{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "rene-41",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041)",
  "abbreviation": "Rene 41",
  "role": "high-temperature structural superalloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041, Werkstoff No. 2.4973) is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum superalloy for hot structural parts. Neonickel gives a 0.2% yield strength of 820.5 MPa at 21 °C and 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, and a density of 8.249 g/cm3. Fort Wayne Metals gives a modulus of elasticity of 213 GPa at 22 °C for the same grade. Wikipedia records that the alloy was used for the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule.\n",
  "best_for": "Parts that must keep high strength at up to 871 °C, such as hot structures and jet engine or missile components: 579.2 MPa yield at 871 °C (Neonickel)",
  "weakest_at": "Ductility after cold work (2.3 % elongation at 50 % cold work, Fort Wayne Metals) and strength above 871 °C, where the supplier pages give no data",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum superalloy, nominal wt%: Ni balance, Cr 18 to 20, Co 10 to 12, Mo 9 to 10.5, Ti 3 to 3.3, Al 1.4 to 1.8, B 0.003 to 0.01, Fe up to 5, Si up to 0.5, Mn up to 0.10, C up to 0.12, S up to 0.015, Cu up to 0.5",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N07041",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, UNS Number line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4973",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, Werkstoff Number line (W.Nr. 2.4973)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5545",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5712",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5713",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5800",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Rene 41",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Designations block, trade name line"
      }
    ],
    "source": "fwmetals",
    "where": "Composition table, Nickel to Sulfur rows (column header %); Alloys International prints 'Percent by weight' for its nominal table; UNS N07041 and the Haynes R-41 name are on the same page"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Rene 41 (Neonickel page)",
      "value": 8.249,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated on the page",
        "condition": "not stated on the page (no heat treatment given)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a supplier product page under Physical properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Physical properties, line 'Density: 8.249 g/cm³' (unit printed as g/cm³)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Haynes R-41 (Fort Wayne Metals page)",
      "value": 8.25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Physical properties list, Density line (0.298 lbs/in3 also printed)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, Rene 41",
      "value": 1307,
      "value_high": 1343,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "melting range printed on the page",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on a supplier product page under Physical properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Physical properties, line 'Melting range: 1307-1343°C'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 21 °C",
      "value": 1261.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "21 °C",
        "condition": "not stated on the page (no heat treatment given for this row)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a table on a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, row 'Ultimate Tensile Strength /MPa', column 21°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% yield strength at 21 °C",
      "value": 820.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "21 °C",
        "measure": "0.2% offset (page row label '0.2% Yield Strength /MPa')",
        "condition": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a table on a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, row '0.2% Yield Strength /MPa', column 21°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at 21 °C",
      "value": 21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "21 °C",
        "condition": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a table on a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, row 'Elongation %', column 21°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 871 °C",
      "value": 710.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "871 °C",
        "condition": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a table on a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, row 'Ultimate Tensile Strength /MPa', column 871°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% yield strength at 871 °C",
      "value": 579.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "871 °C",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "condition": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a table on a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, row '0.2% Yield Strength /MPa', column 871°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
        "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Haynes R-41 (Fort Wayne Metals page)",
      "value": 12.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Physical properties list, Thermal conductivity line (88 BTU-in/(hr·ft²·°F) also printed)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, Haynes R-41",
      "value": 13.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Physical properties list, Coefficient of thermal expansion line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, Haynes R-41",
      "value": 213,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Physical properties list, Modulus of Elasticity line (30.9 Mpsi also printed)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, Haynes R-41",
      "value": 127,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µohm·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Physical properties list, Electrical resistivity line (50.0 µohm·in also printed)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, 0% cold worked hot wire",
      "value": 1138,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cold_work": "0 %",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page",
        "note": "page rows are defined by cold-work percentage; no heat treatment is named"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page (page says values are typical and may not represent all diameters)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 0 (cold worked %), column Ultimate tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0% cold worked hot wire",
      "value": 703,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cold_work": "0 %",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page",
        "note": "page rows are defined by cold-work percentage; no heat treatment is named"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page (page says values are typical and may not represent all diameters)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 0 (cold worked %), column Yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, 0% cold worked hot wire",
      "value": 42,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cold_work": "0 %",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page",
        "gauge_length": "25.4 cm (page footnote: 10 in test gauge length)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 0 (cold worked %), column Elongation %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, 50% cold worked hot wire",
      "value": 2124,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cold_work": "50 %",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 50 (cold worked %), column Ultimate tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 50% cold worked hot wire",
      "value": 1786,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cold_work": "50 %",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 50 (cold worked %), column Yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, 50% cold worked hot wire",
      "value": 2.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cold_work": "50 %",
        "product_form": "hot wire, per the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 50 (cold worked %), column Elongation %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
        "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, solution treated and aged (minimum)",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "solution treated and aged (stocked condition named on the page)",
        "basis": "minimum value printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a supplier table; the page says properties vary with section size, product form and processing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloysintl",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties table, row 'Solution treated and aged', column Tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 inventory page, Alloys International",
        "id": "UNS N07041; W.Nr 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, solution treated and aged (minimum)",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "solution treated and aged (stocked condition named on the page)",
        "basis": "minimum value printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a supplier table; the page says properties vary with section size, product form and processing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloysintl",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties table, row 'Solution treated and aged', column Yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 inventory page, Alloys International",
        "id": "UNS N07041; W.Nr 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, solution treated and aged (minimum)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "solution treated and aged (stocked condition named on the page)",
        "basis": "minimum value printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a supplier table; the page says properties vary with section size, product form and processing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloysintl",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties table, row 'Solution treated and aged', column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rene 41 inventory page, Alloys International",
        "id": "UNS N07041; W.Nr 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
        "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Hot oxidising air up to 871 °C",
      "headline": "Neonickel says the alloy has outstanding oxidation resistance up to 871 °C, with no test data on the page.",
      "effect": "The page says 'outstanding oxidation resistance up to 871°C'. It gives no weight gain, scale thickness or exposure time, so the rating rests on supplier wording only.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier wording on a product page; no exposure test described",
        "temperature_limit": "871 °C as printed on the page"
      },
      "source": "neonickel",
      "where": "Introduction and service statement on the Neonickel page"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot air at about 1600F (Alloys International service statement)",
      "headline": "Alloys International says the alloy has good oxidation resistance to about 1600F.",
      "effect": "The page prints 'Good oxidation resistance to about 1600F' and gives no test method, exposure time or scale data.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier wording on a product page; no exposure test described",
        "temperature_limit": "about 1600F as printed on the page"
      },
      "source": "alloysintl",
      "where": "Service temperature paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's aggregated GHS summary for nickel (CID 935), built from ECHA C&L notifications, lists H317 (99.9%), H351 (72.9%), H372 (99.7%), H334 (10.3%), H341 (13.5%), H350 (22.5%), H360F (18%) and H412 (47.2%) with signal word Danger. PubChem also prints 'Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 5 of 4778 reports by companies.' This is the element record, not the alloy; no Rene 41 safety data sheet was read in this run.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications summary (PUG View JSON for CID 935)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of strength at high temperature",
        "trigger": "Service at 871 °C, the top of the temperature range on the supplier page",
        "consequence": "The 0.2% yield strength falls from 820.5 MPa at 21 °C to 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, and the ultimate tensile strength from 1261.7 MPa to 710.2 MPa over the same range (Neonickel table).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "neonickel",
        "where": "Mechanical and physical properties table, rows 0.2% Yield Strength and Ultimate Tensile Strength"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of ductility after cold work",
        "trigger": "Cold work of hot wire to 50 %",
        "consequence": "Elongation falls from 42 % at 0 % cold work to 2.3 % at 50 % cold work (Fort Wayne Metals typical values), while yield strength rises from 703 MPa to 1786 MPa.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "fwmetals",
        "where": "Mechanical properties table, rows 0, 50 (cold worked %)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the form and condition when ordering. The Alloys International page says properties 'vary with section size, product form and processing', and the Fort Wayne Metals values are for cold-worked hot wire.",
        "source": "alloysintl",
        "where": "Typical mechanical properties note"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Fort Wayne Metals page says the alloy 'can be annealed for greater ductility'. No annealing temperature or time is given on the page.",
        "source": "fwmetals",
        "where": "Description paragraph on heat treatment"
      },
      {
        "text": "Confirm the governing specification with the supplier. The Alloys International specification line and its FAQ list differ: the FAQ drops the B after AMS 5800 and omits B50TF67.",
        "source": "alloysintl",
        "where": "Specifications section and FAQ"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Outer shell of the Mercury space capsule",
      "example": "René 41 was used to create the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule.",
      "source": "wiki-rene41",
      "where": "History and applications text (as fetched)"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Jet engine and missile components",
      "example": "René 41 is used in jet engine and missile components.",
      "source": "wiki-rene41",
      "where": "History and applications text (as fetched)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that total); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Cobalt (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 73,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: depending on the application, substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues (73% and 14% printed as shares of the world total); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap, and superalloy scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: potential substitutes include boron, chromium, niobium (columbium), and vanadium."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 260,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); the USGS text says China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico account for 90% of global production"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Neonickel product page: Rene 41 (UNS N07041)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Fort Wayne Metals product page: HAYNES R-41 alloy (hot wire)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloys International inventory page: Rene 41",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: René 41 (composition, history and applications)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_41",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record CID 935 (nickel), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No Rene 41 safety data sheet was read; the hazard entry uses PubChem's record for the element nickel (CID 935) as a proxy for the nickel balance of the alloy. The PubChem web page was blocked by a bot check, so its REST data were read instead.",
    "Cobalt, chromium and molybdenum hazard records were not read for this profile.",
    "Launch-vehicle hot structures, engine casings, springs and fasteners were named in the planning brief, but no source read in this run confirms them. Only the Mercury capsule shell and jet engine or missile components are recorded.",
    "Flight heritage: no NASA, ESA or flight-test data for Rene 41 were found in the sources read; the Mercury shell statement is a Wikipedia statement, not a flight test result.",
    "No vacuum, outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or cryogenic data for Rene 41 were found in the sources read.",
    "Stress-rupture values in the Neonickel table (100 and 1,000 hours) were not recorded because the unit as printed was not confirmed on the page read in this run.",
    "Solution-treated-only strengths on the Alloys International page are printed as approximate values (about 140 ksi and about 85 ksi), so they were not recorded.",
    "Specific heat, melting point from a second source, and a 20 °C coefficient of thermal expansion were not found in a second source; only the Neonickel and Fort Wayne Metals values are recorded.",
    "Carbon minimum: Wikipedia's summary gives a range, but no supplier page printed a carbon minimum, so only the 0.12 maximum is recorded.",
    "Abundance of nickel in the crust was not found in a source read in this run.",
    "Critical-mineral list status for nickel was not stated in the USGS 2026 nickel summary as read, so no critical-list entry is recorded.",
    "The Alloys International specification list and FAQ disagree (see handling); the governing AMS specification was not opened.",
    "Several strength values come from a single supplier page or from typical values that the supplier says may not represent all diameters."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041) is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum superalloy. A superalloy is a nickel, cobalt or iron alloy built to keep its strength at high temperature. The Neonickel table gives a yield strength of 820.5 MPa at 21 °C and 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, and the Fort Wayne Metals page gives a density of 8.25 g/cm3. The alloy was used for the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule, according to Wikipedia, and the same source lists jet engine and missile components as uses. It is chosen where a part must stay strong at high temperature and where a nickel alloy's oxidation resistance is needed.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Space capsule shell",
        "line": "Wikipedia states that René 41 was used to create the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule. The page gives no flight dates or test results."
      },
      {
        "where": "Jet engine and missile parts",
        "line": "Wikipedia states that René 41 is used in jet engine and missile components. The supplier pages do not name particular engines or missiles."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Hot strength",
        "line": "The 0.2% yield strength is 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, against 820.5 MPa at 21 °C, on the Neonickel table. The page gives no heat treatment for these values.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "579.2 MPa at 871 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The modulus of elasticity is 213 GPa at 22 °C on the Fort Wayne Metals page, which notes that its values were calculated at 22 °C.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "213 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The Neonickel page gives a melting range of 1307 °C to 1343 °C. Its density is 8.249 g/cm3 on the same page.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1307 °C to 1343 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat conduction",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 12.6 W/(m·°C) at 22 °C on the Fort Wayne Metals page. That is low for a metal, so the alloy is not chosen for heat spreading.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "12.6 W/(m·°C)"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Rene 41 is a heavy, strong alloy that conducts heat poorly for a metal, with a thermal conductivity of 12.6 W/(m·°C) at 22 °C on the Fort Wayne Metals page. Its case for use rests on strength at high temperature: the Neonickel table gives 579.2 MPa at 871 °C. The table below sets its density, tensile strength at 21 °C and thermal conductivity side by side. No other alloy profile was compared numerically in this run.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength at 21 °C",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the condition. Properties vary with section size, product form and processing, and the cold-work level changes strength and ductility a lot.",
      "Treat the nickel content as the main hazard for handling, since no alloy safety data sheet was read.",
      "Confirm the governing AMS specification with the supplier, because the supplier's two specification lists differ."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High strength at high temperature. The yield strength is 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, from the Neonickel table.",
      "Space and jet hardware. Wikipedia records the Mercury capsule shell and jet engine or missile components."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Ductility after cold work. Elongation is 2.3 % at 50 % cold work on Fort Wayne Metals hot wire.",
      "No data above 871 °C. The supplier pages give strength only up to that temperature.",
      "Nickel hazard record. PubChem's nickel summary lists H317, H351 and H372."
    ],
    "verdict": "Rene 41 is a nickel superalloy for parts that must stay strong at up to 871 °C. The supplier pages give its strength, density and expansion, and Wikipedia records a Mercury capsule shell and jet engine and missile components. The profile lacks a safety data sheet for the alloy itself, flight test data and vacuum or radiation data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Rene 41 is a nickel-based superalloy, a nickel alloy for high-temperature parts. Nickel is the balance, and chromium, cobalt and molybdenum are the main alloying elements, with titanium and aluminium as smaller additions. The ranges below are the nominal wt% limits printed on the Fort Wayne Metals page.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The base metal of the alloy. The Fort Wayne Metals page lists nickel as the balance.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.",
          "share_percent": 18,
          "share_high": 20
        },
        {
          "name": "Cobalt",
          "symbol": "Co",
          "role": "Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "share_high": 12
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.",
          "share_percent": 9,
          "share_high": 10.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "share_high": 3.3
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.",
          "share_percent": 1.4,
          "share_high": 1.8
        },
        {
          "name": "Boron",
          "symbol": "B",
          "role": "Listed in the nominal composition table as a minor element.",
          "share_percent": 0.003,
          "share_high": 0.01
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Listed as a maximum in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "up to 5"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Listed as a maximum in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "up to 0.12"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Listed as a maximum in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "up to 0.5"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Listed as a maximum in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "up to 0.10"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulfur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Listed as a maximum in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "up to 0.015"
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Listed as a maximum in the composition table.",
          "share_note": "up to 0.5"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy is mostly nickel, and the only hazard record read is the one for the element nickel. The Rene 41 supplier pages give no hazard data.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The nickel record",
            "line": "PubChem's summary for nickel lists H317 (99.9%), H351 (72.9%) and H372 (99.7%) with signal word Danger. These are notified classifications, and the record is for the element, not for a solid alloy part."
          },
          {
            "label": "Solid parts",
            "line": "The hazard record is for nickel as an element. A solid alloy part is not the same as nickel dust or powder, and no Rene 41 safety data sheet was read."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel record: sensitiser, suspected carcinogen"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These failure routes come from the supplier data, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hot service",
            "line": "The 0.2% yield strength falls from 820.5 MPa at 21 °C to 579.2 MPa at 871 °C on the Neonickel table. The supplier pages name 871 °C as the top of the strength range."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cold work",
            "line": "Cold work trades ductility for strength. On Fort Wayne Metals hot wire, elongation falls from 42 % at 0 % cold work to 2.3 % at 50 %, while yield strength rises from 703 MPa to 1786 MPa."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Specify the condition",
            "line": "Properties vary with section size, product form and processing, so state the condition, the cold-work level or the solution-treated and aged condition when ordering."
          },
          {
            "label": "Specification",
            "line": "The Alloys International specification line and FAQ disagree on the AMS list, so confirm the governing specification with the supplier."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Values come from supplier product pages (Neonickel, Fort Wayne Metals, Alloys International), one Wikipedia page for history, and USGS 2026 summaries for supply. Caveats: supplier pages do not name the heat treatment for most values; the Fort Wayne Metals values are typical values for hot wire; the hazard record is for the element nickel; the Wikipedia statements are history only."
  },
  "sources": {
    "neonickel": {
      "title": "Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel",
      "id": "UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
      "url": "https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "fwmetals": {
      "title": "HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals",
      "id": "UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41",
      "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "alloysintl": {
      "title": "Rene 41 inventory page, Alloys International",
      "id": "UNS N07041; W.Nr 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800",
      "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-rene41": {
      "title": "René 41, Wikipedia",
      "id": "Wikipedia article René 41",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_41",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record CID 935 (Nickel), GHS classification with ECHA C&L notifications summary",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/rene-41/"
}