Material for Telecom and Control Applications (MfgRobots listing)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Listing page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, PdAg70 soft annealed (listing)",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "composition": "PdAg70 (30 % Pd, 70 % Ag)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "soft annealed (A)",
        "offset": "0.2 % (Rp0.2)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical property table of an online listing; the listing does not name its original datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
      "where": "Mechanical Property table, row Yield strength Rp0.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PdAg70 Alloy, Soft Annealed (A): Premium Contact Material for Telecom and Control Applications (MfgRobots listing)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Listing page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, PdAg70 soft annealed (listing)",
      "value": 36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "composition": "PdAg70 (30 % Pd, 70 % Ag)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "soft annealed (A)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical property table of an online listing; the listing does not name its original datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
      "where": "Mechanical Property table, row Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PdAg70 Alloy, Soft Annealed (A): Premium Contact Material for Telecom and Control Applications (MfgRobots listing)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Listing page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, PdAg70 (listing)",
      "value": 61,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "composition": "PdAg70 (30 % Pd, 70 % Ag)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal property table of an online listing; the row carries no typical-for-palladium comment",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
      "where": "Thermal Property table, row Thermal conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PdAg70 Alloy, Soft Annealed (A): Premium Contact Material for Telecom and Control Applications (MfgRobots listing)",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Listing page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Sliding and switching contacts in service",
      "headline": "The manufacturer describes its sliding contact range, which includes Ag-Pd30, as corrosion resistant.",
      "effect": "Tokuriki Honten says its sliding contact materials need superior contact reliability and corrosion and wear resistance. The page gives no corrosion test, rate or humidity condition for Ag-Pd30.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative manufacturer statement for the sliding contact range; no test method printed"
      },
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Sliding contact materials page, introduction paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ambient air, as foil",
      "headline": "Goodfellow describes Ag70/Pd30 foil as combining silver's electrical conductivity with palladium's high corrosion resistance.",
      "effect": "This is a product description, not a measured result. The page gives no humidity, sulfur or salt-spray test.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.15 mm, as rolled",
        "basis": "product description"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
      "where": "Product description paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humid air with a DC bias across fine silver-rich lines",
      "headline": "Silver diffusion and migration are listed as factors in fired silver-palladium films.",
      "effect": "Wang et al. (1994) list Ag diffusion and migration among the factors that correlate with the final properties of fired Ag/Pd thick-film conductors. The abstract gives no migration rate, and the work is on thick-film paste rather than contact alloy.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "fired thick-film conductor",
        "basis": "abstract only"
      },
      "source": "wang1994",
      "where": "Abstract, factor list"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's silver record aggregates 2154 company reports: 28.9% (623 of 2154) say it does not meet GHS criteria, and H400 (70.4%) and H410 (69.3%) are the notified ratios for very toxic to aquatic life. Individual notifications also carry H361f and H373.",
        "ghs": [
          "H400",
          "H410",
          "H361f",
          "H373"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ag",
        "where": "GHS Classification section (aggregated block and individual notifications)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's palladium record aggregates 616 company reports: 59.3% (365 of 616) say it does not meet GHS criteria, and H228 (31.5%) is the notified ratio for flammable solid, signal word Danger.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-pd",
        "where": "GHS Classification section"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Wear and low hardness in the soft temper",
        "trigger": "Sliding use of the soft grade where the hard temper is available",
        "consequence": "Tokuriki lists Ag-Pd30 at 70 HV soft and 300 HV hard, and says its precipitation-hardened types gain hardness by heat treatment. The page gives no wear rate.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "tokuriki-contact",
        "where": "Physical properties table, row Ag-Pd30; sliding contact materials introduction"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Silver migration between fine silver-rich lines",
        "trigger": "Humid conditions with a DC bias across silver-rich thick-film lines",
        "consequence": "Wang et al. (1994) name Ag diffusion and migration as a factor in fired film performance. The abstract prints no migration rate or bridging test.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wang1994",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Name the temper on the order: Tokuriki's Ag-Pd30 row gives 70 HV soft and 300 HV hard.",
        "source": "tokuriki-contact",
        "where": "Physical properties table, row Ag-Pd30"
      },
      {
        "text": "Goodfellow lists its Ag70/Pd30 product only in the As Rolled temper at 0.15 mm, and the PdAg70 listing is a soft annealed product, so the two temper records are not interchangeable.",
        "source": "goodfellow-ag70pd30",
        "where": "Product table, Temper and Thickness rows"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Brushes and commutators in motors and resistors",
      "example": "Tokuriki Honten lists Ag-Pd30 for commutator and brush use, and says sliding contacts in motors and resistors need excellent electrical properties and wear resistance.",
      "source": "tokuriki-contact",
      "where": "Sliding contact materials page; product table, Application column"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Relay and switch contacts in telecommunications and measurement and control",
      "example": "A supplier listing for PdAg70 gives its use as a contact in relays and switches at 20 to 60 V and switching capacities up to 300 W, and also for potentiometers.",
      "source": "mfgrobots-pdag70",
      "where": "Description paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Contacts in communication technology",
      "example": "Kiel's table of silver alloys lists a silver and palladium class of alloys for contacts in communication technology, obtained by melting the constituents.",
      "source": "kiel-ag-contacts",
      "where": "Second table, row Ag (70..50) % Pd (30...50) %; the class row, not this grade alone"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Silver (mine production, 2025e)",
      "abundance": "World silver mine production was an estimated 26,000 tons in 2025 (25,300 tons in 2024). U.S. apparent consumption was 9,400 tons in 2025e, with net import reliance of 77 percent.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 24.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 13.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 13.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "share_percent": 5.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 5.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (silver added; USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "About 1,000 tons of silver was recovered from new and old scrap in 2025, about 11% of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "Nonsilver batteries may replace silver batteries in some applications, and aluminum and rhodium may replace silver in mirrors (USGS)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-silver",
      "where": "Salient Statistics; World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column; Recycling; Substitutes. Producer shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the 2025e tons divided by the printed world total of 26,000 tons (rounded), so they are approximate."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Palladium (mine production of platinum-group metals, 2025e)",
      "abundance": "World palladium mine production was an estimated 190,000 kg in 2025 (217,000 kg in 2024 in the same table).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 44.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 36.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 8.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 7.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 3.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum was recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "substitutes": [
        "About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters (USGS)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-pgm",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total rounded, 190,000 kg); Recycling; Substitutes. Producer shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed kilograms divided by the printed world total, so they are approximate."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Tokuriki Honten: Sliding contact materials, physical properties reference table",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow: Silver-palladium alloy foil Ag70/Pd30 product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/silver-palladium-alloy-foil-ag70-pd30-group"
    },
    {
      "title": "MfgRobots listing: PdAg70 alloy, soft annealed (A)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Kiel University, Electronic Materials: Some properties of Ag based contact materials",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_2/illustr/t2_2_2.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silver",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silver.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Platinum-Group Metals",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Silver (CID 23954), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23954/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Palladium (CID 23938), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23938/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Wang et al.: Silver-palladium Thick-film Conductors (Scholars Mine record 467, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1994)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/matsci_eng_facwork/467",
      "year": 1994
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No EN, UNS, ASTM, DIN or JIS designation for Ag70Pd30 was printed in any source read here, so identity.designations lists only trade and catalogue names (Ag-Pd30, PdAg70, Ag70Pd30).",
    "MfgRobots gives the PdAg70 electrical resistivity only as 1.5E-7 Ω·m, a printed exponent, so it is not recorded; the Goodfellow (14.84 µOhmcm) and Tokuriki (15 μΩ·cm) values are used instead.",
    "MfgRobots lists Vickers hardness 55 with the unit printed as [-], not HV, so it is not recorded. Its melting point (1553 °C), specific heat and Poisson ratio are labelled typical for palladium, so they are not alloy data and are not recorded.",
    "The Goodfellow hardness row prints no readable value in the page text, so no hardness is taken from Goodfellow.",
    "Composition percentages are not printed on the Tokuriki page, and Goodfellow does not state whether Ag 70/Pd 30 is by weight or by atom. The basis is therefore not stated for this profile.",
    "Kiel's silver-alloy table gives a class row (Ag 70 to 50 % with Pd 30 to 50 %) and a melting range for the whole table. Neither is recorded as a property of this grade.",
    "No sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, humidity, salt-spray or sliding-wear test result for Ag70Pd30 or any Ag-Pd contact alloy was found in the sources read. The corrosion entries are qualitative manufacturer statements.",
    "The silver migration source (Wang et al. 1994) is a thick-film conductor paper read through its abstract only. It is not a contact-alloy study and gives no rate.",
    "No space-environment data (vacuum outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation, thermal cycling) were found for this grade.",
    "Thermal conductivity (61 W/(m·K)), elastic modulus, yield and elongation come from one online listing for PdAg70 soft annealed, not from a manufacturer datasheet, and the listing does not name its original source.",
    "No production or refining route for the alloy was sourced beyond Kiel's statement that its melting-table alloys are obtained by melting the constituents. No price is shown.",
    "The USGS 2026 PGM summary prints no critical-minerals statement, so critical_lists is empty for palladium. Silver is listed as a 2025 critical mineral in the USGS 2026 silver summary.",
    "Producer shares in supply are calculated by Space Mushroom from printed tonnages and printed rounded world totals, not printed as percentages by USGS.",
    "A web search for a contact-corrosion paper on Ag-Pd could not be run because the search budget for this run was used up, so the corrosion section relies on manufacturer statements only."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Ag70Pd30 is a silver-rich contact alloy. Goodfellow gives a density of 10.9 g/cm3 and a melting point of 1225 °C for its 0.15 mm as-rolled foil. Tokuriki Honten gives 1210 °C for a row it names Ag-Pd30, and the page does not print the composition. Its soft hardness is 70 HV and its hard hardness is 300 HV, and the row is listed for brushes and commutators. A supplier listing for PdAg70, a 30 % palladium, 70 % silver composition, gives telecom and measurement contact use at 20 to 60 V.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Brushes and commutators",
        "line": "Tokuriki Honten lists Ag-Pd30 for commutator and brush use, where sliding contacts need excellent electrical properties and wear resistance."
      },
      {
        "where": "Relay and switch contacts",
        "line": "A supplier listing for PdAg70 lists relays and switches at 20 to 60 V and up to 300 W, and the listing also names potentiometers."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "14.84 µOhmcm in the as-rolled Goodfellow foil, and 15 μΩ·cm for the Tokuriki Ag-Pd30 row.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Resist sliding wear in the hard temper",
        "line": "300 HV for the Tokuriki Ag-Pd30 row, against 70 HV soft.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Resist plastic deformation in the soft annealed state",
        "line": "150 MPa yield (Rp0.2) and 310 MPa tensile strength for PdAg70, from the listing.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "10.9 g/cm3 in both the Goodfellow foil and the Tokuriki Ag-Pd30 row.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Goodfellow's foil and Tokuriki's Ag-Pd30 row agree on density at 10.9 g/cm3, but their electrical resistivities differ, 14.84 µOhmcm against 15 μΩ·cm, and neither page states the test temperature. The PdAg70 listing gives a soft annealed tensile strength of 310 MPa, while Tokuriki gives 160 MPa soft for Ag-Pd30. These are different records, temper states and product forms, so they are not ranked against each other.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Name the temper: the soft and hard Tokuriki values differ by a factor of more than four in hardness.",
      "The sources read give no storage conditions for this grade.",
      "Recycle scrap silver. USGS reports about 1,000 tons of silver recovered from scrap in 2025."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Sliding contacts in motors and resistors, where a hard temper reaches 300 HV (Tokuriki).",
      "Telecom and measurement contacts at 20 to 60 V and up to 300 W (PdAg70 listing).",
      "Fine silver-rich lines where palladium's corrosion resistance is wanted (manufacturer descriptions only)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Temper decides hardness: 70 HV soft against 300 HV hard.",
      "Silver is very toxic to aquatic life in 70.4% (H400) of the PubChem notifications for silver.",
      "No sulfide, humidity or erosion test result is printed in any source read for this grade.",
      "The foil, the Tokuriki Ag-Pd30 row and the PdAg70 listing are different products and temper states."
    ],
    "verdict": "Ag70Pd30 is a silver-rich contact alloy with a density of 10.9 g/cm3 and a melting point of 1225 °C for the foil. Its hardness runs from 70 HV soft to 300 HV hard, so the temper decides the choice. Corrosion resistance appears only as manufacturer statements, and no sulfide, humidity or space test result exists in the sources read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Ag70Pd30 is a solid silver-palladium alloy with silver as the main metal. Goodfellow prints its composition as Ag 70/Pd 30 for the foil. Kiel's table of silver alloys says its melting-table alloys are obtained by melting the constituents, and its row for silver and palladium is listed for contacts in communication technology. The sources read give no sintering, rolling or foil-making route for this grade.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Silver",
          "symbol": "Ag",
          "role": "Main metal, which Goodfellow describes as the source of the alloy's electrical conductivity."
        },
        {
          "name": "Palladium",
          "symbol": "Pd",
          "role": "Adds corrosion resistance, which Goodfellow describes as high."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard data come from PubChem's notifications for each pure metal. No hazard record for the alloy itself was found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Silver",
            "line": "PubChem's silver record aggregates 2154 company reports: 28.9% (623 of 2154) say it does not meet GHS criteria, and H400 (70.4%) and H410 (69.3%) are the notified ratios for very toxic to aquatic life."
          },
          {
            "label": "Palladium",
            "line": "PubChem's palladium record aggregates 616 company reports: 59.3% (365 of 616) say it does not meet GHS criteria, and H228 (31.5%) is the notified ratio for flammable solid."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Silver aquatic hazard; palladium flammable solid"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are a soft temper that wears, and silver migration in fine humid circuits. Neither has a measured rate for this grade.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Soft temper",
            "line": "Tokuriki lists Ag-Pd30 at 70 HV soft and 300 HV hard, so the soft grade is the weaker wear choice."
          },
          {
            "label": "Silver migration",
            "line": "Wang et al. (1994) name Ag diffusion and migration as a factor in fired Ag/Pd films. The abstract gives no rate."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Temper",
            "line": "Name the temper on the order. Tokuriki's Ag-Pd30 row gives 70 HV soft and 300 HV hard."
          },
          {
            "label": "Form",
            "line": "Goodfellow sells its Ag70/Pd30 product as 0.15 mm as-rolled foil."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 14,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01. Values were read in this run from the Goodfellow, Tokuriki Honten, MfgRobots and Kiel pages, the USGS 2026 silver and PGM summaries (PDF text), the PubChem JSON records and the Scholars Mine abstract. Caveats: the Goodfellow and MfgRobots values come from supplier or listing pages, the Tokuriki row gives no composition, the corrosion statements are qualitative, and the supply shares are calculated."
  },
  "sources": {
    "goodfellow-ag70pd30": {
      "title": "Silver-palladium alloy foil (Ag70/Pd30), Goodfellow product page",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/silver-palladium-alloy-foil-ag70-pd30-group",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "tokuriki-contact": {
      "title": "Tokuriki Honten, Sliding contact materials: physical properties of sliding contact materials (reference)",
      "url": "https://tokuriki-kanda.co.jp/english/products/industrial/contact2",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "mfgrobots-pdag70": {
      "title": "PdAg70 Alloy, Soft Annealed (A): Premium Contact Material for Telecom and Control Applications (MfgRobots listing)",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35366.html",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Listing page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kiel-ag-contacts": {
      "title": "Some Properties of Ag Based Contact Materials, Electronic Materials, University of Kiel (H. Föll)",
      "url": "https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_2/illustr/t2_2_2.html",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "University teaching page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-silver": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silver",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silver.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-pgm": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Platinum-Group Metals",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-ag": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Silver (CID 23954), GHS classification",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23954/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "pubchem-pd": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Palladium (CID 23938), GHS classification",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23938/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "wang1994": {
      "title": "Silver-palladium Thick-film Conductors (Wang, Dougherty, Huebner, Pepin), Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1994",
      "url": "https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/matsci_eng_facwork/467",
      "year": 1994,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "Repository record, abstract read (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/silver-palladium-ag70pd30/"
}