{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pvf-white-tedlar",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "fluoropolymers",
  "name": "Crystalline polyvinyl fluoride with white pigment",
  "abbreviation": "PVF (white Tedlar)",
  "role": "biaxially oriented fluoropolymer film with titanium dioxide pigment, used as a weather-resistant outer layer",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "fluoropolymers",
  "summary": "White-pigmented Tedlar is DuPont's polyvinyl fluoride film, made of the repeat unit minus CH2-CHF. On the MISSE 2 flight its atomic oxygen erosion yield was 1.01e-25 cm3/atom, about 30 times lower than clear Tedlar at 3.19e-24 cm3/atom, because the titanium dioxide pigment shields the film. DuPont rates it for continuous use from -72 to 107 degC and says it resists weathering and most chemicals.",
  "best_for": "Protective outer films on solar arrays and aircraft interiors where weathering, UV stability and chemical resistance matter",
  "weakest_at": "Atomic oxygen erosion of thin films, which can peel at the edges, and the low tensile strength of the 1.5 and 2.0 mil white grades",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "(C2H3F)n, poly(vinyl fluoride), CAS 24981-14-4; the white grade adds titanium dioxide pigment",
    "cas": "24981-14-4",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "wiki-pvf",
    "where": "Infobox, Identifiers and Properties; repeat unit (C2H3F)n from the Chemical formula row"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "low-earth-orbit"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "atomic-oxygen",
      "uv"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "solar-arrays",
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, white Tedlar, MISSE 2 flight",
      "value": 1.01e-25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/atom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "low Earth orbit, ISS MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers tray",
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2",
        "unit_in_source": "cm3/atom"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in NASA Table I as the MISSE 2 erosion yield for the white-pigment PVF row",
      "status": "flight",
      "source": "nasa-ao-tool",
      "where": "Table I, row Polyvinylfluoride with white pigment, column MISSE 2 erosion yield",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090011780/downloads/20090011780.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, clear Tedlar, MISSE 2 flight (comparison)",
      "value": 3.19e-24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/atom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "low Earth orbit, ISS MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers tray",
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2",
        "unit_in_source": "cm3/atom"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in NASA Table I for clear PVF, with the text in section 2.2 comparing it with white Tedlar",
      "status": "flight",
      "source": "nasa-ao-tool",
      "where": "Table I, row Polyvinyl fluoride, column MISSE 2 erosion yield; section 2.2 text",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090011780/downloads/20090011780.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, white Tedlar MISSE 2 sample (ref 12)",
      "value": 1.6241,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "sample": "MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers film"
      },
      "method": "Density printed in NASA Table II, column Density, ref. 12 (density gradient column testing)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-ao-tool",
      "where": "Table II, row Crystalline polyvinylfluoride with white pigment, Density column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090011780/downloads/20090011780.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, DuPont Tedlar PVF films, typical range",
      "value": 1.37,
      "value_high": 1.72,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-1505",
        "temperature": "22 degC (72 degF)"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 1, for all PVF film types",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 1, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, PVF film",
      "value": 185,
      "value_high": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "range quoted for the polymer; the commercial atactic film shows a peak at 190 °C"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Wikipedia PVF article, Properties section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-pvf",
      "where": "Properties section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Polyvinyl fluoride (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "Wikipedia, en",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Lower glass transition, PVF",
      "value": -20,
      "value_high": -15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "transition": "lower"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Wikipedia PVF article as the lower Tg, written there as -15 to -20 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-pvf",
      "where": "Properties section, sentence on transition phases",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Polyvinyl fluoride (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "Wikipedia, en",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Upper glass transition, PVF",
      "value": 40,
      "value_high": 50,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "transition": "upper"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Wikipedia PVF article as the upper Tg",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-pvf",
      "where": "Properties section, sentence on transition phases",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Polyvinyl fluoride (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "Wikipedia, en",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous use, lower limit (Tedlar)",
      "value": -72,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "continuous use"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Thermal table, row Temperature Range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Thermal table, Temperature Range, Continuous Use (-72 to 107 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous use, upper limit (Tedlar)",
      "value": 107,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "continuous use; short cycles or release up to 175 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Thermal table, row Temperature Range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Thermal table, Temperature Range, Continuous Use (-72 to 107 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, min, TWH15BL3 (1.5 mil low gloss white)",
      "value": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH15BL3",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-882",
        "direction": "MD"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH15BL3, row Ultimate Tensile Strength, Min. (MD)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, min, TWH20BS3 (2.0 mil satin white)",
      "value": 62,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-882",
        "direction": "MD"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH20BS3, row Ultimate Tensile Strength, Min. (MD)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Ultimate elongation, min, TWH15BL3 (1.5 mil low gloss white)",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH15BL3",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-882",
        "direction": "MD"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH15BL3, row Ultimate Elongation, Min. (MD)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Ultimate elongation, min, TWH20BS3 (2.0 mil satin white)",
      "value": 110,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-882",
        "direction": "MD"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH20BS3, row Ultimate Elongation, Min. (MD)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus (MD), TWH20BS3",
      "value": 2655,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-882",
        "direction": "MD"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2, MPa row (385 kpsi as printed alongside)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH20BS3, row Tensile Modulus (MD), MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption, water immersion",
      "value": 0.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "bound": "less than 0.5 % for most types, printed as <0.5",
        "test_standard": "water immersion, 22 degC (72 degF)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 1, row Moisture Absorption",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 1, row Moisture Absorption",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant, TWH20BS3, 1 kHz",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "frequency": "1 Kc at 22 degC (72 degF) as printed",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-150"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 1, Electrical block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 1, Electrical block, row Dielectric Constant, column TWH20BS3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, TWH20BS3",
      "value": 3.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mil",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-150"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 1, Electrical block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 1, Electrical block, row Dielectric Strength (kV/mil), column TWH20BS3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "refractive_index",
      "label": "Refractive index, clear and white PVF",
      "value": 1.46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nD",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "30 degC (86 degF)",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-542, Abbe refractometer"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 1, Physical block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 1, Physical block, row Refractive Index",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, TWH20BS3",
      "value": 1.05,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/kg K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "method_printed": "DuPont 990, thermal analyzer"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2, kJ/kg K row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH20BS3, row Specific Heat, kJ/kg K",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear coefficient of expansion (MD), TWH20BS3",
      "value": 0.000097,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "m/mK",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TWH20BS3",
        "direction": "MD",
        "temperature": "50 to 70 degC",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D-696"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2, row Linear Coefficient of Expansion (MD)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, column TWH20BS3, row Linear Coefficient of Expansion (MD)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystallinity",
      "label": "Crystallinity, PVF",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 60,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "depends on polymerization method and thermal history"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Wikipedia PVF article, Properties section; a secondary summary",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-pvf",
      "where": "Properties section, sentence on crystallinity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Polyvinyl fluoride (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "Wikipedia, en",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hours_to_embrittlement_oven_aging",
      "label": "Hours to embrittlement, aging in air (white grades)",
      "value": 3000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "h",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "300 degF oven, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in DuPont General Properties, Table 2, row Aging in Air, Hours to embrittlement",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Aging in Air, Hours to embrittlement",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
        "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, MISSE 2, about 4 years",
      "headline": "White Tedlar eroded far less than clear Tedlar, because its titanium dioxide pigment shields the film.",
      "effect": "Erosion yield of 1.01e-25 cm3/atom for white against 3.19e-24 cm3/atom for clear, as printed in NASA Table I.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2"
      },
      "source": "nasa-ao-tool",
      "where": "Table I; section 2.2 text on the pigment shielding effect"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Thin films in atomic oxygen",
      "headline": "Thin films can erode through and peel, which removes the protective ash layer.",
      "effect": "NASA notes that thin polymers eroded faster at their perimeter and could peel up, so the ash covered the surface only partly.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "thin film"
      },
      "source": "nasa-ao-tool",
      "where": "Discussion section, paragraph on ash protection"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Outdoor UV and weathering",
      "headline": "Tedlar shows minimal colour change after repeated UV exposure in Florida.",
      "effect": "DuPont reports a 15-year Florida exposure test in which Tedlar PVF film shows minimal colour change; the chart is not printed with numbers.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "15-year exposure test in Florida"
      },
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-overview",
      "where": "UV Durability section, Florida weathering chart"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat ageing in air",
      "headline": "Film embrittles only after about 3000 hours in a 300 degF oven.",
      "effect": "DuPont prints 3,000 hours to embrittlement for all four grades in air oven aging at 300 degF.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "300 degF"
      },
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Aging in Air"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Acids, bases and solvents at room temperature",
      "headline": "PVF films resist acids, bases and common solvents at room temperature.",
      "effect": "DuPont reports no visible effect after 1 year immersion in acids, bases or solvents at 25 degC; Wikipedia says PVF films resist acids, bases and aliphatic, aromatic and alcohol liquids at room temperature.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 degC",
        "duration": "1 year immersion"
      },
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
      "where": "Table 1, Chemical Resistance row"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The monomer, vinyl fluoride, is an extremely flammable gas, may explode if heated, is suspected of causing genetic defects and may cause cancer.",
        "ghs": [
          "H220",
          "H280",
          "H341",
          "H350"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-vinyl-fluoride",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Hazard Statements for vinyl fluoride (CID 6339)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Above about 350 degC in air PVF loses hydrogen fluoride; HF is quickly absorbed into surrounding materials.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "wiki-pvf",
        "where": "Properties section, thermal stability sentence; Safety section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Some Tedlar formulations may contain heavy metal compounds, which can be present in dust from secondary operations such as sanding.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "wiki-pvf",
        "where": "Safety section"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Thin films can erode through in atomic oxygen and peel, which…",
        "consequence": "Thin films can erode through in atomic oxygen and peel, which removes the protection of the pigment ash layer.",
        "source": "nasa-ao-tool",
        "where": "Discussion section, paragraph on ash protection"
      },
      {
        "mode": "The 1.5 and 2.0 mil white grades have a minimum tensile strength of…",
        "consequence": "The 1.5 and 2.0 mil white grades have a minimum tensile strength of 55 and 62 MPa, which is low for structural loads.",
        "source": "dupont-tedlar-gp",
        "where": "Table 2, row Ultimate Tensile Strength, Min. (MD)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "After excessive exposure the fluoride content in urine increased, although PVF has not caused skin reactions or toxic effects.",
        "source": "wiki-pvf",
        "where": "Safety section"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Avoid making dust from sanding or cutting, and treat the film's pigment dust as possibly containing heavy metals.",
        "source": "wiki-pvf",
        "where": "Safety section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Keep heating and processing below the temperature at which HF is lost in air, and keep it away from pigments and fillers that can react when overheated.",
        "source": "wiki-pvf",
        "where": "Properties section and Safety section"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Insulating bags on aircraft exterior walls and cargo spaces",
      "example": "PVF film is applied to insulating bags containing glass fibre, used on exterior airplane walls, in cargo space and in air conditioning ducts.",
      "source": "wiki-pvf",
      "where": "Application section"
    },
    {
      "application": "solar-arrays",
      "device": "Photovoltaic module backsheet",
      "example": "The white-pigmented film is used on the bottom surface of photovoltaic cells, and the transparent film protects the top against moisture.",
      "source": "wiki-pvf",
      "where": "Application section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Commercial aircraft cabin interior walls and ceilings",
      "example": "DuPont says Tedlar film is used extensively on cabin interior walls and ceilings of commercial aircraft, and is FAA and EASA certified for fire resistance.",
      "source": "dupont-tedlar-overview",
      "where": "Flame and Smoke section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Fluorspar (CaF2), the mineral feedstock for fluorine chemicals",
      "abundance": "USGS reports that calcium fluoride is used to make anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and that acid-grade fluorspar is its leading use; PVF is made from vinyl fluoride, which is made from fluorine chemistry.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mongolia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column; world total 10,000 thousand metric tons (rounded)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit (NASA/TM-2008-215490)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090011780/downloads/20090011780.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties brochure",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.metalcoffeeshop.com/uploads/media/2022/01/dupont™-tedlar®-polyvinyl-fluoride-(pvf)-films-brochure-3.pdf",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "title": "DuPont Tedlar products overview",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.metalcoffeeshop.com/uploads/media/2022/01/dupont-tedlar-products-overview.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Fluorspar (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No UV, radiation or thermal-cycling test value for white Tedlar was read in this run; the DuPont Florida chart and the QUV images have no printed numbers.",
    "No PubChem record for PVF itself was read; the hazard codes are for the vinyl fluoride monomer (CID 6339).",
    "No primary, peer-reviewed PVF ageing data were found; the 3000 hour embrittlement figure is a manufacturer value.",
    "The DuPont SDS for Tedlar was not found; the Wikipedia safety paragraph is the only hazard text for the polymer.",
    "Atomic weights of C, H and F are not sourced in this run, so recipe parts carry no atomic_weight field.",
    "Titanium dioxide share in the white grade is not printed in any fetched source; the part has no share.",
    "Erosion yield, hours_to_embrittlement_oven_aging and crystallinity use names that may not be in spores/property-canon.yaml; they are listed here as new names.",
    "No critical-mineral listing for PVF or fluorspar in this run; fluorspar's critical status is not stated in the USGS page read.",
    "The Goodfellow PVF page gives tensile and crystallinity figures that are secondary and were not used as properties; it is cited only for the description of the material."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "PVF is a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer that DuPont sells as Tedlar. On the MISSE 2 flight the white grade eroded at 1.01e-25 cm3/atom, far below the 3.19e-24 cm3/atom of clear Tedlar, so the pigment is what protects it in low Earth orbit.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Use",
        "line": "Insulating bags on aircraft exterior walls, and cabin interior wall and ceiling films."
      },
      {
        "where": "Use",
        "line": "Protective backsheets for photovoltaic modules, where the white film sits on the bottom surface."
      },
      {
        "where": "Use",
        "line": "Decorative and protective coatings, and release films for high-temperature resin processing."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "White Tedlar resists weathering and UV, stays flexible from -72 degC to 107 degC in continuous use, and resists acids, bases and most solvents. Its density is 1.37 to 1.72 g/cc and its dielectric constant is 11 for the 2.0 mil satin white grade.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "In the MISSE 2 table white Tedlar eroded at 1.01e-25 cm3/atom against 3.19e-24 cm3/atom for clear Tedlar, so the pigment cuts erosion by about a factor of thirty. Its melting point of 185 to 210 degC is modest, and its tensile strength of 55 to 62 MPa is low for a structural polymer.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ultimate tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Ventilate cutting, sanding and heating areas, and wear PPE for dust. Keep heated PVF below the temperature at which hydrogen fluoride is lost in air (about 350 degC). Keep vinyl fluoride monomer, a flammable gas, away from ignition."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Outer films on solar arrays and aircraft interiors where weathering and atomic oxygen protection matter, and thin protective layers over less durable materials."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Thin white film can erode and peel under atomic oxygen, and the 1.5 and 2.0 mil grades have a tensile strength of only 55 to 62 MPa. Overheating releases hydrogen fluoride."
    ],
    "verdict": "White Tedlar is a practical, weather-resistant fluoropolymer film with strong atomic oxygen protection from its pigment. It is best used as a thin, supported outer layer rather than a structural part, and it needs a fuller ageing and radiation data set before a long mission design relies on it.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "PVF is a linear polymer of vinyl fluoride, -(CH2-CHF)n-. Vinyl fluoride is polymerised in aqueous suspension or emulsion under high pressure with a peroxide initiator, and the resin is then dissolved in a polar solvent, cast and biaxially oriented into thin film. The white grade adds titanium dioxide pigment during processing.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Vinyl fluoride",
          "role": "Repeat unit of the polymer; the C-F bond and the chain give the thermal stability and chemical resistance."
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium dioxide",
          "role": "White pigment that shields the film from atomic oxygen; NASA ties the very different erosion yields of clear and white Tedlar to it."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "Workers who polymerise or handle vinyl fluoride, which is an…",
        "points": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Workers who sand or cut white Tedlar, because the pigment dust may…",
        "points": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Anyone handling PVF that has been heated above about 350 degC, which…",
        "points": []
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-20",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 22,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Written from pages fetched in this run: 22 property values, 8 sources. The Tedlar SDS was not found; the ChemicalBook PVF SDS returned an empty page."
  },
  "sources": {
    "nasa-ao-tool": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090011780/downloads/20090011780.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "wiki-pvf": {
      "title": "Polyvinyl fluoride (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, en",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "pubchem-vinyl-fluoride": {
      "title": "Vinyl fluoride, PubChem CID 6339 (GHS classification)",
      "id": "PubChem CID 6339",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6339",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NIH PubChem)"
    },
    "dupont-tedlar-gp": {
      "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties",
      "id": "DuPont Tedlar general properties, copyright 2011",
      "url": "https://polymerfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DuPont_Tedlar-General-Properties.pdf",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "dupont-tedlar-brochure": {
      "title": "DuPont Tedlar PVF Films, General Properties brochure",
      "id": "DuPont Tedlar brochure, copyright 2011",
      "url": "https://www.metalcoffeeshop.com/uploads/media/2022/01/dupont™-tedlar®-polyvinyl-fluoride-(pvf)-films-brochure-3.pdf",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "dupont-tedlar-overview": {
      "title": "DuPont Tedlar products overview",
      "id": "DuPont Tedlar overview",
      "url": "https://www.metalcoffeeshop.com/uploads/media/2022/01/dupont-tedlar-products-overview.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-fluorspar-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Fluorspar (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "goodfellow-pvf": {
      "title": "Polyvinylfluoride Film, Material Information (Goodfellow)",
      "id": "Goodfellow PVF film material information",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/polyvinylfluoride-film-material-information/",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pvf-white-tedlar/"
}