{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "ppa",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyamides",
  "name": "Polyphthalamide",
  "abbreviation": "PPA",
  "role": "high-temperature polyamide for moulded connectors and parts that replace metal",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyamides",
  "summary": "Polyphthalamide (PPA, sold as Amodel and as Zytel HTN) is a nylon in which most of the acid units are aromatic: Wikipedia gives the threshold as 55 mol% terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid. The glass-filled grades read here melt at 300 to 310 degC and have heat deflection temperatures from 260 to 303 degC. Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass) keeps a tensile modulus of 5310 MPa at 175 degC against 11500 MPa at 23 degC. The main caveat is water: the Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet prints a saturation uptake of 3.5 %. No atomic-oxygen, outgassing or UV test value for PPA was found in the sources read.\n",
  "best_for": "Moulded connector housings and parts that replace metal at high temperature: the glass-filled grades keep a heat deflection temperature of 260 to 303 degC and a melting point of 300 to 310 degC",
  "weakest_at": "Water and long-term heat. The Zytel 35 % glass grade absorbs 3.5 % water at saturation, and its relative thermal index for impact is 125 degC. No UV, atomic-oxygen or vacuum result for PPA was found.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Aromatic polyamide. The PA 6T repeat unit is -[NH(CH2)6NH-CO-C6H4-CO]-n, made from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine; commercial PPA adds adipic or isophthalic acid as comonomer",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "HTN 51G35HSL",
        "note": "Zytel HTN grade code, printed as Zytel® HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
        "where": "Title line, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Amodel",
        "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
        "where": "Product name field, Amodel A-6135HS (Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "wikipedia-ppa",
    "where": "Introduction (definition and 55 mol% threshold, citing ASTM D5336); History and PA 6T paragraph (terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine as monomers). The repeat unit is written from those two monomers"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific gravity, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL (35 % glass, dry)",
      "value": 1.47,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ASTM D792 (ISO 1183 also printed, same value)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DuPont datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Physical table, Specific Gravity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass)",
      "value": 1.45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre, natural",
        "test": "ISO 1183/A"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page for Amodel A-6135HS",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption at saturation, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 3.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "state": "saturation at 23 degC",
        "test": "ASTM D570"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet; the same page prints 4.5 % at saturation by ISO 62 on a 2.00 mm specimen",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same datasheet's feature list says \"Low to No Water Absorption\", which does not match a 3.5 % saturation value. The printed value is used here.",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Physical table, Water Absorption, Saturation 73 degF (23 degC) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, 24 h at 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 0.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "time": "24 h",
        "temperature": "23 degC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D570, 24 h; the same page prints 0.29 % by ISO 62 at 23 degC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Basic Properties table, Water absorption rate row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting temperature, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "test": "ISO 11357-3 printed beside the value"
      },
      "method": "Value printed as 572 degF (300 degC) on the IDES copy; ASTM D3418 is also printed on the same row",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The copy prints two test-method labels against one value, so the method is given as printed.",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Melting Temperature 2 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Amodel A-6135HS and AFA-6133V0Z",
      "value": 310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass, natural); the same value is printed for Amodel AFA-6133V0Z (33 % glass, black)",
        "test": "ISO 11357-3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database pages for both Amodel grades (ASTM D3418 is also printed as 310 degC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature (DSC), Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "test": "DSC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Glass Transition Temperature (DSC) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, unannealed, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 260,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "stress": "264 psi (1.8 MPa)",
        "state": "unannealed",
        "test": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Heat Deflection Temperature, 264 psi (1.8 MPa) Unannealed, ASTM D648 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, unannealed (ISO), Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 264,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "stress": "264 psi (1.8 MPa)",
        "state": "unannealed",
        "test": "ISO 75-2/A"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Heat Deflection Temperature, 264 psi (1.8 MPa) Unannealed, ISO 75-2/A row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, unannealed, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 288,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "stress": "1.8 MPa",
        "state": "no annealing",
        "test": "ISO 75-2/A"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa, no annealing row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, annealed, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 291,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "stress": "1.8 MPa",
        "state": "annealed, 3.20 mm",
        "test": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa, annealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa, unannealed, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 303,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "stress": "0.45 MPa",
        "state": "no annealing",
        "test": "ISO 75-2/B"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load, 0.45 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, no annealing, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z",
      "value": 282,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black",
        "stress": "1.8 MPa",
        "state": "no annealing",
        "test": "ISO 75-2/Af"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-afa6133",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load (1.8 MPa, no annealing treatment) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, flow, 23 to 55 degC, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 0.000015,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm/cm/degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "direction": "flow",
        "range": "23 to 55 degC",
        "printed_as": "8.3E-6 in/in/degF (0.000015 cm/cm/degC)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy in cm/cm/degC; the datasheet prints it in in/in/degF first",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, CLTE, Flow 73 to 131 degF (23 to 55 degC), ASTM E831 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, flow, 0 to 100 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 2.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10^-5/degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "direction": "flow",
        "range": "0 to 100 degC",
        "test": "ASTM E831"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page as 2.2 with unit x10^-5/degC (so 2.2 x 10^-5 per degC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Linear expansion coefficient (flow, 0 to 100 degC) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at break, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "state": "dry",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 31900 psi (220 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break, 73 degF (23 degC) row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at break, 23 degC, conditioned, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "state": "conditioned (procedure not stated on the copy)",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 30500 psi (210 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break, 73 degF (23 degC) row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile breaking stress, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 211,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D638 gives 203 MPa for tensile strength on the same page)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile breaking stress 23 degC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile breaking stress, 175 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "175 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page, measured at 175 degC",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile breaking stress 175 degC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 12100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "state": "dry",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ASTM D638"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 1.75E+6 psi (12100 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus, 73 degF (23 degC) row, ASTM D638",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, 23 degC, dry and conditioned (ISO), Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 12000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "state": "dry and conditioned both printed as 12000 MPa",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 1.74E+6 psi (12000 MPa) in both columns",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus, 73 degF (23 degC) row, ISO 527-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 11500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D638 gives 13800 MPa on the same page)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile modulus 23 degC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, 175 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 5310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "175 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile modulus 175 degC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Tensile strain at break, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 527-2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strain at break 23 degC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 10300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "state": "dry",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ASTM D790"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 1.49E+6 psi (10300 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Flexural Modulus, 73 degF (23 degC) row, ASTM D790",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "value": 11400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ISO 178"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D790 also prints 11400 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural modulus 23 degC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 304,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "state": "dry",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ASTM D790"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 44100 psi (304 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Flexural Strength, 73 degF (23 degC) row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant, 1 kHz, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 4.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "frequency": "1 kHz",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ASTM D150"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Electrical table, Dielectric Constant, 73 degF (23 degC), 1 kHz row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant, 1 MHz, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z",
      "value": 4.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "test": "ASTM D150"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-afa6133",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric constant (1 MHz) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Dielectric tangent, 1 MHz, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z",
      "value": 0.011,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "test": "ASTM D150"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page (named dielectric tangent on the page)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-afa6133",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric tangent (1 MHz) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, 23 degC, 1.60 mm, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "thickness": "0.0630 in (1.60 mm)",
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "test": "ASTM D149"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 690 V/mil (27 kV/mm)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Electrical table, Dielectric Strength, 73 degF (23 degC), 0.0630 in (1.60 mm) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, 3.18 mm, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z",
      "value": 24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black",
        "thickness": "3.18 mm",
        "test": "ASTM D149"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the plastic database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "amodel-afa6133",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric strength (3.18 mm) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
        "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "rti_impact",
      "label": "Relative thermal index, impact, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL, 0.85 mm",
      "value": 125,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "thickness": "0.0335 in (0.850 mm)",
        "test": "UL 746"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 257 degF (125 degC); this is a UL 746 rating, not a single maximum temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name (not in spores/property-canon.yaml).",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "UL table, RTI Imp row, 0.0335 in (0.850 mm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "rti_electrical",
      "label": "Relative thermal index, electrical, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL, 0.85 mm",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "thickness": "0.0335 in (0.850 mm)",
        "test": "UL 746"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the IDES copy as 302 degF (150 degC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name (not in spores/property-canon.yaml). Electrical RTI is higher than the impact RTI for the same grade.",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "UL table, RTI Elec row, 0.0335 in (0.850 mm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
        "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat in air, 35 % glass Zytel HTN 51G35HSL (UL 746 relative thermal index)",
      "headline": "Relative thermal index is 125 degC for impact and 150 degC for electrical use, so long-life parts need a lower limit than the heat deflection temperature.",
      "effect": "The IDES copy of the datasheet prints a relative thermal index (UL 746) of 125 degC for impact and 150 degC for electrical use at 0.85 mm. These are life-based ratings. The heat deflection temperature of the same grade is 260 degC at 1.8 MPa, so the thermal index sets the lower limit for long-term use.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010",
        "thickness": "0.85 mm",
        "basis": "UL 746 relative thermal index as printed"
      },
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "UL table, RTI Str, RTI Imp and RTI Elec rows; Thermal table, Heat Deflection Temperature row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat, tensile strength at 175 degC, Amodel A-6135HS",
      "headline": "Tensile breaking stress falls from 211 MPa at 23 degC to 82 MPa at 175 degC.",
      "effect": "The database page prints a tensile breaking stress of 211 MPa at 23 degC and 82 MPa at 175 degC (ISO 527-2), and a tensile modulus of 11500 MPa at 23 degC against 5310 MPa at 175 degC. Strength and stiffness both fall at temperature; the data are short tests, not ageing data.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre",
        "test": "ISO 527-2, short-term tensile test at each temperature",
        "exposure": "not an ageing test"
      },
      "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile breaking stress and Tensile modulus rows at 23 degC and 175 degC"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humidity and water, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL (23 degC, saturation)",
      "headline": "Saturation uptake is 3.5 %, but the printed tensile stress at break falls only from 220 to 210 MPa when conditioned.",
      "effect": "The datasheet prints a water saturation of 3.5 % at 23 degC (ASTM D570) and 4.5 % by ISO 62 on a 2.00 mm specimen. Tensile stress at break is 220 MPa dry and 210 MPa conditioned (ISO 527-2), and tensile modulus is 12000 MPa in both states. The conditioning procedure is not printed on the copy read, and no long-term hydrolysis or humid-ageing test for PPA was found.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre",
        "exposure": "saturation at 23 degC as printed; conditioning procedure not stated",
        "test": "ASTM D570 and ISO 527-2"
      },
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Physical table, Water Absorption rows; Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break and Tensile Modulus rows (ISO 527-2, dry and conditioned columns)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Synthetic lubricant base oils at 100 degC for 30 days (polar esters and PAO), compared with air at 100 degC",
      "headline": "Oil-immersed PPA formed carbonyl groups on its surface and was more affected than PEEK.",
      "effect": "The abstract of the Ljubljana study reports carbonyl groups on the surfaces of PEEK and PPA after 30 days at 100 degC in the oils, changes in surface free energy, and higher crystallinity and microhardness. It states that PEEK was less affected by aging than PPA, and that the propylene glycol ester had the strongest effect. No numeric values were read from the full text, so the rating is qualitative.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "polymer discs immersed in polar synthetic esters (propylene glycol and trimethylolpropane) and non-polar PAO, 30 days at 100 degC; air-only control at 100 degC",
        "reference": "Polymer Testing 131 (2024) 108342"
      },
      "source": "ljubljana-ppa-oil",
      "where": "Abstract (full text in the Ljubljana repository not read for numbers)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Hexamethylenediamine, one of the two monomers of PA 6T, is corrosive. PubChem's aggregated data (1,248 company reports) give H314 (100 %, causes severe skin burns and eye damage), H312 (over 99.9 %, harmful in contact with skin), H302 (100 %, harmful if swallowed), H335 (100 %, may cause respiratory irritation) and H318 (53.1 %, causes serious eye damage). The signal word is Danger. The DOT lists it as Class 8 corrosive material.",
        "ghs": [
          "H314",
          "H312",
          "H302",
          "H335",
          "H318"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-hmda",
        "where": "GHS Classification and DOT Hazard Classification sections (CID 16402)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Terephthalic acid, the other PA 6T monomer, is reported on PubChem as not meeting GHS hazard criteria in 82.5 % (1,040 of 1,260) of company reports. The rest report H315 (17.4 %, causes skin irritation), H319 (17.1 %, causes serious eye irritation) and H335 (15.1 %, may cause respiratory irritation).",
        "ghs": [
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-tpa",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated information (CID 7489)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Adipic acid, the comonomer used in PA 6T/66-type PPA, is classed by PubChem as H319 (95.6 %, causes serious eye irritation) in aggregated reports from 5,531 companies. Only 2 reports say it does not meet GHS criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H319"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-adipic",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated information (CID 196)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of strength and stiffness in continuous heat",
        "trigger": "Continuous operation at 175 degC",
        "consequence": "Tensile breaking stress of Amodel A-6135HS falls from 211 MPa at 23 degC to 82 MPa at 175 degC, and tensile modulus from 11500 MPa to 5310 MPa (ISO 527-2).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "amodel-a6135hs",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Heat-ageing life limit for impact-loaded parts",
        "trigger": "Long-term use above the UL 746 relative thermal index for impact",
        "consequence": "The Zytel HTN 51G35HSL relative thermal index for impact is 125 degC at 0.85 mm, lower than its electrical index of 150 degC, so impact-loaded parts need the lower value as the long-life limit.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
        "where": "UL table, RTI Imp row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Moisture uptake",
        "trigger": "Exposure to humid air or water until saturation at 23 degC",
        "consequence": "Saturation uptake of 3.5 % for the 35 % glass grade; conditioned tensile stress at break is 210 MPa against 220 MPa dry.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
        "where": "Physical table, Water Absorption; Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Surface oxidation in hot lubricant oil",
        "trigger": "Immersion in synthetic ester or PAO oils at 100 degC for 30 days",
        "consequence": "Carbonyl groups formed on the PPA surface, with changes in surface energy and crystallinity; PPA was more affected than PEEK (abstract, qualitative).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ljubljana-ppa-oil",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Dry the resin before moulding: the Zytel datasheet gives a drying temperature of 100 degC for 6.0 to 8.0 h and a suggested maximum moisture content below 0.10 %.",
        "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
        "where": "Injection table, Drying Temperature, Drying Time and Suggested Max Moisture rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Melt temperature for injection moulding is 320 to 330 degC for the Zytel grade, with mould temperature 140 to 160 degC. Amodel A-6135HS is printed with a resin temperature of 316 to 335 degC and mould temperature 66 to 93 degC.",
        "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
        "where": "Injection table, Processing (Melt) Temp and Mold Temperature rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Monomer handling: hexamethylenediamine is corrosive (PubChem GHS H314). Handle the monomer with eye and skin protection; the cured polymer was not checked against an SDS in this run.",
        "source": "pubchem-hmda",
        "where": "GHS Classification (CID 16402)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Keep the resin dry before moulding (below 0.10 % moisture per the Zytel datasheet) and design impact-loaded parts to the lower relative thermal index of 125 degC.",
        "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
        "where": "Injection table; UL table, RTI Imp row"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electrical and electronic connector housings and surface-mount parts",
      "example": "The Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet lists automotive applications, connectors and electrical and electronic applications as uses. Wikipedia names USB-C connectors and surface-mount parts assembled with lead-free soldering as PPA applications.",
      "source": "zytel-htn-pdf",
      "where": "Product Description and General table, Uses row"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Pump wear rings and motor bobbins",
      "example": "Wikipedia lists pump wear rings, motor bobbins, fuel and cooling lines and LED headlamps among PPA applications, and says PPA resins are moulded to replace metals where high temperature resistance is needed.",
      "source": "wikipedia-ppa",
      "where": "Uses section (summarised; no numeric value)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Polyphthalamide resin",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-ppa",
      "where": "Introduction and History sections; producer shares not found in any fetched source"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010 datasheet (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet, created 25 August 2011)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "title": "Amodel A-6135HS and AFA-6133V0Z property pages (plastic database, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Hexamethylenediamine (CID 16402), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16402",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Terephthalic acid (CID 7489), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Ferreira, Trindade and Kalin, Aging of PEEK and PPA in polar and non-polar lubricant base oils, Polymer Testing 131 (2024) 108342",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108342",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Adipic acid (CID 196), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No atomic-oxygen erosion, outgassing (ASTM E595 or NASA table) or vacuum result for PPA was found in the sources read in this run.",
    "No UV exposure test value for PPA was found, so UV ageing is not rated. The Zytel and Amodel pages print no UV data.",
    "No long-term hydrolysis or humid-ageing data for PPA. Humidity is covered only by the Zytel dry and conditioned rows (conditioning procedure not printed).",
    "The Ljubljana oil-ageing paper was read through its abstract only. Its full text is open access in the University of Ljubljana repository but was not read for numbers.",
    "No producer country shares for PPA resin, terephthalic acid or hexamethylenediamine with a year were found in a fetched source. The supply entry lists no producers.",
    "No SDS for a PPA resin was read. Hazard entries use PubChem data for the two monomers only.",
    "The unfilled PPA property set (for example Amodel AT-1002 HS) is gated behind a free account. All values here are for 33 % to 35 % glass-filled grades; unfilled PPA values are not included.",
    "The Zytel datasheet is an IDES copy with a 2011 date. The current DuPont or Celanese datasheet for the grade was not read.",
    "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z flame rating (UL 94) and tracking-resistance numbers are blank or non-numeric on the page, so they are not used.",
    "Non-canonical property names used: rti_impact, rti_electrical. Not in spores/property-canon.yaml.",
    "The Zytel melting-point row prints two test-method labels (ISO 11357-3 and ASTM D3418) against one value, so the method is given as printed."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Polyphthalamide (PPA) is an aromatic polyamide. Because most of its acid units are terephthalic or isophthalic acid, its chains are stiffer than those of aliphatic nylons. Glass-filled grades hold a heat deflection temperature of 260 to 303 degC and a melting point of 300 to 310 degC. That makes PPA a candidate where metal or ordinary nylon would be too heavy or too weak. The cost is moisture uptake and a relative thermal index that limits long-term use below the melting point.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electronics",
        "line": "The Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet lists automotive applications, connectors and electrical and electronic applications as its uses. Wikipedia names USB-C connectors and surface-mount parts assembled with lead-free soldering."
      },
      {
        "where": "Mechanical parts",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists pump wear rings, motor bobbins, fuel and cooling lines and LED headlamps, and says PPA resins are moulded to replace metals where high temperature resistance is needed."
      },
      {
        "where": "Space",
        "line": "No space flight, ground or outgassing test of PPA was found in the sources read."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Heat deflection",
        "line": "Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass) has a deflection temperature of 288 degC at 1.8 MPa without annealing (ISO 75-2/A). The annealed value is 291 degC.",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "288 degC"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "line": "Both Amodel grades print a melting point of 310 degC (ISO 11357-3). The Zytel grade prints 300 degC.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "310 degC"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness with heat",
        "line": "Amodel A-6135HS keeps a tensile modulus of 5310 MPa at 175 degC, against 11500 MPa at 23 degC (ISO 527-2).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "5310 MPa at 175 degC"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical",
        "line": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z (33 % glass) has a dielectric constant of 4.1 and a dissipation factor of 0.011 at 1 MHz (ASTM D150).",
        "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "4.1 at 1 MHz"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "PPA is a high-heat polyamide. Its melting point of 300 to 310 degC and its heat deflection temperatures of 260 to 303 degC are the figures read here for the glass-filled grades. It is not free of moisture effects, because the Zytel grade takes up 3.5 % water at saturation. The table compares melting point, heat deflection and stiffness across the grades read.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat deflection temperature",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Dry the resin at 100 degC for 6 to 8 h and keep moisture below 0.10 % before moulding (Zytel datasheet).",
      "Keep dry resin sealed. Water absorption is 3.5 % at saturation for the Zytel grade.",
      "Monomers are corrosive; use eye and skin protection when handling hexamethylenediamine."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Heat resistance. Melting point 310 degC and heat deflection 288 degC at 1.8 MPa for an Amodel grade (ISO 75-2/A).",
      "Stiffness at temperature. Amodel A-6135HS keeps 5310 MPa tensile modulus at 175 degC."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Moisture. The Zytel 35 % glass grade absorbs 3.5 % water at saturation, and the datasheet's own feature list contradicts that figure.",
      "Long-term heat. The UL 746 relative thermal index for impact is 125 degC for the Zytel grade.",
      "No space data. No vacuum, atomic-oxygen or UV test for PPA was found."
    ],
    "verdict": "PPA is a high-temperature polyamide for moulded parts that must stay stiff above 150 degC. The datasheet values put it well above ordinary nylon, but moisture uptake and the relative thermal index limit long-term use, and no space test data were found, so space use needs a test.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Polyphthalamide is a polyamide whose acid units are at least 55 mol% terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid (Wikipedia, citing ASTM D5336). The unmodified PA 6T is made from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Commercial grades add a comonomer, such as adipic acid or isophthalic acid, because PA 6T melts too high to process.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Terephthalic acid",
          "role": "Aromatic diacid. Wikipedia says the glass transition temperature of PPA rises as the terephthalic acid share rises, which makes it the stiffening monomer."
        },
        {
          "name": "Hexamethylenediamine",
          "role": "Diamine that forms the amide links with the diacid. PubChem records it as used to make nylon."
        },
        {
          "name": "Adipic acid or isophthalic acid",
          "role": "Comonomer that lowers the melting point into a range that can be moulded. Wikipedia names PA 6T/66 as a commercial copolymer."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The finished resin was not checked against a safety data sheet in this run. The monomer hazard data are the strongest hazard information available.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Monomer",
            "line": "Hexamethylenediamine causes severe skin burns and eye damage (PubChem, 100 % of reports for H314). Terephthalic acid is irritant in the minority of reports that give a hazard."
          },
          {
            "label": "Processing",
            "line": "The Zytel datasheet sets melt temperatures of 320 to 330 degC for injection moulding. No dust or fume data for the resin were read."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Monomers are corrosive; resin hazard data not read"
      },
      {
        "title": "If a part overheats",
        "lead": "These are design limits from the datasheets, not field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Strength with heat",
            "line": "Amodel A-6135HS drops from 211 MPa tensile breaking stress at 23 degC to 82 MPa at 175 degC."
          },
          {
            "label": "Thermal index",
            "line": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL has a UL 746 relative thermal index of 125 degC for impact and 150 degC for electrical use, at 0.85 mm."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Drying",
            "line": "Dry at 100 degC for 6 to 8 h before moulding, to below 0.10 % moisture (Zytel datasheet)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Moisture",
            "line": "The Zytel grade reaches 3.5 % water at saturation at 23 degC, and the datasheet sets a moisture limit of below 0.10 % before moulding."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 34,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 11,
    "note": "New profile written on 2026-10-26 by an AI assistant from pages read in this run: the IDES copy of the Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet, the Amodel A-6135HS and AFA-6133V0Z plastic database pages, Wikipedia Polyphthalamide, PubChem CIDs 16402, 7489 and 196, and the abstract of Polymer Testing 131 (2024) 108342. Values are as printed. Not verified by verify-values in this run."
  },
  "sources": {
    "zytel-htn-pdf": {
      "title": "Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)",
      "id": "IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011",
      "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "amodel-a6135hs": {
      "title": "Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
      "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "amodel-afa6133": {
      "title": "Amodel AFA-6133V0Z property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)",
      "id": "Plabase item 5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "database page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-ppa": {
      "title": "Polyphthalamide (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphthalamide",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphthalamide",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)"
    },
    "pubchem-hmda": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Hexamethylenediamine (CID 16402)",
      "id": "CID 16402; CAS 124-09-4",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16402",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "pubchem-tpa": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Terephthalic acid (CID 7489)",
      "id": "CID 7489",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "pubchem-adipic": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Adipic acid (CID 196)",
      "id": "CID 196",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "ljubljana-ppa-oil": {
      "title": "Aging of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyphthalamide (PPA) in polar and non-polar lubricant base oils",
      "id": "doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108342 (Polymer Testing 131, 108342)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108342",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open-access version in University of Ljubljana repository (licence not read)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ppa/"
}