{ "spore": "profile", "id": "ps", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "engineering-polymers", "name": "General-purpose polystyrene (GPPS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)", "abbreviation": "PS", "role": "Rigid thermoplastic for moulding, packaging and foams (GPPS: clear and brittle; HIPS: rubber-toughened)", "category": "polymers", "type": "styrenics", "summary": "Polystyrene is an amorphous thermoplastic made from styrene, C8H8. General-purpose polystyrene (GPPS) is clear and hard but brittle. High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) is toughened by a dispersed rubber phase, usually polybutadiene. Three Versalis GPPS and HIPS-range grades were read for this profile, all at a Vicat softening point of 101 degC. In a NASA MISSE 2 flight exposure, a polystyrene sample in low Earth orbit had an atomic oxygen erosion yield of 3.74e-24 cm3/atom. The passport does not state whether that sample was GPPS or HIPS.\n", "best_for": "Rigid moulded parts that need a Vicat softening point near 101 degC and melt flow rates from 2 to 25 g/10 min at 200 degC/5 kg (Versalis grades read)", "weakest_at": "Brittleness in GPPS form, and atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit (3.74e-24 cm3/atom on the MISSE 2 flight sample)", "identity": { "formula": "(C8H8)n; repeat unit C8H8, from the styrene monomer", "cas": "9003-53-6", "designations": [], "source": "nist-webbook", "where": "NIST WebBook entry for polystyrene (Styrene, oligomers page): CAS 9003-53-6, monomer formula C8H8. Repeat-unit description from Wikipedia (Polystyrene)" }, "tags": { "environments": [ "low-earth-orbit" ], "stresses": [ "atomic-oxygen", "uv", "total-radiation-dose", "thermal-cycling", "vacuum-and-outgassing" ], "applications": [] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, Edistir N 3782", "value": 7.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5 kg", "grade": "Edistir N 3782 (Versalis page lists it under its GPPS/HIPS range)" }, "method": "Value printed on the Versalis product page, labelled Melt Flow Index 200 degC - 5 kg", "status": "ground", "source": "versalis-n3782", "where": "Product data table, Melt Flow Index row", "source_detail": { "title": "Edistir N 3782, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3782.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening temperature, Edistir N 3782", "value": 101, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "method": "Vicat B, 50 N load, 50 degC/h", "grade": "Edistir N 3782" }, "method": "Value printed on the Versalis product page", "status": "ground", "source": "versalis-n3782", "where": "Product data table, Vicat Softening Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Edistir N 3782, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3782.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, Edistir N 3380", "value": 2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5 kg", "grade": "Edistir N 3380 (listed as high stiffness)" }, "method": "Value printed on the Versalis product page", "status": "ground", "source": "versalis-n3380", "where": "Product data table, Melt Flow Index row", "source_detail": { "title": "Edistir N 3380, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3380.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening temperature, Edistir N 3380", "value": 101, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "method": "Vicat B, 50 N load, 50 degC/h", "grade": "Edistir N 3380" }, "method": "Value printed on the Versalis product page", "status": "ground", "source": "versalis-n3380", "where": "Product data table, Vicat Softening Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Edistir N 3380, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3380.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, Edistir N 3982", "value": 25, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5 kg", "grade": "Edistir N 3982 (listed as easy flow)" }, "method": "Value printed on the Versalis product page", "status": "ground", "source": "versalis-n3982", "where": "Product data table, Melt Flow Index row", "source_detail": { "title": "Edistir N 3982, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3982.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening temperature, Edistir N 3982", "value": 101, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "method": "Vicat B, 50 N load, 50 degC/h", "grade": "Edistir N 3982" }, "method": "Value printed on the Versalis product page", "status": "ground", "source": "versalis-n3982", "where": "Product data table, Vicat Softening Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Edistir N 3982, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3982.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield", "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, MISSE 2 flight sample", "value": 3.74e-24, "bound": "exact", "unit": "cm3/atom", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "environment": "low Earth orbit, ISS, MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray 1 (outside the Quest airlock)", "start": "2001-08-16", "end": "2005-07-30", "duration_years": 3.95, "atomic_oxygen_fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2", "solar_exposure": "5000-6700 equivalent sun hours", "grade": "not stated in the passport" }, "method": "Flight exposure; erosion yield taken from the NASA predictive-tool report as recorded in the passport", "status": "flight", "source": "misse2-ps-tm", "where": "Table I (as recorded in spores/passports/misse2-ps.yaml); exposure details in section 2.1", "source_detail": { "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit", "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, Backus and de Groh, December 2008)", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780", "year": 2008, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (NASA)" } }, { "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield", "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, laser-detonation beam (PS film)", "value": 2.4e-24, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/atom", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "source_of_oxygen": "laser-detonation atomic oxygen beam (ground test)", "film": "commercial PS film, 25 to 30 um thick", "reference": "Kapton used as fluence reference" }, "method": "Mass-loss yield printed in the text (no table); the paper gives it in g/atom, not converted here", "status": "ground", "note": "Ground beam test, not flight. Units differ from the flight value above (g/atom against cm3/atom); do not compare the two without a density.", "source": "goto2022", "where": "Section 3.3, Mass Losses of Polymers", "source_detail": { "title": "Formation of Nanoscale Protrusions on Polymer Films after Atomic Oxygen Irradiation: Changes in Morphologies, Masses, and FT-IR Spectra", "id": "doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02605 (Langmuir 38(11), 3339-3349; PMC8945384)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8945384", "year": 2022, "kind": "paper", "license": "as listed by PMC" } }, { "benchmark": "glass_transition", "label": "Glass transition temperature (PS film, as printed in kelvin)", "value": 360, "value_high": 370, "bound": "range", "unit": "K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "range printed in the paper for polystyrene", "note": "printed in kelvin; not converted" }, "method": "Range stated in an open-access paper, citing earlier work", "status": "ground", "source": "goto2022", "where": "Section 3.2 (citing refs 54 and 55)", "source_detail": { "title": "Formation of Nanoscale Protrusions on Polymer Films after Atomic Oxygen Irradiation: Changes in Morphologies, Masses, and FT-IR Spectra", "id": "doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02605 (Langmuir 38(11), 3339-3349; PMC8945384)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8945384", "year": 2022, "kind": "paper", "license": "as listed by PMC" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, PS 158K (GPPS)", "value": 1048, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kg/m3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ISO 1183", "grade": "Styrolution PS 158K (GPPS)" }, "method": "Value printed in Other Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Other Properties, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, PS 158K", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5 kg", "standard": "ISO 1133" }, "method": "Value printed in Rheological Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Rheological Properties, Melt Flow Rate row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile stress at yield, PS 158K", "value": 55, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "23 degC", "standard": "ISO 527" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Stress at Yield row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Tensile modulus, PS 158K", "value": 3300, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "23 degC", "standard": "ISO 527" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile strain at break, PS 158K", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "23 degC", "standard": "ISO 527" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Strain at Break row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, PS 158K", "value": 103, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "23 degC", "standard": "ISO 178" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Flexural Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "izod_notched_impact", "label": "Izod notched impact, PS 158K", "value": 2.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kJ/m2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "23 degC", "standard": "ISO 180/A" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Izod Notched Impact row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_notched_impact", "label": "Charpy notched impact, PS 158K", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kJ/m2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "23 degC", "standard": "ISO 179/1eA" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Charpy Notched row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening, VST/B/50, PS 158K", "value": 101, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "50 N", "heating_rate": "50 degC/h", "standard": "ISO 306" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Thermal Properties, VST/B/50 row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening, B/1, PS 158K", "value": 108, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "10 N", "heating_rate": "120 degC/h", "standard": "ASTM D 1525" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Thermal Properties, Vicat B/1 row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection, method A, PS 158K", "value": 86, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "1.8 MPa", "anneal": "4 h at 80 degC", "standard": "ISO 75" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Thermal Properties, HDT A row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection, method B, PS 158K", "value": 98, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "0.45 MPa", "anneal": "4 h at 80 degC", "standard": "ISO 75" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Thermal Properties, HDT B row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, PS 158K", "value": 80, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10-6/degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ISO 11359" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Thermal Properties, CLTE row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, PS 158K", "value": 0.17, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "DIN 52612-1" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Thermal Properties, Thermal Conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant, 100 Hz, PS 158K", "value": 2.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "dimensionless", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "frequency": "100 Hz", "standard": "IEC 62631-2-1" }, "method": "Value printed in Electrical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Electrical Properties, Dielectric Constant row", "source_detail": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, GP 150I (GPPS)", "value": 1.04, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "KKPC GP 150I (GPPS)" }, "method": "Value printed in Physical table", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Physical, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow index, GP 150I", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5 kg" }, "method": "Value printed in Physical table", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Physical, Melt Flow Index row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, GP 150I", "value": 520, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kg/cm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638", "printed_also": "7,384 psi" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical table (kg/cm2 as printed)", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, GP 150I", "value": 3.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical table", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Mechanical, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, GP 150I", "value": 890, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kg/cm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D790", "printed_also": "12,638 psi" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical table (kg/cm2 as printed)", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Mechanical, Flexural Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "label": "Flexural modulus, GP 150I", "value": 33000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kg/cm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D790", "printed_also": "468,600 psi" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical table (kg/cm2 as printed)", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Mechanical, Flexural Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "izod_notched_impact", "label": "Izod impact (3.2 mm), GP 150I", "value": 0.28, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ft-lb/in", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D256", "printed_also": "1.5 kgcm/cm" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical table, ft-lb/in column", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Mechanical, Izod Impact Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, GP 150I", "value": 92, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "18.6 kgf/cm2", "standard": "ASTM D648", "printed_also": "198 F" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal table", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Thermal, Heat Deflection Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening, GP 150I", "value": 105, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "1 kg", "heating_rate": "50 degC/h", "standard": "ASTM D1525", "printed_also": "221 F" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal table", "status": "ground", "source": "kkpc-gp150i", "where": "Thermal, Vicat Softening Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, PS060H (GPPS)", "value": 1.04, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-792", "grade": "Vinpol PS060H" }, "method": "Value printed in Resin Property table", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, PS060H", "value": 6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5.0 kg", "standard": "ASTM D-1238" }, "method": "Value printed in Resin Property table", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, Melt Flow Rate row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength at break, PS060H", "value": 53, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-638", "printed_also": "7,650 psi" }, "method": "Printed as 7,650 (53) psi (MPa); MPa value kept", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, Tensile Strength Break row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Tensile modulus, PS060H", "value": 3240, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-638", "printed_also": "470,000 psi" }, "method": "Printed as 470,000 (3,240) psi (MPa); MPa value kept", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, Tensile Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Break elongation, PS060H", "value": 1.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-638" }, "method": "Value printed in Resin Property table", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, Break Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat temperature, PS060H", "value": 107, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-1525", "printed_also": "225 F" }, "method": "Printed as 225 (107) F (C)", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, Vicat Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "HDT at 264 psi (unannealed), PS060H", "value": 85, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degC", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "264 psi", "standard": "ASTM D-648", "printed_also": "185 F" }, "method": "Printed as 185 (85) F (C)", "status": "ground", "source": "vinmar-ps060h", "where": "Resin Property table, HDT row", "source_detail": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, HIPS (Plitek CDS-8144)", "value": 1.04, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D792", "material": "High impact polystyrene" }, "method": "Value printed in Physical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Physical Properties, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt mass-flow rate, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "200 degC", "load": "5.0 kg", "standard": "ASTM D1238" }, "method": "Value printed in Physical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Physical Properties, MFR row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile strength (yield), HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 2950, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table; psi kept as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Strength (Yield) row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation at break, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 55, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Tensile modulus, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 270, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kpsi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638" }, "method": "Printed as 270 kpsi; kept as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength at 73 F, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 6030, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "73 F" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Flexural Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "label": "Flexural modulus at 73 F, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 270, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kpsi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "73 F" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Flexural Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "izod_notched_impact", "label": "Notched Izod at 73 F, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ft-lb/in", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D256", "temperature": "73 F" }, "method": "Value printed in Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Notched Izod row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat B/1, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 212, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degF", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "10 N", "heating_rate": "120 degC/h", "standard": "ASTM D1525" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table; degF kept as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Thermal Properties, Vicat Softening row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "HDT A, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 183, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degF", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "261 psi", "anneal": "4 h at 80 degC" }, "method": "Value printed in Thermal Properties table; standard not named in the sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Thermal Properties, Heat Deflection Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 0.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10-4/degF", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D696" }, "method": "Printed as 0.5 x 10-4 /F; kept as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Thermal Properties, CTE row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant at 10^6 Hz, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 2.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "dimensionless", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "frequency": "10^6 Hz", "standard": "ASTM D150" }, "method": "Value printed in Electrical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Electrical Properties, Dielectric Constant row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_strength", "label": "Dielectric strength, 1/8 in, HIPS (CDS-8144)", "value": 400, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kV/in", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D149" }, "method": "Value printed in Electrical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "plitek-cds8144", "where": "Electrical Properties, Dielectric Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Specific gravity, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 1.04, "bound": "exact", "unit": "dimensionless", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D792", "material": "HIPS, typical base resin" }, "method": "Value printed; all values at 73 F", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Physical, Specific Gravity row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "label": "Flexural modulus, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 240000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D790" }, "method": "Value printed in property table", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Mechanical, Flexural Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength at yield, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 4210, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D790" }, "method": "Value printed in property table", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Mechanical, Flexural Strength at yield row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "izod_notched_impact", "label": "Notched Izod at 73 F, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 2.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ft-lb/in", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D256", "temperature": "73 F" }, "method": "Value printed in property table", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Mechanical, Izod Impact Strength notched row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation at break, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 50, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638" }, "method": "Value printed in property table", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Elongation at break row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile strength at yield, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 3000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D638", "note": "printed as greater than 3,000 psi" }, "method": "Lower bound as printed (>3,000 psi)", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Strength at yield row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "label": "Vicat softening, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 210, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degF", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D1525" }, "method": "Value printed in property table", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Thermal, Vicat Softening Temp row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "HDT at 264 psi, HIPS (PlasticsIntl)", "value": 185, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degF", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "264 psi", "standard": "ASTM D648" }, "method": "Value printed in property table", "status": "ground", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Thermal, HDT @264 psi row", "source_detail": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Specific gravity, HIPS (Spartech post-industrial)", "value": 1.04, "bound": "exact", "unit": "dimensionless", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-792", "material": "Post-industrial recycled HIPS, 50 to 100 percent recycled content" }, "method": "Value printed in Technical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "spartech-hips", "where": "Technical Properties, Specific Gravity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Spartech, Post Industrial Recycled Content HIPS technical data sheet", "id": "Spartech TDS, Feb-22", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "izod_notched_impact", "label": "Notched Izod at 72 F, HIPS (Spartech)", "value": 2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ft-lbs/in", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-256", "note": "printed as greater than 2.0" }, "method": "Lower bound as printed (>2.0 ft-lbs/in)", "status": "ground", "source": "spartech-hips", "where": "Technical Properties, Izod Impact row", "source_detail": { "title": "Spartech, Post Industrial Recycled Content HIPS technical data sheet", "id": "Spartech TDS, Feb-22", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "HDT at 264 psi, HIPS (Spartech)", "value": 180, "bound": "exact", "unit": "degF", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "264 psi", "standard": "ASTM D-648", "note": "printed as greater than 180 F" }, "method": "Lower bound as printed (>180 F)", "status": "ground", "source": "spartech-hips", "where": "Technical Properties, HDT row", "source_detail": { "title": "Spartech, Post Industrial Recycled Content HIPS technical data sheet", "id": "Spartech TDS, Feb-22", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, HIPS (Spartech)", "value": 2000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-638", "note": "printed as greater than 2,000 psi" }, "method": "Lower bound as printed (>2,000 psi)", "status": "ground", "source": "spartech-hips", "where": "Technical Properties, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Spartech, Post Industrial Recycled Content HIPS technical data sheet", "id": "Spartech TDS, Feb-22", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation at break, HIPS (Spartech)", "value": 70, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM D-638", "note": "printed as greater than 70 percent" }, "method": "Lower bound as printed (>70 %)", "status": "ground", "source": "spartech-hips", "where": "Technical Properties, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Spartech, Post Industrial Recycled Content HIPS technical data sheet", "id": "Spartech TDS, Feb-22", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Low Earth orbit, atomic oxygen", "headline": "Atomic oxygen erodes PS in LEO at 3.74e-24 cm3/atom on the MISSE 2 flight sample.", "effect": "The flight sample lost material at 3.74e-24 cm3/atom over 3.95 years at a fluence of 8.43e21 atoms/cm2. The laser-beam test on PS film gave a mass-loss yield of 2.4e-24 g/atom, and the paper reports nanoscale protrusions forming on the surface. Grade and film thickness of the flight sample are not stated.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "flight": "MISSE 2, LEO, 2001 to 2005", "ground": "laser-detonation atomic oxygen beam, Kapton reference, PS film 25 to 30 um" }, "source": "misse2-ps-tm", "where": "Table I (passport); Goto 2022 Section 3.3" }, { "environment": "Fire", "headline": "Polystyrene is flammable and releases large amounts of black smoke.", "effect": "Burning polystyrene gives off large amounts of black smoke. The UL 94 HB rating of the Vinpol and Plitek sheets is a horizontal-burn class, not a fire-resistance grade.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "basis": "general description; no burn test value read" }, "source": "wikipedia-ps", "where": "Structure and production section; PS060H and CDS-8144 flammability rows" }, { "environment": "Mechanical impact at room temperature", "headline": "General-purpose PS is hard and brittle; HIPS is toughened with a rubber phase.", "effect": "Wikipedia describes GPPS as clear, hard and brittle and says a polybutadiene rubber phase in HIPS changes this. Datasheet impact figures are in the properties above.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "basis": "general description" }, "source": "wikipedia-ps", "where": "Lead section; Impact-resistant polystyrene section" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "Styrene monomer (CAS 100-42-5), ECHA aggregate in PubChem: flammable liquid and vapour (H226), causes skin irritation (H315), causes serious eye irritation (H319), harmful if inhaled (H332), may cause respiratory irritation (H335), causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (H372, 73.8% of notifications). The hazard is for the monomer; the solid polymer was not read.", "ghs": [ "H226", "H315", "H319", "H332", "H335", "H372" ], "source": "pubchem-styrene", "where": "PubChem CID 7501, GHS Classification (ECHA C&L aggregate, Danger)" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Brittleness of GPPS", "trigger": "Impact on general-purpose (non-impact-modified) polystyrene", "consequence": "Wikipedia describes general-purpose polystyrene as clear, hard and brittle, and says the rubber phase of HIPS changes that behaviour. Datasheets give GPPS Izod 2.5 kJ/m2 (INEOS PS 158K, ISO 180/A) and HIPS Izod 2.0 to 2.8 ft-lb/in (ASTM D256); the units differ and are not compared directly.", "severity": "low", "source": "wikipedia-ps", "where": "Polystyrene article, general description; INEOS PS 158K and Plitek CDS-8144 Izod rows" }, { "mode": "Flammability", "trigger": "Ignition of polystyrene in service or in a fire", "consequence": "Polystyrene is flammable and releases large amounts of black smoke on burning. Vinmar PS060H and Plitek CDS-8144 are rated UL 94 HB.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "wikipedia-ps", "where": "Polystyrene article, Structure and production section; Vinpol PS060H and Plitek CDS-8144 flammability rows" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Styrene monomer (PubChem ECHA aggregate): P210 keep away from heat, P261 avoid breathing vapour, P280 wear protective gloves, eye protection and face protection, P403+P235 keep cool and well ventilated, P501 dispose of contents per regulations.", "source": "pubchem-styrene", "where": "PubChem CID 7501, Precautionary Statement Codes (ECHA aggregate)" } ], "mitigations": [] }, "uses": [ { "application": "structures", "device": "Machined prototypes, housings and covers (HIPS)", "example": "PlasticsIntl HIPS sheet lists machined prototypes, low-strength structural components, housings and covers as applications.", "source": "plasticsintl-hips", "where": "Applications Include list" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Transparent sheet and photo frames (GPPS)", "example": "INEOS PS 158K lists transparent sheet for showcases and displays, consumer electronics and photo frames.", "source": "ineos-158k", "where": "Applications, PS 158K datasheet" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Styrene (monomer, feedstock for polystyrene)", "abundance": "Styrene is typically made from benzene. About 25 million tonnes were produced in 2010, rising to around 35 million tonnes by 2018 (global, Wikipedia).", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "wikipedia-styrene", "where": "Styrene article, lead and Industrial production section" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Versalis Edistir N 3782, GPPS/HIPS product page", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3782.html" }, { "title": "Versalis Edistir N 3380, GPPS/HIPS product page", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3380.html" }, { "title": "Versalis Edistir N 3982, GPPS/HIPS product page", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3982.html" }, { "title": "NASA/TM-2008-215490, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in LEO", "type": "report", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780", "year": 2008 }, { "title": "Goto, Yamashita, Tagawa, Langmuir 2022, Formation of Nanoscale Protrusions on Polymer Films after Atomic Oxygen Irradiation", "type": "paper", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8945384", "year": 2022 }, { "title": "NIST WebBook, polystyrene (CAS 9003-53-6)", "type": "database", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C9003536&Units=SI" }, { "title": "INEOS Styrolution PS 158K GPPS datasheet (plasticker copy)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf" }, { "title": "KKPC GP 150I GPPS technical data sheet", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275" }, { "title": "Vinpol PS060H general purpose polystyrene", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf" }, { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144 high impact polystyrene", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf" }, { "title": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf" }, { "title": "Spartech post-industrial recycled HIPS TDS", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf" }, { "title": "PubChem CID 7501 styrene", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7501" } ], "gaps": [ "PS 158N, Trinseo Styron 666, TotalEnergies and Americas Styrenics datasheets were not read. Trinseo gave only a paid 1992 ASM listing, and the PS 158N Material Data Center page gave no readable values in this run. GPPS values come from PS 158K (INEOS datasheet copy on plasticker.de), KKPC GP 150I and Vinmar PS060H.", "Glass transition temperature (about 100 degC) was not read from a datasheet in this run. Wikipedia Tg values were not used.", "HIPS polybutadiene rubber content was not read. Wikipedia names polybutadiene as the rubber but gives no share.", "Free-radical polymerisation was not read from a source in this run.", "No styrene producer list or country shares were read (no EPA, ECHA or PlasticsEurope page). Only the global tonnage from Wikipedia is given.", "UV yellowing, solvent crazing and heat ageing were not read for polystyrene. Only flammability and brittleness are recorded, from Wikipedia.", "No PubChem GHS for the polystyrene polymer (CAS 9003-53-6) was read. The hazard entry is for the styrene monomer.", "No laboratory-ware uses were read. Packaging, CD cases and foam uses come from Wikipedia and the INEOS datasheet (foam containers, PSP/XPS).", "The MISSE 2 passport does not say whether the flight sample was GPPS or HIPS.", "No MDPI open-access polystyrene paper found for the erosion or thermal-ageing data.", "Density, tensile and HDT values for the three Versalis grades are not on their product pages; the linked PDF datasheets were not reached in this run." ], "story": { "why": "Polystyrene is a common, low-cost thermoplastic. General-purpose grades are clear, stiff and brittle; high-impact grades add a rubber phase to tolerate impact. The datasheets read here put GPPS density at about 1.04 g/cm3 (1048 kg/m3 for PS 158K), Vicat softening at 101 to 107 degC and heat deflection at 85 to 98 degC, and HIPS density at 1.04 g/cm3 with Vicat at 210 to 212 degF.", "uses": [ { "where": "Structures (housings, covers, prototypes), HIPS", "line": "PlasticsIntl and Spartech list housings, covers and machined prototypes for HIPS." }, { "where": "Showcases, displays and photo frames, GPPS", "line": "INEOS PS 158K datasheet lists transparent sheet for these uses." }, { "where": "Packaging, CD cases and disposable cutlery", "line": "Wikipedia lists disposable cutlery, CD jewel cases and smoke detector housings, made from GPPS and HIPS." }, { "where": "Foam packaging, GPPS", "line": "INEOS PS 158K lists expanded sheet and foam containers (PSP and XPS) as applications." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Softening", "line": "INEOS PS 158K (GPPS): Vicat 101 degC at 50 N; heat deflection 86 degC at 1.8 MPa.", "scope": "material", "value": "101 degC Vicat (VST/B/50)" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "INEOS PS 158K tensile modulus at 23 degC (ISO 527); HIPS flexural modulus 270 kpsi (Plitek).", "scope": "material", "value": "3300 MPa tensile modulus" }, { "label": "Impact", "line": "Notched impact on GPPS (INEOS, ISO 180/A) and HIPS (ASTM D256). The units differ, so the two are not compared.", "scope": "material", "value": "2.5 kJ/m2 GPPS, 2.0 to 2.8 ft-lb/in HIPS" }, { "label": "Flow", "line": "Melt flow rate at 200 degC and 5 kg across the Versalis grades read earlier; PS 158K 3 g/10 min; PS060H 6 g/10 min.", "scope": "material", "value": "2 to 25 g/10 min" } ], "compare": "No direct comparison with other polymers was made in this run. Compare against other profiles only after the missing HIPS and density values are sourced.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Vicat softening", "benchmark": "vicat_softening", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Melt flow rate", "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield", "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Styrene monomer (PubChem ECHA aggregate): keep away from heat (P210), avoid breathing vapour (P261), wear protective gloves and eye protection (P280), keep cool and well ventilated (P403+P235).", "Polystyrene is flammable and gives off black smoke when it burns (Wikipedia)." ], "good_for": [ "Rigid moulded parts that soften at about 101 degC (Vicat, GPPS PS 158K and Versalis grades).", "Impact-tolerant housings and covers in HIPS grades (PlasticsIntl, Spartech)." ], "watch_out": [ "Atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit: 3.74e-24 cm3/atom on the MISSE 2 flight sample.", "Brittleness of GPPS (Wikipedia; impact values in different units across datasheets).", "Flammability: black smoke on burning (Wikipedia). Styrene monomer is a flammable, irritant, organ-toxic liquid (PubChem)." ], "verdict": "Polystyrene has well-documented softening and stiffness values across GPPS datasheets (density about 1.04 g/cm3 (1048 kg/m3 for PS 158K), Vicat 101 to 107 degC). HIPS adds impact tolerance at the cost of a lower Vicat value. Ageing (UV, solvent crazing), Tg and polymerisation route are still open, and the flight erosion value is for one unidentified grade.", "recipe": { "line": "Polystyrene is a vinyl polymer. Each repeat unit is one styrene monomer, C8H8, with a phenyl ring on a two-carbon chain (repeat unit [-CH2-CH(C6H5)-]n). HIPS adds a dispersed polybutadiene rubber phase (share not read). The polymerisation route is not sourced in this run.", "parts": [ { "name": "Carbon", "symbol": "C", "role": "Eight carbon atoms per styrene unit: six in the phenyl ring and two in the vinyl chain.", "atoms": 8, "atomic_weight": 12.011 }, { "name": "Hydrogen", "symbol": "H", "role": "Eight hydrogen atoms per styrene unit. Carbon is about 92 percent and hydrogen about 8 percent of the repeat-unit weight, computed from these atomic weights.", "atoms": 8, "atomic_weight": 1.008 }, { "name": "Styrene", "symbol": "C8H8", "role": "The monomer. Its vinyl group opens to form the chain; the phenyl group hangs off alternate carbons.", "atoms": 1 } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The styrene monomer is classified in PubChem (ECHA aggregate). The solid polymer was not separately read.", "points": [ { "label": "Status", "line": "Flammable liquid, skin and eye irritant, harmful if inhaled, organ damage on repeated exposure (H226, H315, H319, H332, H372). Check the supplier SDS before handling the monomer." } ], "level": 0, "verdict": "Styrene monomer classified (PubChem)" }, { "title": "In service", "points": [ { "label": "Atomic oxygen", "line": "On the NASA MISSE 2 flight sample in low Earth orbit, erosion was 3.74e-24 cm3/atom over 3.95 years." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-19", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 66, "unreachable": 3, "caveats": 2, "note": "Deepened by an AI assistant on 2026-10-19 from datasheets and pages read in this run. Original Versalis values kept. Added GPPS (INEOS PS 158K, KKPC GP 150I, Vinmar PS060H) and HIPS (Plitek, PlasticsIntl, Spartech) datasheets; styrene hazards from PubChem." }, "sources": { "versalis-n3782": { "title": "Edistir N 3782, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3782.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "versalis-n3380": { "title": "Edistir N 3380, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3380.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "versalis-n3982": { "title": "Edistir N 3982, Versalis GPPS/HIPS product page", "id": "Versalis product page", "url": "https://versalis.eni.com/en-IT/portfolio/polymers/styrenics/gpps-hips/n-3982.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "misse2-ps-tm": { "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit", "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, Backus and de Groh, December 2008)", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780", "year": 2008, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (NASA)" }, "goto2022": { "title": "Formation of Nanoscale Protrusions on Polymer Films after Atomic Oxygen Irradiation: Changes in Morphologies, Masses, and FT-IR Spectra", "id": "doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02605 (Langmuir 38(11), 3339-3349; PMC8945384)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8945384", "year": 2022, "kind": "paper", "license": "as listed by PMC" }, "nist-webbook": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, polystyrene (Styrene, oligomers page)", "id": "CAS 9003-53-6", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C9003536&Units=SI", "year": 2026, "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NIST)" }, "wikipedia-ps": { "title": "Polystyrene, Wikipedia (identity and history only)", "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA" }, "ineos-158k": { "title": "Styrolution PS 158K, General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) datasheet (copy on plasticker.de)", "id": "Styrolution PS 158K, revision 2016.01.17", "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/3644_1783596902.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "kkpc-gp150i": { "title": "KKPC GP 150I, GPPS Technical Data Sheet", "id": "GP 150I, rev 2023-04-17", "url": "https://www.kkpc.com/download/?seq=6275", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "vinmar-ps060h": { "title": "Vinpol PS060H, General Purpose Polystyrene", "id": "Vinmar PS060H, rev 12/8/2023", "url": "https://vpa.vinmar.com/wp-content/uploads/VINPOL-PS060H.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "plitek-cds8144": { "title": "Plitek CDS-8144, High Impact Polystyrene customer data sheet", "id": "CDS-8144 Rev 03", "url": "https://www.plitek.com/wp-content/uploads/8144.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "plasticsintl-hips": { "title": "PlasticsIntl, HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) data sheet", "id": "PlasticsIntl HIPS data sheet", "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/q1unrohn/polystyrene-hips-data-sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "spartech-hips": { "title": "Spartech, Post Industrial Recycled Content HIPS technical data sheet", "id": "Spartech TDS, Feb-22", "url": "https://www.spartech.com/media/tds/Post-Industrial-Recycled-Content-HIPS.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited; no reproduction" }, "pubchem-styrene": { "title": "PubChem, Styrene (CID 7501), GHS Classification", "id": "CID 7501, CAS 100-42-5", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7501", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NIH/NLM)" }, "wikipedia-styrene": { "title": "Styrene, Wikipedia (production and volumes only)", "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ps/" }