{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "platinum",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "precious-metals",
  "name": "Platinum",
  "abbreviation": "Pt",
  "role": "contact, catalyst and high-temperature sensing metal",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "precious-metals",
  "summary": "Platinum is the element Pt, a dense, ductile precious metal with a melting point of about 1769 °C. The Heraeus datasheet gives a density of 21.45 g/cm3 and a thermal conductivity of 74 W/(m·K) at 20 °C, and the Wikipedia infobox gives 21.452 g/cm3 at 20 °C. Annealed platinum has a yield strength of 70 MPa and a tensile strength of 150 MPa, and it stretches 40 % before breaking. The Space Shuttle Orbiter carried platinum resistance thermometers and platinum-rhodium thermocouples to measure temperatures on its skin and heat tiles, and a NASA contractor report used platinum-rhodium thermocouples to measure gas temperatures in a liquid-rocket injector.\n",
  "best_for": "Stable high-temperature sensing and electrical contacts: a platinum resistance element is linear and stable over a wide temperature range (Columbia Accident Investigation Board)",
  "weakest_at": "Softness in the annealed state (70 MPa yield), flammability of fine powder (PubChem hazard H228), and cost against cheaper metals",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Pt (element, atomic number 78); refined grades of 99.95 % and 99.99 % minimum purity (ASTM B561)",
    "cas": "7440-06-4",
    "crystal_system": "face-centred cubic",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B0561-23",
        "note": "refined platinum specification, as printed in the title; grade 99.95 carries the UNS number PO4995 in the source",
        "source": "astm-b561",
        "where": "Title block and section 1.1 grade list"
      }
    ],
    "source": "vem-pt",
    "where": "Chemical Properties section of the VEM platinum page (atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.08, crystal structure Face-Centered Cubic). CAS 7440-06-4 from the CAS section of the PubChem record for platinum (CID 23939)."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "re-entry"
    ],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, general information of the Heraeus platinum datasheet",
      "value": 21.45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube (Heraeus product forms)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cm³"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "General information table, row Density, g/cm³",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density at 20 °C (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 21.452,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Physical properties, density at 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 1769,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "General information table, row Melting Point, °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 1768.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "unit_in_source": "2041.4 K",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Physical properties, melting point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 3825,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "unit_in_source": "4098 K",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Physical properties, boiling point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 74,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Thermal Conductivity at 20 °C, W/(m*K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 71.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Heraeus value is 74 W/(m·K) at 20 °C; the Wikipedia value has no temperature. The gap between them is about 3 %.",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Physical properties, thermal conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C (VEM platinum page)",
      "value": 10.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "platinum metal",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a supplier's material page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vem-pt",
      "where": "Physical Properties section, electrical resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VEM, Platinum (Pt) material page: properties and purity data",
        "url": "https://www.vem-co.com/material-docs/platinum/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 105,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "105 nΩ·m is the same quantity as the VEM value of 10.6 µΩ·cm (1 µΩ·cm is 10 nΩ·m), so the two agree within about 1 %.",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Other properties, electrical resistivity at 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity range, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 15.78,
      "value_high": 16.07,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "% IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Minimum and maximum printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Physical properties table, rows Conductivity, min., % IACS and Conductivity, max., % IACS",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 170,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Young's Modulus, GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 168,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Physical properties, Young's modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of rigidity (shear), Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 66,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Wikipedia infobox gives 61 GPa for shear modulus. The two sources differ by about 8 %.",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Modulus of Rigidity, GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear modulus (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 61,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Other properties, shear modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 °C (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 8.93,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "8.93×10−6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Other properties, thermal expansion at 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 132.561,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Physical properties, specific heat capacity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, annealed, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 42,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Hardness HV, column Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, work hardened, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 98,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "work hardened",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Hardness HV, column Work Hardened",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Brinell hardness (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 300,
      "value_high": 500,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Other properties, Brinell hardness",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, annealed, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 70,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 290 MPa for the work-hardened temper, so the strength depends strongly on temper.",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Yield Strength, MPa, column Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, work hardened, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 290,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "work hardened",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Yield Strength, MPa, column Work Hardened",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, annealed, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Tensile Strength, MPa, column Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, work hardened, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 330,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "work hardened",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Tensile Strength, MPa, column Work Hardened",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, annealed, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "gauge_length": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Elongation, %, column Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, work hardened, Heraeus datasheet",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "work hardened",
        "form": "Pt, wire, sheet and tube",
        "gauge_length": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "heraeus-pt",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Elongation, %, column Work Hardened",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
        "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poisson_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson ratio (Wikipedia infobox)",
      "value": 0.38,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "element, platinum metal",
        "temperature": "not stated in the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article for platinum; no unit printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Infobox, Other properties, Poisson ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "temperature_coefficient_of_resistance",
      "label": "Temperature coefficient of resistivity of platinum used in RTDs",
      "value": 0.0039,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "platinum sensing element of a resistance temperature detector",
        "temperature_range": "not stated in the report"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in an official accident investigation report, as the coefficient of resistivity of platinum used for RTDs",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The report calls this the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR), alpha = 0.0039 °C−1. Its temperature range is not stated, and the same report says the response is nearly linear over a wide range.",
      "source": "caib",
      "where": "Resistance-Temperature Detector (RTD) Temperature Sensors section, page 520 of Volume II",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume II, instrumentation section (October 2003)",
        "url": "https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/caib/news/report/pdf/vol2/part19.pdf",
        "year": 2003,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA report)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Hot aqua regia",
      "headline": "Platinum dissolves in hot aqua regia but resists hydrochloric and nitric acid alone.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia article says platinum is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid but dissolves in hot aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid, H2PtCl6.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "hot",
        "reagent": "aqua regia (mixed hydrochloric and nitric acid)"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Characteristics, Chemical section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air at high temperature",
      "headline": "Bulk platinum does not oxidize in air at any temperature.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia article says bulk platinum does not oxidize in air at any temperature, and its lead section says platinum does not corrode even at high temperatures, which is why it is classed as a noble metal.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bulk platinum",
        "temperature": "any temperature, as stated"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-pt",
      "where": "Lead section and Characteristics, Chemical section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot gases on the orbiter surface",
      "headline": "Platinum and its rhodium alloy are fairly inert towards hot gases, so reaction with them was not expected to cause corrosion.",
      "effect": "The Columbia report says that platinum and its rhodium alloy have the same melting point of 1769 °C and that each material is fairly inert, so reactions with hot gases should not have caused unusual etching or corrosion of the thermocouples on the orbiter surfaces.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "re-entry heating of the Orbiter surface, from the report's analysis",
        "basis": "analysis in the report, not a measured corrosion rate"
      },
      "source": "caib",
      "where": "Thermocouple (TC) Temperature Sensors section, page 520"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem GHS record for the platinum element, aggregated from ECHA C&L notifications: H228, flammable solid (10.7 % of reports), signal word Danger, pictogram GHS02 flame. The record says 410 of 504 company reports do not meet GHS criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-pt",
        "where": "Hazards Identification, GHS Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same PubChem record lists H315 (skin irritation), H319 (serious eye irritation), H334 (may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled) and H335 (may cause respiratory irritation) from 94 of 504 company reports that gave hazard codes.",
        "ghs": [
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H334",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-pt",
        "where": "Hazards Identification, GHS Classification, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Mechanical failure of a thermocouple",
        "trigger": "Mechanical stress on the welds, wires or splices, or leads pinched together so they short",
        "consequence": "The report says failures would most likely arise from broken welds or wires, or from shorting that moves the sensing point. It gives no failure rate.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "caib",
        "where": "Thermocouple (TC) Temperature Sensors section, page 520"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Debonding of a platinum sensor from its surface",
        "trigger": "Adhesive release of the RTD sensor from the mounted component",
        "consequence": "The report says failure of the sensor would most likely be debonding or adhesive release, rather than melting of the metal, which melts at 1769 °C.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "caib",
        "where": "Resistance-Temperature Detector (RTD) Temperature Sensors section, page 519"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Platinum is dense at 21.45 g/cm3, so parts are heavy for their volume.",
        "affects": "Mass of a sensor, contact or crucible",
        "source": "heraeus-pt",
        "where": "General information table, row Density"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem lists the precautionary codes P210, P240, P241, P280 and P370+P378 for the platinum element record, with the H228 flammable-solid classification.",
        "source": "pubchem-pt",
        "where": "Hazards Identification, Precautionary Statement Codes"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Heraeus datasheet gives the product forms as wire, sheet and tube, and says the metal is ductile and can be roll clad, formed and machined.",
        "source": "heraeus-pt",
        "where": "Forming Processes table"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Platinum resistance thermometers (RTDs) on the Space Shuttle Orbiter",
      "example": "Each sensor is a chemically pure platinum element bonded to an insulating substrate, with a nominal resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C and an operating range of −320 °F to +500 °F, or up to +2000 °F depending on the dash number. The report estimates the inherent accuracy of the Shuttle Pt RTD systems at 2 to 3 °F.",
      "source": "caib",
      "where": "Resistance-Temperature Detector (RTD) Temperature Sensors section, page 519"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Platinum-rhodium thermocouples (Type R) on the Orbiter skin and heat tiles",
      "example": "Type II thermocouples are platinum alloy (87 % Pt, 13 % Rh) against platinum, rated from −65 °F to +3000 °F, and are used on the lower outer skin of the wings and fuselage and on the outer surface of the heat tiles.",
      "source": "caib",
      "where": "Thermocouple (TC) Temperature Sensors section, pages 519 and 520"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Butt-welded platinum-platinum 10 % rhodium thermocouples in a liquid-rocket injector test",
      "example": "A NASA contractor report used 0.010 and 0.020 inch platinum-platinum 10 % rhodium thermocouples inserted through the injector face of a heptane and liquid oxygen engine at 300 psia. The average gas temperature was between 3100 and 3500 °F (1700 and 1950 °C).",
      "source": "ntrs-cr1211",
      "where": "Abstract (item 16) and the experimental section"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electronic components",
      "example": "The USGS lists computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits and multilayer ceramic capacitors among the electronic uses of platinum-group metals.",
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-pgm",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph, PGM chapter"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Platinum mine production (United States net import reliance 89 % of apparent consumption in 2025e)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 70.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 11.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 10.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 2.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 1.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (platinum listed, platinum-group metals chapter)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 140,000 kg of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including 8,600 kg of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: palladium can be used in place of platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters, and about 25 % of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-pgm",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table (platinum 2025e: South Africa 120,000 kg, Russia 20,000 kg, Zimbabwe 18,000 kg, Canada 5,000 kg, United States 1,800 kg, world total 170,000 kg). Shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from those kilogram values. Net import reliance table; Recycling; Substitutes; Critical minerals table footnote 3."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Heraeus Precious Metals, Pt datasheet (Platinum, general information and physical and mechanical properties), status 09/2021",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Platinum",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for platinum (CID 23939), GHS classification and CAS number",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23939/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Platinum-Group Metals chapter",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume II, October 2003, instrumentation section (RTD and thermocouple sensors)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/caib/news/report/pdf/vol2/part19.pdf",
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "title": "Boylan and O'Hara, Gas velocity and temperature near a liquid rocket injector face, NASA CR-1211, Tulane University",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730011577/downloads/19730011577.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "VEM, platinum material page (physical properties, chemical properties, purity guide)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.vem-co.com/material-docs/platinum/"
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B561-23, Standard Specification for Refined Platinum (page summary of the grades and scope)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "http://www.technickenormy.cz/astm-b0561-23-standard-specification-for-refined-platinum"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "UNS P04995 for the 99.95 grade is not entered as a designation: the page that prints the grade shows it as PO4995 (letter O), and verify-values would not find P04995 in it. The 99.99 grade has no UNS number in the source.",
    "No EN, DIN, W.Nr., JIS or AISI number for platinum was found in a page read in this run. The EN and W.Nr. searches returned no platinum code.",
    "Crustal abundance, seawater, and the share of platinum in lunar or Martian regolith were not looked up.",
    "No NASA outgassing test result (total mass loss or collected volatile condensable material) for platinum was found.",
    "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, cold welding and radiation effects for platinum were not looked up.",
    "The Johnson Matthey physical-property article (1984, thermophysical data) and the Johnson Matthey PGM database were found by search, but their tables were not readable, so they are not used.",
    "The Pt-Rh thermocouple drift value (a NASA Lewis brief on about -2.8 K after 3700 hours at 1530 K) was seen only in a search snippet and was not opened, so it is not recorded.",
    "The platinum RTD flight heritage on ESA satellites and the TE Connectivity claim of more than 20 years of flight heritage are vendor statements, not read in an agency document, so they are not recorded.",
    "The Wikipedia infobox does not state the temperature for the Young's modulus, shear modulus, specific heat, Brinell hardness, or Poisson ratio, so those rows have no temperature condition.",
    "The Heraeus datasheet gives no temperature for density, melting point, thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, or the strength values.",
    "The 2025 world totals are given for platinum only; the USGS report's 2025 reserve figures are printed in a column that is misaligned in the text extraction, so reserves are not recorded.",
    "The 2024 platinum price and the 2025 platinum price (USGS, dollars per troy ounce) are not recorded as properties.",
    "Platinum powder hazards from a supplier SDS (for example Sigma-Aldrich product 327476) were not read; the hazards here come from the PubChem record only.",
    "The media section of the LFP reference is not added, since no image or figure source was located for this profile.",
    "Canonical benchmark names were not checked for shear_modulus, vickers_hardness, hardness_brinell, poisson_ratio and temperature_coefficient_of_resistance, which may need to be added to spores/property-canon.yaml.",
    "The type is set to precious-metals, as gold and silver use it, rather than heavy-metals; platinum is a precious metal in the taxonomy."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Platinum is a dense, ductile precious metal that resists oxidation and dissolves only in hot aqua regia. The Heraeus datasheet gives a density of 21.45 g/cm3, a melting point of 1769 °C and a thermal conductivity of 74 W/(m·K) at 20 °C. The resistance of platinum changes linearly and stably with temperature, with a temperature coefficient of resistivity of 0.0039 per °C in the Columbia report, which is why it is used in resistance thermometers. The Space Shuttle Orbiter carried platinum RTDs and platinum-rhodium thermocouples to measure temperatures on its skin and heat tiles. A NASA contractor report used platinum-rhodium thermocouples to measure gas temperatures near a liquid-rocket injector face.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Shuttle temperature sensors",
        "line": "The Space Shuttle Orbiter used platinum resistance thermometers, with a nominal resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C and an estimated accuracy of 2 to 3 °F. Its platinum-rhodium thermocouples were used on the wing and fuselage skin and on the outer surface of the heat tiles."
      },
      {
        "where": "Rocket injector test",
        "line": "Butt-welded platinum-platinum 10 % rhodium thermocouples were pushed through the injector face of a liquid-rocket engine and measured average gas temperatures of 3100 to 3500 °F (1700 to 1950 °C)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Electronics and catalysts",
        "line": "The USGS lists electronic uses such as hard disks, integrated circuits and multilayer ceramic capacitors, and the leading use of platinum-group metals is in catalytic converters."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Measure temperature",
        "line": "The resistance of a platinum sensing element rises by a coefficient of 0.0039 per °C, and the RTD is linear and stable over a wide range. The temperature range of that coefficient is not stated.",
        "benchmark": "temperature_coefficient_of_resistance",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.0039 per °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 74 W/(m·K) at 20 °C in the Heraeus datasheet, and 71.6 W/(m·K) in the Wikipedia infobox with no temperature stated.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "74 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 21.45 g/cm3 in the Heraeus datasheet and 21.452 g/cm3 at 20 °C in the Wikipedia infobox.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "21.45 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The Heraeus datasheet gives a melting point of 1769 °C. The Wikipedia infobox gives 1768.3 °C, and the Columbia report uses 1769 °C.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1769 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength when annealed",
        "line": "Annealed platinum has a yield strength of 70 MPa and a tensile strength of 150 MPa, and stretches 40 % before breaking.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "70 MPa yield"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength when work hardened",
        "line": "Work-hardened platinum has a yield strength of 290 MPa and a tensile strength of 330 MPa, but stretches only 3 % before breaking.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "290 MPa yield"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Platinum is much denser than copper and conducts heat less well than copper, but it resists corrosion and oxidation far better. The table rows show the same quantity for both metals, but they come from different sources and grades, so read them as examples, not as a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper, since annealed and work-hardened platinum differ by a factor of about four in yield strength (70 and 290 MPa).",
      "Keep fine platinum forms away from heat and ignition sources, since PubChem classes the element as a flammable solid (H228).",
      "Keep platinum parts out of hot aqua regia and other strong oxidising chloride mixtures, which dissolve the metal."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Sensing temperature: the coefficient of 0.0039 per °C in an RTD element, as used on the Space Shuttle Orbiter.",
      "Corrosion-resistant contacts and high-temperature thermocouples: platinum does not oxidize in air at any temperature, according to the Wikipedia article.",
      "Recycling: about 140,000 kg of palladium and platinum was recovered from scrap in 2025, according to the USGS."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Soft platinum is weak: 70 MPa yield in the annealed temper.",
      "Platinum is expensive and supply is concentrated: South Africa produced about 70.6 % of the 2025 world platinum mine output, and the United States imports 89 % of its apparent consumption.",
      "Hot aqua regia dissolves platinum, so acid-cleaning and chloride processes need checking.",
      "No NASA outgassing, atomic-oxygen erosion or cold-welding result was found for platinum in this profile."
    ],
    "verdict": "Platinum is a dense, ductile precious metal that resists oxidation and has a stable temperature coefficient of resistance, which is why it is used in thermometers and thermocouples. It is soft when annealed, heavy, expensive, and dissolves in hot aqua regia. The Shuttle sensors and a rocket-injector test are the flight and near-flight uses found in the sources. This profile lacks NASA outgassing, erosion and cold-welding numbers.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Platinum is a single-element metal (Pt) with a face-centred cubic crystal structure (Wikipedia; VEM). The Wikipedia article says it is a noble metal with six naturally occurring isotopes, the most abundant being 195Pt. The USGS summary places platinum in the platinum-group metals chapter, with mine production in South Africa, Russia and Zimbabwe, and says it is refined and recovered from scrap, including catalytic converters.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Platinum",
          "symbol": "Pt",
          "role": "The whole material. The VEM page gives atomic number 78 and atomic weight 195.08.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 195.08
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard record for the platinum element is mixed: most of the notifications report no GHS hazard, and a minority report flammability and respiratory sensitisation.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Platinum as a substance",
            "line": "Of 504 company reports to the European chemicals agency, 410 said platinum does not meet GHS criteria. Among the reports that gave codes, H228 (flammable solid, 10.7 %) is the classification shown in the PubChem summary, with the signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Respiratory sensitisation",
            "line": "PubChem also lists H334 (may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled) from 94 of 504 reports that gave hazard codes. This is a reason to handle fine platinum dust with care."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed notifications"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These are failure routes found in the sources. None of them is a measured failure rate.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Thermocouple wiring",
            "line": "The Columbia report says a thermocouple would most likely fail from broken welds, wires or splices, or from leads shorting together. It gives no failure rate."
          },
          {
            "label": "Sensor debonding",
            "line": "The same report says an RTD would most likely fail by debonding from its surface, not by melting of the metal, which melts at 1769 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Aqua regia",
            "line": "Platinum dissolves in hot aqua regia. That is a chemical failure route for any platinum part in a process containing it."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep the temper in mind",
            "line": "The Heraeus datasheet gives 70 MPa yield strength annealed and 290 MPa work hardened, so the temper changes the design strength a lot."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fine forms",
            "line": "PubChem gives the element H228 (flammable solid) and precautionary codes P210 and P240, so keep fine forms away from heat and ignition sources."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 27,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: the ASTM standard itself (only a summary page was read), and the American Elements and Sigma-Aldrich SDS pages (403 or not opened). Caveats: the Heraeus datasheet gives no temperatures; Wikipedia values are secondary and some lack conditions; the flight use is limited to the Shuttle sensors and one NASA contractor ground test; the supply shares are calculated from kilogram values; the UNS number is printed in the source with a letter O and is not entered; the TCR value has no stated temperature range."
  },
  "sources": {
    "heraeus-pt": {
      "title": "Pt Datasheet EN, Platinum (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG), status 09/2021",
      "url": "https://pim.heraeus.com/datasheets/HPM/FM/Contact%20Materials/Pt_Datasheet_EN_(Heraeus_Precious_Metals).pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-pt": {
      "title": "Platinum (Wikipedia, infobox and Characteristics sections)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-pt": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Platinum (CID 23939), GHS classification and CAS number",
      "id": "CID 23939, CAS 7440-06-4",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23939/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to ECHA and others"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-pgm": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Platinum-Group Metals chapter (U.S. Geological Survey, February 2026)",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "caib": {
      "title": "Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume II, instrumentation section (October 2003)",
      "url": "https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/caib/news/report/pdf/vol2/part19.pdf",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA report)"
    },
    "ntrs-cr1211": {
      "title": "Gas Velocity and Temperature Near a Liquid Rocket Injector Face, NASA CR-1211 (Boylan and O'Hara, Tulane University)",
      "id": "NTRS 19730011577",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730011577/downloads/19730011577.pdf",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "vem-pt": {
      "title": "VEM, Platinum (Pt) material page: properties and purity data",
      "url": "https://www.vem-co.com/material-docs/platinum/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "astm-b561": {
      "title": "ASTM B561-23, Standard Specification for Refined Platinum (page summary of the grades and scope)",
      "url": "http://www.technickenormy.cz/astm-b0561-23-standard-specification-for-refined-platinum",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "Summary page for a standard (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/platinum/"
}