{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "scandium",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "rare-earth-metals",
  "name": "Scandium",
  "abbreviation": "Sc",
  "role": "aluminium alloying element for aerospace parts, with smaller uses in solid oxide fuel cells and metal-halide lamps",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "heavy-metals",
  "summary": "Scandium is the element Sc (atomic number 21), a silvery-white metal that is usually classed as a rare-earth element. The metal has a density of 2.99 g/cm3 at 25 °C in a 2023 supplier safety data sheet and a melting point of 1541 °C in the Wikipedia infobox. It is not rare in the Earth's crust, with an estimate of 18 to 25 ppm, but it is spread thinly and produced only as a byproduct, at about 80 tonnes of scandium oxide in 2025 according to USGS. Its main use is a small addition of 0.1 to 0.5 % scandium to aluminium alloys for aerospace parts. The metal is a flammable solid: fine powder, thin foil and turnings ignite, and it releases flammable hydrogen on contact with water and dilute acids.\n",
  "best_for": "Aluminium-scandium alloys for aerospace parts, where a small scandium addition refines grain and strengthens welds (Wikipedia; Zaki Ahmad, JOM 2003)",
  "weakest_at": "Availability and price: about 80 tonnes of oxide a year worldwide in 2025, and a scandium metal ingot price of 5,200 dollars per kg (USGS)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Sc (element, atomic number 21); sold as lump, foil, pieces, powder and as 99.9 % to 99.999 % metal",
    "cas": "7440-20-2",
    "crystal_system": "hexagonal close-packed (hP2)",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "pubchem-sc",
    "where": "Other Identifiers, CAS entry (PubChem CID 23952); the Wikipedia infobox gives the crystal structure as hexagonal close-packed (hP2) with a = 330.89 pm and c = 526.80 pm at 20 °C"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, scandium (Wikipedia, at 20 °C)",
      "value": 2.989,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "purity": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox, which cites a reference for it",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Density (at 20° C) 2.989 g/cm3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, scandium metal (supplier SDS)",
      "value": 2.99,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "purity": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier safety data sheet, Section 9 (physical and chemical properties)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chemos-sc-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, row Density, 2.99 g/cm³ at 25 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet: Scandium, Chemos GmbH article A0055277 (revision 2023-11-09)",
        "id": "CAS 7440-20-2",
        "url": "https://www.chemos.de/import/data/msds/GB_en/7440-20-2-A0055277-GB-en.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density of solid, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 2985,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page, row Density of solid, in the unit printed there",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Density properties, row Density of solid 2985 kg m-3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 1541,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "1814 K (1541 °C, 2806 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Melting point 1814 K (1541 °C, 2806 °F)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point/freezing point, scandium (supplier SDS)",
      "value": 1540,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "purity": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier safety data sheet, Section 9",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chemos-sc-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, row Melting point/freezing point 1,540 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet: Scandium, Chemos GmbH article A0055277 (revision 2023-11-09)",
        "id": "CAS 7440-20-2",
        "url": "https://www.chemos.de/import/data/msds/GB_en/7440-20-2-A0055277-GB-en.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, scandium foil (Lesker SDS)",
      "value": 1541,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "metal foil",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a 1995 supplier safety data sheet, Section III",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
      "where": "Section III, Physical Data, row Melting Point (oC) 1541",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kurt J. Lesker Company material safety data sheet: Scandium metal foil (9/16/95)",
        "url": "https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/pdf/msds_sc.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 2836,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "3109 K (2836 °C, 5136 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Boiling point 3109 K (2836 °C, 5136 °F)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point, scandium foil (Lesker SDS)",
      "value": 2831,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "760 mmHg",
        "unit_in_source": "2831 @ 760mmHg"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a 1995 supplier safety data sheet, Section III, with the label Boiling Point (0oC) as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Lesker sheet prints 2831 and the Wikipedia infobox and Chemos sheet print 2836 °C. The sources differ by 5 °C, so both are kept.",
      "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
      "where": "Section III, Physical Data, row Boiling Point (0oC) 2831 @ 760mmHg",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kurt J. Lesker Company material safety data sheet: Scandium metal foil (9/16/95)",
        "url": "https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/pdf/msds_sc.pdf",
        "year": 1995,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 15.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Thermal conductivity 15.8 W/(m⋅K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 16,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Heat and conduction, row Thermal conductivity 16 W m-1 K-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, scandium (Wikipedia, average)",
      "value": 9.97,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "crystal_form": "hexagonal close-packed; average of the a and c axis values (alpha_V/3, footnote a)",
        "unit_in_source": "9.97×10−6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox row Thermal expansion; the footnote gives the anisotropic axis values 7.98 (a) and 13.94 (c) at 20 °C, so the average is axis-dependent",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Thermal expansion 9.97×10−6/K (at 20 °C); footnote a",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 10.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Heat and conduction, row Coefficient of linear thermal expansion 10.2 × 10-6 K-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 74.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox",
        "material_condition": "polycrystalline, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Young's modulus 74.4 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 74,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Elastic properties, row Young's modulus 74 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear modulus, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 29.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Shear modulus 29.1 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Rigidity modulus, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Elastic properties, row Rigidity modulus 29 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "label": "Bulk modulus, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 56.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Bulk modulus 56.6 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "label": "Bulk modulus, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 57,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Elastic properties, row Bulk modulus 57 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 0.279,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Poisson ratio 0.279",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 0.28,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page, printed with no units",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Elastic properties, row Poisson's ratio 0.28 (no units)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "label": "Brinell hardness range, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 736,
      "value_high": 1200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "note_on_range": "the infobox gives a range, not a single test value"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "No canonical name exists for hardness in the property file, so brinell_hardness is a new name and is listed in gaps.",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Brinell hardness 736–1200 MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "label": "Brinell hardness, scandium (WebElements)",
      "value": 750,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the WebElements physical-properties page as MN m-2, which equals MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "No canonical name exists for hardness, so brinell_hardness is a new name and is listed in gaps.",
      "source": "webelements-sc",
      "where": "Hardnesses, row Brinell hardness 750 MN m-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, scandium alpha polycrystal (calculated)",
      "value": 562,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "alpha, polycrystalline",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "basis": "calculated, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox, row Electrical resistivity, which says calculated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Electrical resistivity, alpha poly 562 nΩ⋅m (at r.t., calculated)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 567.666,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Wikipedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Infobox, row Specific heat capacity 567.666 J/(kg·K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air at room temperature, bulk metal",
      "headline": "Bulk scandium only tarnishes slowly in air, with a yellowish or pinkish cast.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says scandium is a soft metal that is susceptible to weathering and develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when oxidized by air. No rate of oxide growth was given in the sources read.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "air",
        "form": "bulk metal",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Properties, Chemical characteristics, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air as turnings, fines, powder or thin foil",
      "headline": "Fine forms ignite in air.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says scandium turnings ignite in the air with a brilliant yellow flame to form scandium oxide. The Lesker sheet calls the powder or thin foil a flammable solid. Apollo says metal dust fires are slow moving but intense and can reignite.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "turnings, fines, powder, dust or thin foil",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Properties, Chemical characteristics, last sentence; Lesker Section III Other Comments; Apollo Section 5.1 and fire section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water and dilute acids",
      "headline": "Scandium reacts with water and dilute acids to release hydrogen.",
      "effect": "The Lesker sheet says scandium reacts with water and dilute acids to produce flammable explosive hydrogen gas. Wikipedia says it dissolves slowly in most dilute acids. The Lesker sheet prints the reaction with water as NA, so no rate was given.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "acid": "dilute, not named",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
      "where": "Section III, Other Comments; Wikipedia Chemical characteristics, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Mixture of 1:1 nitric acid and 48.0 % hydrofluoric acid",
      "headline": "Scandium is passive in a nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says scandium does not dissolve in a 1:1 mixture of nitric acid and 48.0 % hydrofluoric acid, possibly because an impermeable passive layer forms.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "acid": "1:1 HNO3 with 48.0 % HF",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Properties, Chemical characteristics, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Halogens, strong oxidizers, acid chlorides and chlorates",
      "headline": "Scandium is incompatible with halogens and strong oxidizers.",
      "effect": "The Lesker sheet lists air, strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, acid chlorides, halogens, chlorates, bromates and iodates as materials to avoid, and gives hydrogen as the hazardous decomposition product. The Chemos sheet gives no incompatible materials in Section 10.5.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "halogen vapour or strong oxidizer",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
      "where": "Section VII Reactivity Data, Incompatibility (materials to avoid)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, Al-Sc alloy (not scandium metal)",
      "headline": "Al-Sc and Al-Mg-Sc alloys corrode at 0.02 to 0.05 mm/year in salt solution.",
      "effect": "Table IV of the 2003 review gives corrosion rates in 3.5 wt.% NaCl of 0.023 mm/year for Al-2.5Sc, 0.031 mm/year for Al-2.5Mg-0.10Sc, 0.046 mm/year for Al-2.5Mg-0.15Sc and 0.038 mm/year for Al-2.5Mg-0.30Sc. The review says the alloys show good corrosion resistance typical of Al-Mg alloys such as 5456 and 6061.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "electrolyte": "3.5 wt.% NaCl",
        "alloy": "Al-Sc and Al-Mg-Sc, not scandium metal",
        "test": "test duration not given in Table IV as read"
      },
      "source": "jom-al-sc",
      "where": "Table IV, Corrosion Rates of Al-Mg-Sc Alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl; Corrosion Behavior section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Scalmalloy powder alloy, supplier description",
      "headline": "The supplier says Scalmalloy is corrosion-resistant.",
      "effect": "ASM International's product page says Scalmalloy is corrosion-resistant and offers exceptionally high corrosion resistance. The page gives no test conditions or corrosion rates, so this is a qualitative supplier claim.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier description, no test conditions"
      },
      "source": "asm-scalmalloy",
      "where": "Product description, paragraphs 2 and 3"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem GHS summary (ECHA C&L notifications, 105 company reports): H228 flammable solid in 93.3 % of the notified classifications, with signal word Danger. 5 of 105 reports say the substance does not meet GHS criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-sc",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, Hazards Identification, GHS Classification; Hazard Classes and Categories, Flam. Sol. 2 (93.3%)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chemos GmbH SDS, revision 2023-11-09: flammable solid, Category 1, H228, signal word Danger, with P210, P240, P241, P280 and P370+P378. Transport as UN 3089, metal powder, flammable, n.o.s.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228"
        ],
        "source": "chemos-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.1 Classification, row 2.7 flammable solid; Section 2.2 hazard and precautionary statements; Section 14.1 and 14.2"
      },
      {
        "text": "Apollo Scientific SDS for scandium lump, vacuum remelted (IN3112, issue 16/09/2022, print 31/07/2023): classified H228 (flammable solid, Category 1) and H240 (heating may cause an explosion, self-reactive type A), with H315, H319 and H335, signal word Danger. Shipping name metal powder, flammable, n.o.s.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H240",
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "apollo-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.1 Classification, CLP and Chemwatch legend; Section 2.2 label elements; Section 14"
      },
      {
        "text": "Kurt J. Lesker Company SDS for scandium metal foil (last revision 9/16/95): flammable solid when a powder or thin foil, reacts with water and dilute acids to give flammable explosive hydrogen, and high-concentration dust may irritate the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. No GHS statements are printed.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section III, Other Comments; Section IV Fire and Explosion Hazard Data"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wikipedia health paragraph: elemental scandium is considered non-toxic, though animal testing of scandium compounds has not been extensive. The LD50 of scandium chloride in rats is 755 mg/kg intraperitoneal and 4 g/kg oral, so compounds are to be handled as moderately toxic.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "wiki-sc",
        "where": "Health and safety section"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Ignition of fines, turnings, powder and dust",
        "trigger": "Fine powder, thin foil, turnings or deposited dust exposed to heat, sparks, friction or flame",
        "consequence": "Chemos says deposited combustible dust has considerable explosion potential and that the material carries a risk of ignition when heated. Apollo says metal dust fires are intense and difficult to extinguish, and that a burning dust cloud can explode.",
        "severity": "critical",
        "source": "chemos-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section 5.2 Special hazards; Section 7.2 Flammability hazards; Section 10.1 Reactivity"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Hydrogen release on contact with water or acid",
        "trigger": "Metal or fines in water, moisture or dilute acid, including water applied to a fire",
        "consequence": "The Lesker sheet says the reaction gives flammable explosive hydrogen. Apollo says water or foam may generate explosive hydrogen, so smothering is preferred to water on a metal fire.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section III, Other Comments; Section IV Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Surface tarnish in air",
        "trigger": "Long exposure to air at room temperature",
        "consequence": "Scandium develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast and is susceptible to weathering. The sources read give no rate of loss, and the effect is not described as structural.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wiki-sc",
        "where": "Properties, Chemical characteristics, first paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Reaction with halogens and strong oxidizers",
        "trigger": "Contact with halogens, strong oxidizing agents, chlorates, bromates or iodates",
        "consequence": "The Lesker sheet lists these as materials to avoid, with hydrogen as the decomposition product. No reaction rate or temperature was given in the sources read.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section VII Reactivity Data"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Dusts in high concentrations may cause skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation, and inhalation may aggravate existing asthma, emphysema or bronchitis (Lesker sheet).",
        "affects": "Workers who handle fines or dust",
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section III, Other Comments; Section VI Health Hazard Data"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Store under inert gas, in tightly closed containers, in a dry area, and use non-sparking tools and grounded, bonded equipment when transferring (Lesker sheet).",
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section IX Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storing"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks and open flames, and remove dust deposits to avoid explosive atmospheres (Chemos SDS).",
        "source": "chemos-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section 7.2 Conditions for safe storage, Explosive atmospheres and Flammability hazards"
      },
      {
        "text": "For a fire, use dry chemical or a Class D extinguisher (Lesker), or sand, carbon dioxide or powder (Chemos, P370+P378). Do not use water (Lesker) or a water jet (Chemos Section 5.1). Apollo says smother metal dust fires with dry sand, graphite powder or a dry sodium chloride based extinguisher, and says not to use water, CO2 or foam.",
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section IV Extinguishing Media; Chemos Section 5.1; Apollo Section 5.1"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avoid breathing dust, and wear NIOSH-approved respiratory protection, gloves and eye protection. Sweep up spills into a closed container with non-sparking tools, and prohibit vacuuming (Lesker sheet).",
        "source": "lesker-sc-sds",
        "where": "Section V Spill or Leak Process; Section VIII Special Protective Information"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aluminium-scandium alloy minor aerospace parts in the MiG-21 and MiG-29 military aircraft",
      "example": "Wikipedia says the main application of scandium by weight is aluminium-scandium alloys with 0.1 to 0.5 % scandium for minor aerospace components, used in Russian MiG-21 and MiG-29 aircraft, and that parts of the MiG-29 are made from Al-Sc alloy.",
      "source": "wiki-sc",
      "where": "Applications, Aluminium alloys section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Scalmalloy, a scandium-aluminium-magnesium powder for laser powder bed additive manufacturing of aerospace structures",
      "example": "ASM International says Scalmalloy was developed by Airbus Group APWorks with Airbus R&D as a powder alloy for additive manufacturing of high-strength aerospace structures, with specific strength approaching that of titanium, while the AlSi10Mg powder is only half as strong.",
      "source": "asm-scalmalloy",
      "where": "Product description, paragraphs 1 and 2"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Scandium (USGS says it is produced only as a byproduct; no country shares are printed)",
      "abundance": "18 to 25 ppm in the Earth's crust (Wikipedia, citing estimates); USGS does not give a crustal abundance in its chapter",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "EU critical raw materials list, as printed on the European Commission page (scandium is listed)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: Recycling: None.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium and aluminium high-strength alloys and carbon-fibre materials may substitute in high-performance scandium-alloy applications. In some applications that rely on scandium's unique properties, substitution is not possible."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-sc-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves (China the leading producer; global production about 80 t of scandium oxide in 2025 from a capacity above 90 t/yr; byproduct of nickel and titanium streams; Australia reserves about 34,000 t as of December 2023); Recycling; Substitutes; abundance from Wikipedia Occurrence section"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Scandium oxide imported into the United States",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 89,
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 11,
          "year": 2024
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-sc-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021–24) paragraph: Japan 89 % and China 11 % of scandium oxide shipping records; the year column is the end of the 2021 to 2024 range. Imports of scandium oxide were 4 t in 2025e (Salient Statistics)."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Scandium metal price and export controls",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-sc-2026",
      "where": "Salient Statistics, price rows: scandium metal ingot 99.999 %, 1 to 10 kg lots, 5,200 dollars per kg in 2025e; scandium oxide 99.99 % powder, 640 dollars per kg in 2025e; scandium-aluminium alloy 2 % ingot, 30 dollars per kg in 2025e. Events, Trends and Issues: in April 2025 China tightened export controls on scandium metal, alloys, oxides and compounds."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Scandium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-scandium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Scandium",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for scandium (CID 23952), including ECHA C&L Inventory classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23952",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: Scandium, Chemos GmbH article A0055277 (revision 2023-11-09)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.chemos.de/import/data/msds/GB_en/7440-20-2-A0055277-GB-en.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: Scandium, lump, vacuum remelted, Apollo Scientific IN3112 (issue 16/09/2022)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://store.apolloscientific.co.uk/storage/msds/IN3112_msds.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "Kurt J. Lesker Company material safety data sheet: Scandium metal foil (last revision 9/16/95)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/pdf/msds_sc.pdf",
      "year": 1995
    },
    {
      "title": "Zaki Ahmad, The Properties and Application of Scandium-Reinforced Aluminum, JOM (February 2003)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://dunand.northwestern.edu/refs/files/JOM-0302-35.pdf",
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "title": "ASM International: Scalmalloy, strong scandium-aluminum-magnesium powder-metal alloy designed for 3D printing",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.asminternational.org/?p=66634"
    },
    {
      "title": "European Commission: critical raw materials",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Scandium-specific producer shares: USGS says China was the leading producer but prints no country share, so producers is empty. The 2025 global output (about 80 t of oxide) is given in the supply text.",
    "USGS 2025 critical minerals list: the USGS page returned HTTP 403, so only the EU critical raw materials list is recorded in critical_lists.",
    "Space flight: no flown scandium metal was found in the sources read, and no vacuum, radiation or thermal-cycling test on scandium was opened. tags.environments is empty for that reason.",
    "Hardness is entered under a new name, brinell_hardness, because the property file has no canonical hardness name. WebElements prints MN m-2 and that value is entered as MPa, which is the same unit.",
    "Aluminium-scandium alloy strengths in Tables I and II of the 2003 review (for example Al-0.5Sc at 286 MPa yield, in the WR/A condition) describe alloys, not scandium metal, so they appear in the story text only and are not entered as properties.",
    "Scalmalloy mechanical values: the ASM page prints no numbers. Values seen in search snippets were not used.",
    "Purity: the physical values come from unspecified or lump and foil forms. No 99.9 % or 99.99 % datasheet with its own property values was opened; the Goodfellow scandium page returned HTTP 404.",
    "Corrosion data are qualitative apart from the Table IV alloy rates in NaCl. No corrosion rate for scandium metal itself was found in an opened source.",
    "Hazard classes differ by supplier and form: Chemos gives Flam. Sol. 1 (H228), PubChem reports Flam. Sol. 2 (H228) in 93.3 % of reports, Apollo gives H228 and H240 for the lump, and the 1995 Lesker sheet has no GHS statements. The form and the date matter.",
    "The crustal abundance of 18 to 25 ppm is a Wikipedia estimate. No USGS crustal table for scandium was opened.",
    "Melting and boiling points differ by 1 to 5 °C between sources, and all are entered with their sources.",
    "The 2003 review describes primary production at Zhovti Vody, Ukraine. That is out of date against the USGS 2026 chapter, which describes byproduct recovery from nickel and titanium streams, so the USGS statement is used.",
    "Electronegativity, ionization energy, heat of fusion and molar heat capacity are printed by Wikipedia but have no canonical name in the property file, so they are not entered.",
    "The metal-halide lamp and solid oxide fuel cell uses are described in the story only. Their application tags are not in the uses list because no matching application tag was found.",
    "A Wikipedia 2026 note on a planned Syerston scandium loan was not used because it is a financing news item and not a property.",
    "No media (figures) added: no scandium image was checked for caption, source and licence, so the media key is left out."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Scandium is a light rare-earth-type metal whose main value is its effect on aluminium. A scandium addition of 0.1 to 0.5 % forms fine Al3Sc precipitates that refine grain, strengthen welds and reduce hot cracking, and this is why it is used in aerospace aluminium parts (Wikipedia; Zaki Ahmad, JOM 2003). The metal itself is expensive and scarce: USGS reports about 80 tonnes of oxide produced in 2025, with no domestic commercial mining or recovery in the United States. Its main use is in aluminium alloys. No scandium metal flight record was found in the sources read.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Aerospace aluminium parts",
        "line": "Wikipedia says the main application of scandium by weight is aluminium-scandium alloys for minor aerospace components, used in the Russian MiG-21 and MiG-29 aircraft."
      },
      {
        "where": "Additive manufacturing of aerospace structures",
        "line": "ASM International says Scalmalloy, a scandium-aluminium-magnesium powder developed by Airbus Group APWorks with Airbus R&D, is used for additive manufacturing of high-strength aerospace structures."
      },
      {
        "where": "Metal-halide lamps",
        "line": "Wikipedia says about 80 kg of scandium is used a year worldwide in metal-halide lamps, mostly as scandium triiodide with sodium iodide, which gives a white light that suits colour-accurate TV cameras."
      },
      {
        "where": "Solid oxide fuel cells",
        "line": "USGS lists solid oxide fuel cells among the principal 2025 uses of scandium, where scandia-stabilized zirconia is the electrolyte. Wikipedia says the use is proposed and the scandium oxide improves the ionic conductivity of zirconia."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 2.99 g/cm3 at 25 °C in the Chemos SDS, and 2.989 g/cm3 at 20 °C in the Wikipedia infobox.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2.99 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "Melting point is 1541 °C in the Wikipedia infobox and the Lesker sheet, and 1540 °C in the Chemos SDS.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1541 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Young's modulus is 74.4 GPa (Wikipedia) and 74 GPa (WebElements).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "74.4 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat conduction",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 16 W/(m·K) (WebElements) and 15.8 W/(m·K) (Wikipedia), a modest value for a metal.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "16 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hardness",
        "line": "Wikipedia gives a Brinell hardness range of 736 to 1200 MPa, and WebElements gives 750 MPa, both with no test conditions.",
        "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "736 to 1200 MPa"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Scandium is a light metal with a density of 2.99 g/cm3 in the Chemos SDS. It is not used as a structural metal on its own. Its value is the effect it has on aluminium, where the Al-Sc alloys of the 2003 review are the form in which the metal is mainly used. The comparison rows below give scandium metal values only.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Store dry, under inert gas, in closed containers (Lesker).",
      "Keep away from heat, sparks and open flames, and remove dust deposits (Chemos).",
      "Do not use water on a fire. Use sand, dry powder or a Class D extinguisher (Lesker, Chemos, Apollo).",
      "Use non-sparking tools and avoid breathing dust (Lesker)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Aluminium-scandium alloys for aerospace parts, where 0.1 to 0.5 % scandium refines grain and strengthens welds (Wikipedia; JOM 2003).",
      "Additive manufacturing of high-strength aerospace structures with the Scalmalloy powder (ASM International)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Fine powder, turnings and dust are flammable, and dust can explode (Chemos, Apollo).",
      "The metal releases flammable hydrogen with water and dilute acids (Lesker).",
      "Supply is thin and concentrated: USGS reports about 80 t of oxide in 2025, China as the leading producer, and China's April 2025 export controls cover scandium metal and alloys.",
      "The hazard classes differ by supplier and form, and the aluminium corrosion rates in the 2003 review are for alloys, not the metal."
    ],
    "verdict": "Scandium is a light, stiff metal whose real value is as a small addition to aluminium alloys for aerospace parts. The pure metal is scarce, flammable in fine form and reacts with water, so it needs dry, inert handling.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Scandium metal is the single element Sc. Wikipedia says the metal is made by converting the oxide to scandium fluoride with hydrofluoric acid (Sc2O3 + 6 HF gives 2 ScF3 + 3 H2O) and then reducing the fluoride with metallic calcium (2 ScF3 + 3 Ca gives 3 CaF2 + 2 Sc). Scandium is recovered mainly as a byproduct of nickel, titanium and rare-earth processing, and is sold as oxide. In its main alloy use, aluminium-scandium alloys contain 0.1 to 0.5 % scandium.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Scandium",
          "symbol": "Sc",
          "role": "The whole material. Wikipedia gives a standard atomic weight of 44.956 for scandium.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 44.956
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard depends on the form. Solid scandium is not classed as toxic in the sources read, but fine powder, dust and turnings are flammable, and the metal releases hydrogen with water.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fines and dust",
            "line": "Chemos classes the metal as a flammable solid (H228) and warns that deposited dust has considerable explosion potential. Apollo classes its lump as H240 (heating may cause an explosion) as well."
          },
          {
            "label": "Water and acid",
            "line": "The Lesker sheet says scandium reacts with water and dilute acids to give flammable, explosive hydrogen."
          },
          {
            "label": "Toxicity",
            "line": "Wikipedia calls elemental scandium non-toxic, with a rat LD50 for scandium chloride of 755 mg/kg intraperitoneal and 4 g/kg oral. Compounds are to be handled as moderately toxic."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Form-dependent"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The sources give four failure routes: a fire in fines or dust, hydrogen release on contact with water or acid, surface tarnish in air, and reaction with halogens.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fire",
            "line": "Use sand, carbon dioxide or a dry powder or Class D extinguisher. Water is not recommended (Lesker), and Apollo says not to use water, CO2 or foam on metal dust fires."
          },
          {
            "label": "Tarnish",
            "line": "Scandium develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast in air and is susceptible to weathering (Wikipedia)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Halogens",
            "line": "The Lesker sheet lists halogens, strong oxidizers, acid chlorides and chlorates as materials to avoid."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep it dry",
            "line": "Store under inert gas, in tightly closed containers and in a dry area (Lesker)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Avoid ignition",
            "line": "Keep away from heat, sparks and open flames, and remove dust deposits (Chemos)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Avoid breathing dust, and use NIOSH-approved respiratory protection with gloves and eye protection (Lesker)."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: Goodfellow scandium page (HTTP 404) and USGS 2025 critical minerals page (HTTP 403). Caveats: most physical values come from one encyclopedia (Wikipedia) and one database (WebElements); the supply shares are for US imports only; the hazard classes differ by supplier and form; the corrosion rates are for Al-Sc alloys, not the metal."
  },
  "sources": {
    "usgs-sc-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Scandium (USGS)",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-scandium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "wiki-sc": {
      "title": "Scandium (Wikipedia)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-sc": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Scandium (CID 23952), including ECHA C&L Inventory classification",
      "id": "CAS 7440-20-2",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23952",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to ECHA and others"
    },
    "webelements-sc": {
      "title": "WebElements: Scandium, physical properties (University of Sheffield)",
      "url": "https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/scandium/physics.html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "chemos-sc-sds": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: Scandium, Chemos GmbH article A0055277 (revision 2023-11-09)",
      "id": "CAS 7440-20-2",
      "url": "https://www.chemos.de/import/data/msds/GB_en/7440-20-2-A0055277-GB-en.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "apollo-sc-sds": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: Scandium, lump, vacuum remelted, Apollo Scientific IN3112 (issue 16/09/2022)",
      "id": "IN3112",
      "url": "https://store.apolloscientific.co.uk/storage/msds/IN3112_msds.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "lesker-sc-sds": {
      "title": "Kurt J. Lesker Company material safety data sheet: Scandium metal foil (9/16/95)",
      "url": "https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/pdf/msds_sc.pdf",
      "year": 1995,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier safety data sheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "jom-al-sc": {
      "title": "Zaki Ahmad, The Properties and Application of Scandium-Reinforced Aluminum (JOM, February 2003)",
      "url": "https://dunand.northwestern.edu/refs/files/JOM-0302-35.pdf",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "cited not reproduced"
    },
    "asm-scalmalloy": {
      "title": "Scalmalloy, strong scandium-aluminum-magnesium powder-metal alloy designed for 3D printing (ASM International)",
      "url": "https://www.asminternational.org/?p=66634",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited not reproduced"
    },
    "eu-crm": {
      "title": "European Commission: critical raw materials",
      "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/scandium/"
}