{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "ppo",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "engineering-polymers",
  "name": "Polyphenylene oxide",
  "abbreviation": "PPO",
  "role": "amorphous high-temperature thermoplastic, used mainly as a blend with polystyrene (Noryl) for electrical and office-equipment parts",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyethers",
  "summary": "Polyphenylene oxide (PPO, also called poly(p-phenylene ether) or PPE) is an amorphous thermoplastic with the repeat unit (C8H8O)n, made by oxidative coupling of 2,6-xylenol. The neat resin is hard to process, so it is sold mostly as blends with polystyrene under the Noryl name. The neat PPO powder read (Polysciences product 08794) has a glass transition temperature of 209 °C and a density of 1.06 g/mL. The two SABIC Noryl grades read are PPE/PS blends: PX9406P has a density of 1.1 g/cm3, a 136 °C heat deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa and a 73 MPa tensile strength at yield, and the 15 % glass-fibre grade NHP9023 has a density of 1.21 g/cm3, a 154 °C heat deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa and a 112 MPa tensile strength at break. Water uptake is low, at 0.07 % after 24 hours for PX9406P. No atomic-oxygen erosion yield, UV retention figure or outgassing row for PPO was found in the sources read.\n",
  "best_for": "Stiff, low-water-uptake electrical and office-equipment parts that run at up to about 150 °C: PX9406P has a 136 °C HDT at 0.45 MPa and NHP9023 has 154 °C at 1.82 MPa",
  "weakest_at": "Ductility and processing: the glass-fibre grade breaks at 2.7 % elongation and the PX9406P grade at 8 %, and the neat resin is hard to process without a blend partner (Wikipedia)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "(C8H8O)n, poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene), made by oxidative coupling of 2,6-xylenol",
    "cas": "25134-01-4",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Noryl",
        "source": "wikipedia-ppo",
        "where": "History section, modified PPE sold under the Noryl trademark"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "PPO",
        "source": "wikipedia-ppo",
        "where": "Manufacturers section, SABIC Innovative Plastics holds the PPO trademark"
      }
    ],
    "source": "wikipedia-ppo",
    "where": "Infobox and introduction, CAS number 25134-01-4 and repeat-unit name; the same CAS is printed in the Polysciences product description and in the MHLW GHS database. Monomer and process from 21 CFR 177.2460, paragraph (a)."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Noryl PX9406P (PPE/PS blend)",
      "value": 1.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, not reinforced",
        "test_standard": "ISO 1183"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Density row, ISO 1183",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Noryl NHP9023 (PPE/PS, 15 % glass fibre)",
      "value": 1.21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre",
        "test_standard": "ISO 1183"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Density row, ISO 1183",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, neat PPO powder (Polysciences 08794)",
      "value": 1.06,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/mL",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), neat, white to off-white powder",
        "test_standard": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Value in the product specification table of the supplier listing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "polysciences-08794",
      "where": "Specification table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), Polysciences product 08794",
        "id": "Product page, specification table and safety and hazards field",
        "url": "https://www.polysciences.com/default/poly26-dimethyl-14-phenylene-oxide",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature, neat PPO powder (Polysciences 08794)",
      "value": 209,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), neat, Mn about 20,000 per the description",
        "test_standard": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Value in the product specification table of the supplier listing",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "polysciences-08794",
      "where": "Specification table, Glass transition temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), Polysciences product 08794",
        "id": "Product page, specification table and safety and hazards field",
        "url": "https://www.polysciences.com/default/poly26-dimethyl-14-phenylene-oxide",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vicat_softening_temperature",
      "label": "Vicat softening point (rate A/120), Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend",
        "test_standard": "ISO 306"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Vicat softening point (Rate A/120) row, ISO 306",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 136,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, 6.4 mm, no annealing",
        "load": "0.45 MPa",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, HDT (0.45 MPa, 6.4 mm, no annealing) row, ASTM D648",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 122,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, 6.4 mm, no annealing",
        "load": "1.82 MPa",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, HDT (1.82 MPa, 6.4 mm, no annealing) row, ASTM D648",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa, Noryl NHP9023 (15 % glass)",
      "value": 154,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre, 6.4 mm, no annealing",
        "load": "1.82 MPa",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, HDT (1.82 MPa, 6.4 mm, no annealing) row, ASTM D648",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at yield, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 73,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, unfilled",
        "speed": "50 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 527"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength (yield point) row, ISO 527",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at break, Noryl NHP9023 (15 % glass)",
      "value": 112,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre",
        "speed": "5 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 527"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength (break point) row, ISO 527",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, unfilled",
        "speed": "50 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 527"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile elongation (break point) row, ISO 527",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Noryl NHP9023 (15 % glass)",
      "value": 2.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre",
        "speed": "5 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 527"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile elongation (break point) row, ISO 527",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 2500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, unfilled",
        "speed": "2 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 178"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Bending elasticity (2 mm/min) row, ISO 178",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Noryl NHP9023 (15 % glass)",
      "value": 5200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre",
        "speed": "2 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 178"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Bending elasticity (2 mm/min) row, ISO 178",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength (yield point), Noryl NHP9023 (15 % glass)",
      "value": 163,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre",
        "speed": "2 mm/min",
        "test_standard": "ISO 178"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Bending strength (yield point) row, ISO 178",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact strength at 23 °C, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend, unfilled",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D256"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Izod impact strength (notched, 23 °C) row, ASTM D256",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, 24 hours, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 0.07,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend",
        "time": "24 hours",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D570"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Water absorption rate (24 hours) row, ASTM D570",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption at saturation, 23 °C, Noryl NHP9023 (15 % glass)",
      "value": 0.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "NHP9023 (NORYL), PPE/PS blend with 15 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "23 °C, saturation",
        "test_standard": "ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Water absorption (23 °C/sat) row, ISO 62",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 50/60 Hz, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 2.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend",
        "frequency": "50/60 Hz",
        "test_standard": "ASTM D150"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase; the unit column is blank on the page and the value is dimensionless",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric constant, 50/60 Hz row, ASTM D150",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, flow direction, -40 to +40 °C, Noryl PX9406P",
      "value": 0.00008,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "PX9406P (NORYL), PPE/PS blend",
        "direction": "flow",
        "range": "-40 to +40 °C",
        "test_standard": "ISO 11359-2"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 8 x10^-5 per °C on the SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, CTE (-40 to +40 °C) flow direction row, ISO 11359-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
        "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Humidity and water uptake",
      "headline": "Low water uptake, 0.07 % after 24 hours for Noryl PX9406P.",
      "effect": "The PX9406P datasheet gives 0.07 % water absorption after 24 hours at 23 °C under ASTM D570. The glass-fibre grade NHP9023 reaches 0.2 % at saturation under ISO 62, which is a longer test, so the two figures are not directly comparable.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "datasheet values for PPE/PS blends, short-term immersion"
      },
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Water absorption rate (24 hours) row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat in service",
      "headline": "Heat deflection temperature is 136 °C at 0.45 MPa and 122 °C at 1.82 MPa for PX9406P, and 154 °C at 1.82 MPa for NHP9023.",
      "effect": "These are short-term load-deflection temperatures under ASTM D648 with no annealing. They show where stiffness starts to fall under load. No long-term heat-ageing or continuous-use figure was read.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "short-term load test, 6.4 mm bars, no annealing"
      },
      "source": "plabase-px9406p",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, HDT rows, ASTM D648"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The Japanese GHS safety data sheet for poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), CAS 25134-01-4, gives the signal word Warning, an exclamation mark and a health-hazard pictogram, and the statements that it may cause respiratory irritation and may cause respiratory damage through prolonged or repeated inhalation. The H-code list was not legible in the text read.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "mhlw-ghs-25134-01-4",
        "where": "GHS classification table and hazard statements, Warning signal word"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Polysciences listing says \"Harmless-use normal precautions\" with hazard code A2g and no GHS statements, which conflicts with the GHS classification above. The GHS entry is used here as the more specific source.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "polysciences-08794",
        "where": "Safety and hazards field, hazard code A2g"
      },
      {
        "text": "The fire hazard and flash point fields are marked not applicable, and the page gives irritating and toxic gases in a fire without naming them.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "mhlw-ghs-25134-01-4",
        "where": "Flammability row and fire-fighting statement"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of stiffness under sustained load at elevated temperature",
        "trigger": "Load applied at temperatures near the heat deflection point, 122 °C at 1.82 MPa for PX9406P or 136 °C at 0.45 MPa",
        "consequence": "Stiffness falls and deflection increases under load; the HDT figures are short-term test values, not a rated service limit.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "plabase-px9406p",
        "where": "Thermal Properties table, HDT rows, ASTM D648"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Avoid breathing dust, keep the container tightly closed, and use the material outdoors or in a well-ventilated area, as the GHS entry requires.",
        "source": "mhlw-ghs-25134-01-4"
      },
      {
        "text": "Store in a well-ventilated place with the container closed and locked up, as printed on the GHS entry.",
        "source": "mhlw-ghs-25134-01-4"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Internal parts of office equipment, including a copier fuser unit",
      "example": "Fuser unit of copy machine and internal components of office equipment, as listed for the glass-fibre Noryl grade NHP9023.",
      "source": "plabase-nhp9023",
      "where": "Main applications line on the datasheet listing"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electronics components",
      "example": "Electronics, as a stated application of the neat PPO powder (Polysciences product 08794).",
      "source": "polysciences-08794",
      "where": "Stated applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Automotive components",
      "example": "Automotive components, as a stated application of the neat PPO powder (Polysciences product 08794).",
      "source": "polysciences-08794",
      "where": "Stated applications list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Polyphenylene oxide, production route",
      "abundance": "2,6-xylenol is the feedstock named in the regulation. No feedstock tonnage or abundance was read.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "cfr-177-2460",
      "where": "Paragraph (a), production by oxidative coupling of 2,6-xylenol"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Polyphenylene oxide, producers",
      "abundance": "SABIC Innovative Plastics holds the PPO trademark and sells various polyphenylene ether resins under it. No other producer is named in the source read.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-ppo",
      "where": "Manufacturers and trade names section"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "SABIC SHPP Japan, NORYL PX9406P datasheet (PlaBase listing)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "SABIC SHPP Japan, NORYL NHP9023 datasheet (PlaBase listing)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Polysciences, Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), product 08794",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.polysciences.com/default/poly26-dimethyl-14-phenylene-oxide",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Japan GHS safety data sheet, Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), CAS 25134-01-4",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/anzen/gmsds/25134-01-4.html",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "21 CFR 177.2460, Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) oxide resins",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/177.2460",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "UV and sunlight ageing of PPO: no retention figure was read. A thesis on PPO photodegradation (IIT Delhi) was found, but its PDF is scanned images with no readable text in this run.",
    "Atomic oxygen erosion yield for PPO: not found. The search returned phenylphosphine oxide polymers, which are a different material.",
    "Outgassing (TML, CVCM, WVR) for PPO or PPE: the Gund Company bulletin PDF was read, and its table has a PPS row but no PPO or PPE row.",
    "Chemical resistance by solvent, acid or base with numbers: not found. No qualitative statement was read for PPO.",
    "Heat ageing at long-term service temperature: no figure was read. The HDT values above are short-term test results.",
    "Radiation, thermal cycling and cryogenic data for PPO in space: none read.",
    "Melting point: none printed on the Polysciences page or the two Noryl datasheets read.",
    "Dielectric strength, UL 94 rating and oxygen index: not printed on the PX9406P or NHP9023 datasheets read.",
    "Neat PPO properties are from one supplier powder only (Polysciences 08794). The other values are for PPE/PS blends, which are not neat PPO. The Polysciences page gives CAS 25134-01-4 in its description and 25134-01-04 in its specification table; the first form is used.",
    "Polysciences molecular weight conflicts with itself: 50000 in the specification table, and Mn 20,000 with polydispersity about 2.5 in the description. Neither is used.",
    "Japanese GHS database: the H-code list was not legible in the text read, so no H-codes are given. The signal word, pictograms and hazard statements are given as the page prints them. The text read was machine-decoded from Japanese and paraphrased, so the wording is not exact.",
    "PubChem record for CAS 25134-01-4 was not reached (verification page). No PubChem GHS data is used.",
    "Producer tonnages, country shares and critical-mineral lists for PPO: not found. The producer list on Wikipedia has only SABIC.",
    "Standard designations (UNS, EN, DIN, JIS, AISI, ASTM) for PPO as a material: none printed in the sources read. Only trade names are listed.",
    "Non-canonical property name used: notched_izod_impact. Dielectric constant unit is blank on the PX9406P page, so it is taken as dimensionless (-).",
    "UL Prospector and SpecialChem pages returned HTTP 403 and were not read. Wikipedia glass transition of 215 °C is not used because Wikipedia is used for composition and history only.",
    "CTE of the glass-fibre grade NHP9023, 23 to 80 °C flow direction, printed as 3.5 x10^-5 per °C under ISO 11359-2: left out because the exponent format could not be matched to the source text by verify-values. The PX9406P CTE row is kept."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "PPO is an amorphous high-temperature thermoplastic that is almost always used in blends. The glass-fibre Noryl grade NHP9023 reaches 154 °C at 1.82 MPa and has a 5200 MPa flexural modulus. The unfilled PX9406P has a 1.1 g/cm3 density and absorbs 0.07 % water in 24 hours.",
    "uses": [],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stay stiff when warm",
        "line": "NHP9023, a 15 % glass-fibre PPE/PS blend, reaches 154 °C at 1.82 MPa under ASTM D648, with no annealing.",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "154 °C HDT at 1.82 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Low water uptake",
        "line": "PX9406P absorbs 0.07 % water in 24 hours under ASTM D570 at 23 °C.",
        "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.07 % in 24 hours"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "These rows are for different products. The Noryl values are PPE/PS blends and the density and Tg of the neat powder are from a different supplier. They are examples and not a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat deflection temperature",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Moisture absorption",
        "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the grade, since the neat resin, the unfilled PPE/PS blend and the 15 % glass-fibre grade differ in density, stiffness and heat deflection.",
      "Avoid breathing dust, keep containers closed and work outdoors or in a well-ventilated area, as the GHS entry requires.",
      "Treat the values as typical nominal values from datasheet listings, not as design minimums."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Stiff electrical and office-equipment parts that run warm: 154 °C HDT at 1.82 MPa for the 15 % glass-fibre Noryl grade NHP9023.",
      "Parts where low water uptake matters: 0.07 % in 24 hours for the unfilled Noryl PX9406P."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Ductility: elongation at break is 8 % for the unfilled PX9406P and 2.7 % for the glass-fibre NHP9023, so the glass-fibre grade is brittle.",
      "Short-term heat data only: the HDT values are load tests, and no long-term heat ageing was read.",
      "Space behaviour unknown: no atomic-oxygen, UV, outgassing or radiation data for PPO was found in the sources read."
    ],
    "verdict": "PPO is an amorphous thermoplastic that is used mainly as a polystyrene blend. The Noryl grades read are stiff up to about 150 °C under load and absorb little water. The neat resin properties are from a single powder listing, and no sourced space-environment data was found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "PPO is made by oxidative coupling of 2,6-xylenol (21 CFR 177.2460). The repeat unit is (C8H8O)n, a dimethyl-substituted benzene ring linked to the next ring through an oxygen. Noryl grades are blends of PPE with polystyrene, which makes the resin easier to process.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Eight carbons per repeat unit, six in the benzene ring and two in the methyl groups.",
          "share_note": "standard atomic weight [12.0096, 12.0116]"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Eight hydrogens per repeat unit, two aromatic and six from the methyl groups.",
          "share_note": "standard atomic weight [1.007 84, 1.008 11]"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "One ether oxygen linking neighbouring rings.",
          "share_note": "standard atomic weight [15.999 03, 15.999 77]"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The Japanese GHS entry for the neat resin gives a Warning signal word and respiratory hazards from dust.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "The GHS entry prints the signal word Warning and states that the material may cause respiratory irritation and respiratory damage with repeated exposure."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "The entry says to avoid breathing dust and to use the material outdoors or in a well-ventilated area."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Warning, respiratory irritation"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The main failure route in these sources is loss of stiffness under sustained heat and load.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Softening under load",
            "line": "The PX9406P heat deflection temperature is 122 °C at 1.82 MPa and 136 °C at 0.45 MPa, so stiffness falls well below the 150 °C Vicat point under load."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 20,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. The Noryl values are for PPE/PS blends from SABIC SHPP Japan, not for neat PPO. The only neat PPO property values are from one supplier powder. Unreachable: UL Prospector, SpecialChem and PubChem. The Gund outgassing bulletin was read and has no PPO row."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wikipedia-ppo": {
      "title": "Polyphenylene oxide, Wikipedia",
      "id": "Polyphenylene oxide article, introduction, history, manufacturers sections",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenylene_oxide",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "plabase-px9406p": {
      "title": "NORYL PX9406P, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical and Building Properties tables",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc224543428b0a5418c2f6",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "plabase-nhp9023": {
      "title": "NORYL NHP9023, SABIC SHPP Japan datasheet listing on PlaBase",
      "id": "PlaBase item 5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8, Basic, Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties tables",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5ebc223f43428b0a5418b7e8",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "database listing, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "polysciences-08794": {
      "title": "Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), Polysciences product 08794",
      "id": "Product page, specification table and safety and hazards field",
      "url": "https://www.polysciences.com/default/poly26-dimethyl-14-phenylene-oxide",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier product page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "mhlw-ghs-25134-01-4": {
      "title": "Japan GHS safety data sheet, Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), CAS 25134-01-4",
      "id": "Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health GHS SDS record, product code R02-B-106",
      "url": "https://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/anzen/gmsds/25134-01-4.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "government database, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "cfr-177-2460": {
      "title": "21 CFR 177.2460, Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) oxide resins",
      "id": "US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, section 177.2460",
      "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/177.2460",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "US government regulation"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights-c": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions, carbon",
      "id": "Standard atomic weight C: [12.0096, 12.0116]",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=C&all=all&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "US government data"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights-h": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions, hydrogen",
      "id": "Standard atomic weight H: [1.007 84, 1.008 11]",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=H&all=all&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "US government data"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights-o": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions, oxygen",
      "id": "Standard atomic weight O: [15.999 03, 15.999 77]",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=O&all=all&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "US government data"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ppo/"
}