{ "spore": "profile", "id": "pla", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "polyesters", "name": "Polylactic acid (PLA), polylactide, including Ingeo grades for injection moulding, extrusion and 3D printing", "abbreviation": "PLA", "role": "Bio-based polyester for moulded parts, extruded sheet, coatings and 3D printing filament", "category": "polymers", "type": "polyesters", "summary": "Polylactic acid (PLA) is a bio-based thermoplastic polyester made from lactic acid, which is produced by fermenting plant sugars. NatureWorks sells it as Ingeo, in grades for injection moulding, extrusion, extrusion coating and 3D printing. The printing monofilament grades have a density of 1.22 to 1.24 g/cc and a glass transition of 55 to 60 °C, and the heat deflection temperature is 54 to 55 °C for the 2003D, 3052D and amorphous 3100HP grades, against 144 to 149 °C for nucleated crystalline formulations.", "best_for": "Moulded and extruded parts that stay below about 55 °C in service, such as clear cups, cutlery and housings, and printed parts from the high-heat monofilament grades (heat deflection 75 to 90 °C).", "weakest_at": "Heat and moisture: the 2003D, 3052D and amorphous 3100HP grades deform at 54 to 55 °C, and moisture above 0.025 % (250 ppm) risks viscosity loss during processing.", "identity": { "formula": "(C3H4O2)n, backbone [-C(CH3)HC(=O)O-]n of polylactic acid (polylactide)", "cas": "26100-51-6", "designations": [ { "system": "Name", "code": "PLA", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards section: the primary thermal decomposition product of PLA" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "polylactic acid", "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Lead paragraph, first sentence: Polylactic acid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA)" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "polylactide", "source": "nw-2500hp", "where": "Drying curve title: Polylactide Pellets" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "PLLA", "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Stereoisomers section: poly-L-lactide (PLLA)" }, { "system": "CAS", "code": "26100-51-6", "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Chembox, Identifiers, CAS Number" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo 3D850", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Datasheet title and page 1" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo 3D870", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Datasheet title and page 1" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Datasheet title and first paragraph" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Datasheet title and first paragraph" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo 3001D", "source": "nw-3001d", "where": "Datasheet first paragraph" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo 3100HP", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Datasheet first paragraph" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Ingeo 2500HP", "source": "nw-2500hp", "where": "Datasheet first paragraph" } ], "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Lead paragraph, backbone formula; Chembox, Identifiers, CAS Number" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "electronics-and-chips", "structures" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, Ingeo 3D850 (specific gravity)", "value": 1.24, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cc", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "injection-moulded bars, typical properties (TDS footnote 1)", "test": "ASTM D792", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the Physical Properties table of the 3D850 datasheet (Specific Gravity, g/cc)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Typical Material Properties, Physical Properties, Specific Gravity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, Ingeo 3D870 (specific gravity)", "value": 1.22, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cc", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "not stated; typical properties (TDS footnote 1)", "test": "ASTM D792", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the Physical Properties table of the 3D870 datasheet (Specific Gravity, g/cc)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Physical Properties table, Specific Gravity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature", "label": "Glass transition temperature, Ingeo 3D850", "value": 55, "value_high": 60, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "injection-moulded bars, typical properties (TDS footnote 1)", "test": "ASTM D3418", "temperature": "not printed", "heating_rate": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical range printed as Glass Transition Temperature in the 3D850 datasheet (ASTM D3418)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Typical Material Properties, Physical Properties, Glass Transition Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature", "label": "Glass transition temperature, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 55, "value_high": 60, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D3418", "temperature": "not printed", "heating_rate": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical range printed as Glass Transition Temperature in the 3052D datasheet (ASTM D3418)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties, Physical Properties, Glass Transition Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Peak melt temperature, Ingeo 3D850", "value": 165, "value_high": 180, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "injection-moulded bars, typical properties (TDS footnote 1)", "test": "ASTM D3418", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical range printed as Peak Melt Temperature in the 3D850 datasheet (ASTM D3418)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Typical Material Properties, Physical Properties, Peak Melt Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point, Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "value": 140, "value_high": 155, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "processing": "extrusion grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D3418", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical range printed as Melting Point in the 2003D datasheet (ASTM D3418)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties, Melting Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Crystalline melt temperature, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 145, "value_high": 160, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D3418", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical range printed as Crystalline Melt Temperature in the 3052D datasheet (ASTM D3418)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Physical Properties table, Crystalline Melt Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Peak crystalline melting point, Ingeo 3100HP (nucleated, crystalline moulding)", "value": 165, "value_high": 180, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "not printed", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed in the crystalline block of the 3100HP datasheet; the datasheet prints no test method or temperature for this row", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, Peak crystalline melting point row, crystalline block", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo 3D850 (3D printed, crystalline block)", "value": 80, "value_high": 90, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "3D printed part, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 15 min (TDS footnote 4)", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "0.45 MPa (66 psi)" }, "method": "Printed in the mechanical block that footnote 4 covers (3D printed part, annealed); the datasheet does not name the specimen for this row separately", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Mechanical Properties (crystalline) block, Heat Distortion Temperature row, 66 psi (0.45 MPa)", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo 3D870 (3D printed)", "value": 75, "value_high": 85, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "0.45 MPa (66 psi)" }, "method": "Printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the 3D870 datasheet, whose footnote 3 covers the 3D printed bars", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Heat Distortion Temperature row, 66 psi (0.45 MPa)", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "value": 55, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "processing": "extrusion grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the 2003D datasheet; the datasheet prints no load for this value", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, Heat Distortion Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 55, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the 3052D datasheet; the datasheet prints no load for this value", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, Heat Distortion Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo 3100HP, amorphous moulding", "value": 54, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded amorphous, 26 °C mould temperature", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "0.455 MPa (66 psi)" }, "method": "Printed in the molded amorphous block of Table 1 in the 3100HP datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, Mechanical Properties molded amorphous block, Heat Distortion Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo 3100HP, crystalline moulding", "value": 149, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "0.455 MPa (66 psi)" }, "method": "Printed in the molded crystalline block of Table 1 in the 3100HP datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, Mechanical Properties molded crystalline block, Heat Distortion Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "label": "Heat deflection temperature, Ingeo 2500HP, crystalline moulding", "value": 144, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 2500HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "ASTM E2092", "load": "0.45 MPa (66 psi)" }, "method": "Printed in the molded crystalline block of Table 1 in the 2500HP datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2500hp", "where": "Table 1, Mechanical Properties molded crystalline block, Heat Distortion Temperature row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2500HP Technical Data Sheet, extrusion (high viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/df32280e-89c5-4dc7-8e52-a2327f8b4bda/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2500HP_extrusion.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, Ingeo 3D850 (3D printed)", "value": 50, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "3D printed part, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 15 min (TDS footnote 4)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 7,290 psi (50 MPa) in the mechanical block of the 3D850 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Mechanical Properties (crystalline) block, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, Ingeo 3D870, XY axis (3D printed)", "value": 40, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "XY axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 5,802 psi (40 MPa) in the XY AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row, XY AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, Ingeo 3D870, YX axis (3D printed)", "value": 32, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "YX axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 4,641 psi (32 MPa) in the YX AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row, YX AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, Ingeo 3D870, ZX axis (3D printed)", "value": 24, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "ZX axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 3,481 psi (24 MPa) in the ZX AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row, ZX AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength at break, Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "value": 53, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "processing": "extrusion grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D882", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as Tensile Strength @ Break in the 2003D datasheet (7,700 psi, 53 MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, Tensile Strength @ Break row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile yield strength, Ingeo 3D850 (3D printed)", "value": 51, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "3D printed part, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 15 min (TDS footnote 4)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 7,440 psi (51 MPa) in the mechanical block of the 3D850 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Mechanical Properties (crystalline) block, Tensile Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile yield strength, Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "value": 60, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "processing": "extrusion grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D882", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as Tensile Yield Strength in the 2003D datasheet (8,700 psi, 60 MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, Tensile Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile yield strength, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 62, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as Tensile Yield Strength in the 3052D datasheet (9,000 psi, 62 MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile yield strength, Ingeo 3100HP, amorphous moulding", "value": 65, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded amorphous, 26 °C mould temperature", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 9,400 psi (65 MPa) in the molded amorphous block of Table 1", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded amorphous block, Tensile Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Tensile yield strength, Ingeo 3100HP, crystalline moulding", "value": 64, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 9,300 psi (64 MPa) in the molded crystalline block of Table 1", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded crystalline block, Tensile Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Tensile modulus, Ingeo 3D850 (3D printed)", "value": 2315, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "3D printed part, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 15 min (TDS footnote 4)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 335,790 psi (2315 MPa) in the mechanical block of the 3D850 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Mechanical Properties (crystalline) block, Tensile Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Tensile modulus, Ingeo 3D870, XY axis (3D printed)", "value": 2865, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "XY axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 416 kpsi (2,865 MPa) in the XY AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Modulus row, XY AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Tensile modulus, Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "value": 3.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "processing": "extrusion grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D882", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as Tensile Modulus, kpsi (GPa): 500 (3.5)", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, Tensile Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 108, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 15,700 (108) under a header that reads (MPa); the value in parentheses, 108 MPa, is the figure used", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Ingeo 3100HP, amorphous moulding", "value": 112, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded amorphous, 26 °C mould temperature", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 16,200 psi (112 MPa) in the molded amorphous block of Table 1", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded amorphous block, Flexural Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Ingeo 3D870, XY axis (3D printed)", "value": 73, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "XY axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 10,588 psi (73 MPa) in the XY AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Strength row, XY AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Ingeo 3D870, YX axis (3D printed)", "value": 49, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "YX axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 7,106 psi (49 MPa) in the YX AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Strength row, YX AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Flexural strength, Ingeo 3D870, ZX axis (3D printed)", "value": 46, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "ZX axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 6,672 psi (46 MPa) in the ZX AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Strength row, ZX AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "label": "Flexural modulus, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 3600, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 515,000 (3600) in the Mechanical Properties table, with the header reading MPa", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "label": "Flexural modulus, Ingeo 3100HP, crystalline moulding", "value": 4357, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 632,000 psi (4357 MPa) in the molded crystalline block of Table 1", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded crystalline block, Flexural Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "label": "Flexural modulus, Ingeo 3D870, XY axis (3D printed)", "value": 2414, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "XY axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D790", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 350 kpsi (2,414 MPa) in the XY AXIS column of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Modulus row, XY AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation, Ingeo 3D850 (3D printed)", "value": 3.31, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "3D printed part, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 15 min (TDS footnote 4)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as Tensile Elongation, % in the mechanical block; the datasheet does not say whether this is at break or at yield", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Mechanical Properties (crystalline) block, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation, Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "value": 6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 2003D", "processing": "extrusion grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D882", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as Tensile Elongation, % in the 2003D datasheet; the datasheet does not say whether this is at break", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 3.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as Tensile Elongation, % in the 3052D datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation, Ingeo 3100HP, amorphous moulding", "value": 3.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded amorphous, 26 °C mould temperature", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as Tensile Elongation, % in the molded amorphous block of Table 1", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded amorphous block, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Tensile elongation, Ingeo 3100HP, crystalline moulding", "value": 2.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "ASTM D638", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as Tensile Elongation, % in the molded crystalline block of Table 1", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded crystalline block, Tensile Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact", "label": "Notched Izod impact, Ingeo 3D850 (3D printed)", "value": 118, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "3D printed part, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 15 min (TDS footnote 4)", "test": "ASTM D256", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 2.21 ft-lb/in (118 J/m) in the mechanical block of the 3D850 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Mechanical Properties (crystalline) block, Notched Izod Impact row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact", "label": "Notched Izod impact, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 16, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D256", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Typical value printed as 0.3 (16.0) ft-lb/in (J/m) in the 3052D datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Notched Izod Impact row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact", "label": "Notched Izod impact, Ingeo 3D870, XY axis, amorphous (3D printed)", "value": 160, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "XY axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D256", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 2.99 (160) ft-lb/in (J/m) in the Notched Izod Impact [amorphous] row of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Notched Izod Impact [amorphous] row, XY AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact", "label": "Notched Izod impact, Ingeo 3D870, XY axis, crystalline (3D printed)", "value": 233, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D870", "processing": "3D printed, 100 % infill, annealed 110 °C for 20 min (TDS footnote 3)", "orientation": "XY axis (as printed)", "test": "ASTM D256", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as 4.37 (233) ft-lb/in (J/m) in the Notched Izod Impact [crystalline] row of the 3D870 Mechanical Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Notched Izod Impact [crystalline] row, XY AXIS column", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, Ingeo 3D850", "value": 7, "value_high": 9, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3D850", "processing": "injection-moulded bars, typical properties (TDS footnote 1)", "test": "ASTM D1238", "temperature": "210 °C", "load": "2.16 kg" }, "method": "Printed as MFR, g/10 min, with footnote 2 giving 210 °C and 2.16 kg", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Typical Material Properties, Physical Properties, MFR row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melt_flow_rate", "label": "Melt flow rate, Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "value": 14, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/10 min", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D", "processing": "injection-moulding grade, typical properties; specimen form not printed", "test": "ASTM D1238", "temperature": "210 °C", "load": "2.16 kg" }, "method": "Typical value printed as MFR, g/10 min (210 °C, 2.16 kg) in the 3052D datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Typical Material and Application Properties table, MFR row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "molded_linear_shrinkage", "label": "Molded linear shrinkage, Ingeo 3100HP, amorphous moulding", "value": 0.2, "value_high": 0.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded amorphous, 26 °C mould temperature", "test": "not printed", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as Molded Linear Shrinkage, % in the molded amorphous block of Table 1; no test method printed", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded amorphous block, Molded Linear Shrinkage row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "molded_linear_shrinkage", "label": "Molded linear shrinkage, Ingeo 3100HP, crystalline moulding", "value": 1.7, "value_high": 1.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "Ingeo 3100HP", "processing": "moulded crystalline, 120 °C mould temperature, 1 wt % nucleating agent (TDS footnote 3)", "test": "not printed", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Printed as Molded Linear Shrinkage, % in the molded crystalline block of Table 1; no test method printed", "status": "ground", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, molded crystalline block, Molded Linear Shrinkage row", "source_detail": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Heat above the melting point (residence in the melt)", "headline": "Residues held above the melting point for more than 24 hours at 175 °C decompose significantly.", "effect": "The primary thermal decomposition product is acetaldehyde, with carbon monoxide and hexanal also named. The datasheet lists extruders, fibre spinning lines, injection moulding machines, accumulators, pipe lines and adapters as equipment where this can occur.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "temperature": "175 °C", "time": "more than 24 hours, above the melt" }, "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Safety and Handling Considerations, page 3" }, { "environment": "Moisture during drying and melting (hydrolysis and viscosity loss)", "headline": "Moisture above 0.025 % (250 ppm) risks viscosity degradation.", "effect": "Several datasheets recommend drying below 0.025 % (250 ppm) moisture to prevent viscosity degradation. The 1102 extrusion coating datasheet also warns that long residence causes thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and recommends 50 ppm for that grade.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "moisture_limit": "0.025 % (250 ppm)", "coating_grade_limit": "50 ppm" }, "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Drying section, page 1" }, { "environment": "Processing above 250 °C (depolymerisation)", "headline": "Melt temperatures above 250 °C can cause depolymerisation, which shows as excessive fuming.", "effect": "The 1102 datasheet recommends a maximum melt temperature of 250 °C with resin dried to 50 ppm, and says excessive fuming may indicate depolymerisation, especially if the resin is not adequately dried.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "melt_temperature_max": "250 °C", "moisture": "50 ppm" }, "source": "nw-1102", "where": "Processing text, machine configuration section" }, { "environment": "Heat in service (softening under load)", "headline": "Amorphous 3100HP and the 2003D and 3052D grades deform under load at 54 to 55 °C; nucleated crystalline formulations reach 144 to 149 °C.", "effect": "Heat deflection is 54 °C for amorphous 3100HP and 55 °C for the 2003D and 3052D grades, against 149 °C for 3100HP and 144 °C for 2500HP when crystallised with 1 wt % nucleating agent. Annealing printed parts at 80 to 130 °C raises their heat deflection temperature (3D850 datasheet).", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "load": "0.455 MPa (66 psi) for the 3100HP and 2500HP rows", "test": "ASTM E2092" }, "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, Heat Distortion Temperature rows, amorphous and crystalline blocks" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "NatureWorks says Ingeo has a very low degree of toxicity and should pose no unusual problems from incidental ingestion or eye and skin contact under normal use. Pellets or beads may present a slipping hazard.", "ghs": [], "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards and Handling Precautions, page 3" }, { "text": "NatureWorks product safety statement (February 2025): the FDA is quoted as saying Ingeo PLA is non-toxic, and lactic acid is generally recognised as safe as a food additive. This is a manufacturer statement, not a GHS classification.", "ghs": [], "source": "nw-safety", "where": "Pages 1 and 2" }, { "text": "Lactide (PubChem CID 7272), the cyclic dimer used to make PLA: H319 (100 %) causes serious eye irritation, with signal word Warning, aggregated from 158 reports in 6 ECHA notifications. This describes the monomer, not the polymer.", "ghs": [ "H319" ], "source": "pubchem-lactide", "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications" }, { "text": "Lactic acid (PubChem CID 612), the building block of PLA: H315 (87.5 %) causes skin irritation, H318 (91.9 %) causes serious eye damage and H314 (11.8 %) causes severe skin burns, with signal word Danger, aggregated from 2808 reports in 35 notifications. This describes the acid, not the polymer.", "ghs": [ "H314", "H315", "H318" ], "source": "pubchem-lactic", "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications" }, { "text": "Thermal decomposition products are acetaldehyde (primary), carbon monoxide and hexanal. The resin burns with clear to white smoke, and toxic fumes form on incomplete combustion.", "ghs": [], "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Safety and Handling Considerations, page 3" }, { "text": "Vapours and dusts may irritate the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Dust layers can ignite, and suspended dust can pose an explosion hazard.", "ghs": [], "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards and Handling Precautions and Combustibility, page 3" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Thermal decomposition in the melt", "trigger": "Residue held above the melting point for more than 24 hours at 175 °C", "consequence": "Significant decomposition, releasing acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide and hexanal", "severity": "moderate", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Safety and Handling Considerations, page 3" }, { "mode": "Viscosity loss from moisture", "trigger": "Moisture above 0.025 % (250 ppm) at melting", "consequence": "Viscosity degradation, the reason the datasheets give for the drying limit", "severity": "moderate", "source": "nw-2003d", "where": "Drying section, page 1" }, { "mode": "Depolymerisation above 250 °C", "trigger": "Melt processing above 250 °C, especially with resin that is not adequately dried", "consequence": "Excessive fuming, which the datasheet links to depolymerisation", "severity": "moderate", "source": "nw-1102", "where": "Processing text, machine configuration section" }, { "mode": "Softening under load (amorphous 3100HP)", "trigger": "Service above about 54 °C under 0.455 MPa, for amorphous 3100HP", "consequence": "Heat deflection at 54 °C; nucleated crystalline formulations hold to 144 to 149 °C", "severity": "moderate", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, Heat Distortion Temperature rows" }, { "mode": "Low notched impact strength", "trigger": "Impact on the 3052D grade", "consequence": "Notched Izod impact of 16 J/m (0.3 ft-lb/in) for the 3052D grade", "severity": "moderate", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Notched Izod Impact row" } ], "side_effects": [ { "text": "Workers should be protected from contact with molten resin during fabrication. The datasheet advises insulated gloves for thermal protection where the melt is handled locally.", "affects": "Operators during processing", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards and Handling Precautions, page 3" }, { "text": "Fumes from the melt above about 175 °C can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.", "affects": "Operators and people near processing equipment", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards and Handling Precautions, page 3" }, { "text": "Pellets or beads may present a slipping hazard on the processing floor.", "affects": "People in the processing area", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards and Handling Precautions, page 3" } ], "handling": [ { "text": "Dry the resin to a moisture content below 0.025 % (250 ppm) before melting. The 3D850 datasheet gives 4 hours at 80 °C as a typical condition, or a dew point of -35 °C.", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Drying section, page 2" }, { "text": "Keep dried resin sealed until it is used, and reseal unused material promptly. The resin should not be exposed to atmospheric conditions after drying.", "source": "nw-3052d", "where": "Drying section, page 1" }, { "text": "Use local exhaust ventilation at melt operations, and an approved dust respirator where dust forms.", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Hazards and Handling Precautions, page 3" }, { "text": "In extrusion coating, keep the melt at or below 250 °C with resin dried to 50 ppm, and minimise back pressure to shorten residence time.", "source": "nw-1102", "where": "Processing text" }, { "text": "Recycle unused, uncontaminated resin into the process where possible; otherwise send it to incineration. Do not dump PLA into sewers or any body of water.", "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Disposal section, page 3" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Heat resistance above 54 °C needs a crystalline, nucleated formulation. The 3100HP and 2500HP datasheets reach 144 to 149 °C heat deflection with 1 wt % nucleating agent added, but both grades are sold as neat resin.", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Table 1, footnote 3, crystalline blocks; Processing Information" }, { "text": "Anneal 3D printed parts at 110 to 120 °C to crystallise them and improve their thermal performance. The 3D870 datasheet gives about 20 minutes for 3.18 mm walls.", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Annealing Printed Parts section, page 2" }, { "text": "Choose 3D870 where impact strength matters with high heat: it prints with a 75 to 85 °C heat deflection and a notched Izod of 160 J/m (XY, amorphous).", "source": "nw-3d870", "where": "Mechanical Properties table; Annealing Printed Parts section" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "electronics-and-chips", "device": "Injection-moulded electronics housings", "example": "NatureWorks lists electronics housings and semi-durable building materials as uses of Ingeo 3100HP, a medium-flow injection-moulding grade. With 1 wt % nucleating agent added, its crystallised form has a heat deflection temperature of 149 °C at 0.455 MPa.", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Applications text, page 1; Table 1" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Semi-durable building materials (injection-moulded parts)", "example": "Ingeo 3100HP is named for semi-durable building materials, alongside disposable cutlery, cups and plates.", "source": "nw-3100hp", "where": "Applications text, page 1" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Polylactic acid (PLA) resin, Ingeo: production site in the United States", "abundance": "NatureWorks manufacturing facility at Blair, Nebraska, listed on its locations page.", "producers": [ { "country": "United States" } ], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "nw-locations", "where": "Locations page, Manufacturing Facility entry" }, { "subject": "Polylactic acid (PLA) resin, Ingeo: production site in Thailand", "abundance": "NatureWorks announced a grand opening of a fully integrated manufacturing facility in Thailand on April 29, 2026, as the first PLA producer to set up a second manufacturing site. A press release dated July 24, 2026 names the Nakhon Sawan Biocomplex.", "producers": [ { "country": "Thailand", "year": 2026 } ], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "nw-press", "where": "Press releases page, entries dated April 29, 2026 and July 24, 2026" }, { "subject": "Feedstock: fermentable plant sugars for lactic acid", "abundance": "NatureWorks says its lactic acid can come from fermenting the dextrose or sucrose of cassava, corn starch, sugar cane or sugar beets. No mineral is involved, so no USGS critical-mineral entry applies.", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "nw-feedstock", "where": "Sustainable feedstocks page, main text" }, { "subject": "Unused PLA resin at end of life", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Unused or uncontaminated resin: recycle into the process where possible; otherwise send to an incinerator or other thermal destruction device.", "substitutes": [], "source": "nw-3d850", "where": "Disposal section, page 3" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet (3D printing monofilament)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet (3D printing monofilament)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet (fresh food packaging, extrusion)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet (injection molding)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 3001D Technical Data Sheet (injection molding)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/65678305-5cfe-4bc2-99bd-4ae066d803aa/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3001D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet (injection molding)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 2500HP Technical Data Sheet (extrusion)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/df32280e-89c5-4dc7-8e52-a2327f8b4bda/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2500HP_extrusion.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Ingeo Biopolymer 1102 Technical Data Sheet (extrusion coating)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/5bf5ac0d-902b-4cd1-b8bc-ee648f863924/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_1102_Extrusion-20Coating_v7.pdf?language=en" }, { "title": "NatureWorks, Product Safety and Toxicity (February 4, 2025)", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/1afc24f0-7e5a-4bed-9d6b-bdb5f4489701/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/NatureWorks-Product-Safety-Toxicity.pdf?language=en", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "PubChem CID 7272, Lactide: GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/7272/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification" }, { "title": "PubChem CID 612, Lactic Acid: GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/612/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification" } ], "gaps": [ "No moisture absorption value (equilibrium water uptake, % by weight) for PLA is printed on any fetched page. The datasheets give drying limits only, below 0.025 % (250 ppm) moisture.", "No hydrolysis rate, molecular-weight loss or humidity-ageing data for named grades was found. The 1102 datasheet names hydrolytic degradation only in words, and a 2012 NatureWorks presentation calls new grades more hydrolysis resistant without numbers. Neither is entered.", "No UV, radiation, solvent, acid or alkali resistance data for PLA was found in the fetched sources, so those rows are not entered.", "No flight, outgassing (ASTM E595) or atomic-oxygen data for PLA was found, so no environment tag is set and no space test result is entered.", "Vicat softening temperature, specific heat, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and refractive index are not printed on the fetched datasheets, so none is entered.", "Specific gravity 1.24 is printed without a unit on the 2003D, 3052D, 3001D, 3100HP and 2500HP datasheets. Those values are not entered. The 3D850 and 3D870 values are the only density rows, because they are printed in g/cc.", "No test temperature is printed for the ASTM mechanical, flexural, impact or melt tests on the datasheets. Those conditions read not printed. The heat deflection load is not printed for the 2003D and 3052D rows.", "The 3D850 heat deflection row sits in the crystalline mechanical block under footnote 4. The datasheet does not name a specimen for that row separately.", "The PLA heat release values (peak heat release rate 375 W/g, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry) quoted in Jones et al. 2018 (PMC6279784) name no PLA grade, so they are not entered. That table also gives a total heat release of 17.8 kJ/g for PLA against 21.5 kJ/g in its text.", "CAS 26023-30-3 is not printed on any fetched page. PubChem name lookups for polylactic acid, polylactide and CAS 26100-51-6 returned no compound, so no PubChem record for the polymer is cited.", "Hazard data for the polymer come from NatureWorks statements and from PubChem records for lactide and lactic acid (the monomer and the building block). NatureWorks says safety data sheets are available on request, and none was found on the public pages read, so no SDS is cited.", "Producer shares by country, capacity volumes and other PLA producers (for example TotalEnergies Corbion) were not read. The supply entries list only the two NatureWorks sites named on its own pages.", "Wikipedia gives density (1210 to 1430 kg/m3), melting point (150 to 160 °C) and glass transition (60 to 65 °C) figures. They are not entered, because Wikipedia is used here for identifiers, formula and synthesis only.", "Non-canonical property names are used: notched_izod_impact, melt_flow_rate and molded_linear_shrinkage. None of these is in spores/property-canon.yaml.", "No photographs or diagrams were added to media, and no image licence was read in this run.", "The 3D300 and 3D700 printing datasheets were downloaded but not read in detail, so no value from them is entered.", "Atomic weights are not computed for the recipe, because no NIST table was read in this run. Atom counts come from the printed backbone formula.", "No long-term heat ageing or service-life data at 55 °C or above was found in the fetched sources." ], "story": { "why": "PLA is a plant-based plastic made from lactic acid. It is stiff, it moulds, extrudes and prints easily, and several grades are clear. Its weak point is heat. Unless it is crystallised, it softens at about 55 °C, and it must be kept dry before melting.", "uses": [ { "where": "Electronics housings", "line": "NatureWorks lists electronics housings and semi-durable building materials as uses of Ingeo 3100HP, a medium-flow injection-moulding grade." }, { "where": "3D printing", "line": "The 3D850 and 3D870 monofilament grades are sold for 3D printers. The 3D850 is a high-heat grade, and the 3D870 is a high-heat and impact grade." }, { "where": "Cups, cutlery and food packaging", "line": "NatureWorks names Ingeo 2003D for fresh food packaging and food serviceware, and Ingeo 3052D and 3001D for cutlery, cups, plates and outdoor novelties." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Stiff", "line": "Ingeo biopolymer 3052D has a flexural modulus of 3600 MPa, and Ingeo 3100HP reaches 4357 MPa when crystallised with 1 wt % nucleating agent.", "benchmark": "flexural_modulus", "scope": "material", "value": "3600 MPa to 4357 MPa" }, { "label": "Strong", "line": "Tensile yield strength is 62 MPa for Ingeo biopolymer 3052D, and 64 to 65 MPa for Ingeo 3100HP, amorphous or crystallised (ASTM D638).", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material", "value": "62 MPa to 65 MPa" }, { "label": "Clear", "line": "The clarity rows read transparent for Ingeo biopolymer 3052D, Ingeo 3001D and the amorphous-moulded 3100HP.", "scope": "material", "value": "Transparent (amorphous)" }, { "label": "Heat", "line": "Heat deflection temperature is 54 °C for amorphous 3100HP, and 149 °C for 3100HP crystallised with 1 wt % nucleating agent, at 0.455 MPa.", "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "scope": "material", "value": "54 °C to 149 °C" }, { "label": "Printed heat", "line": "After annealing, the high-heat monofilaments reach a heat deflection temperature of 75 to 90 °C (3D870 and 3D850, ASTM E2092).", "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "scope": "material", "value": "75 °C to 90 °C" } ], "compare": "Among the grades in these datasheets, density is 1.22 to 1.24 g/cc, and the glass transition is 55 to 60 °C where it is printed. The big spread is in heat: 54 to 55 °C for the moulded grades 3100HP (amorphous), 2003D and 3052D, 75 to 90 °C for the printed high-heat monofilaments, and 144 to 149 °C for nucleated crystalline moulded formulations.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Glass transition temperature", "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Heat deflection temperature", "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Dry the resin below 0.025 % (250 ppm) moisture before melting. The 3D850 datasheet gives 4 hours at 80 °C as a typical condition.", "Keep dried resin sealed, and reseal unused material promptly.", "Keep the melt at or below 250 °C in extrusion coating, with resin dried to 50 ppm.", "Use local exhaust ventilation at melt operations and insulated gloves where the melt is handled.", "Anneal printed parts at 80 to 130 °C to raise the heat deflection temperature (3D850 datasheet)." ], "good_for": [ "Clear moulded cups, cutlery and plates from the clear grades Ingeo 3052D and 3001D (flexural modulus 3600 MPa for 3052D).", "Printed parts from the monofilament grades: Ingeo 3D850 (heat deflection 80 to 90 °C) and Ingeo 3D870 (75 to 85 °C, with a notched Izod of 160 J/m in the XY direction).", "Electronics housings and semi-durable building materials from Ingeo 3100HP, a medium-flow injection-moulding grade.", "Fresh food packaging and food serviceware from Ingeo 2003D, an extrusion grade for sheet and roll stock." ], "watch_out": [ "Heat: the 2003D, 3052D and amorphous 3100HP grades reach a heat deflection of only 54 to 55 °C. Only nucleated crystalline formulations (144 to 149 °C) are used above that.", "Moisture: dry the resin below 0.025 % (250 ppm) before melting, or viscosity degrades.", "Decomposition: residues held above the melt for more than 24 hours at 175 °C decompose significantly.", "Space: no flight, outgassing or atomic-oxygen data for PLA was found in the sources read." ], "verdict": "PLA is a stiff, bio-based polyester that moulds, extrudes and prints well, with a density of 1.22 to 1.24 g/cc and a glass transition of 55 to 60 °C. Heat resistance depends on crystallinity: the 2003D, 3052D and amorphous 3100HP grades soften at 54 to 55 °C, and nucleated crystalline formulations reach 144 to 149 °C. For space use, no flight, outgassing or atomic-oxygen data was found, so PLA is not verified for orbit.", "recipe": { "line": "PLA is a polyester of lactic acid. Wikipedia describes it as formally made by condensation of lactic acid with loss of water, or by ring-opening polymerisation of lactide, the cyclic dimer of the repeat unit. Lactic acid can be made by fermenting plant sugars. NatureWorks says these can be the dextrose or sucrose of cassava, corn starch, sugar cane or sugar beets. The backbone formula is (C3H4O2)n, a repeat of [-C(CH3)HC(=O)O-].", "parts": [ { "name": "Carbon", "symbol": "C", "role": "Carbon backbone of the repeat unit: the methine, methyl and carbonyl carbons of each lactic acid unit.", "share_note": "3 atoms per repeat unit, from the printed formula (C3H4O2)n", "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Lead paragraph, backbone formula" }, { "name": "Hydrogen", "symbol": "H", "role": "Four hydrogens per repeat unit: three on the methyl group and one on the methine carbon.", "share_note": "4 atoms per repeat unit, from the printed formula (C3H4O2)n", "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Lead paragraph, backbone formula" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "symbol": "O", "role": "Two oxygens per repeat unit: the carbonyl oxygen and the ester oxygen.", "share_note": "2 atoms per repeat unit, from the printed formula (C3H4O2)n", "source": "wikipedia-pla", "where": "Lead paragraph, backbone formula" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "NatureWorks describes the polymer as very low in toxicity. The hazard data that exist are for the monomer and for the lactic acid building block.", "points": [ { "label": "Polymer", "line": "The 3D850 datasheet says Ingeo has a very low degree of toxicity and should pose no unusual problems from incidental ingestion or eye and skin contact under normal use." }, { "label": "Lactide", "line": "PubChem lists lactide (CID 7272) with H319, serious eye irritation, in 100 % of the company reports that give a hazard code, with signal word Warning." }, { "label": "Lactic acid", "line": "PubChem lists lactic acid (CID 612) with H315, H318 and H314: skin irritation, serious eye damage and severe skin burns, with signal word Danger." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Low toxicity; monomer irritant" }, { "title": "If it overheats", "lead": "Heat is the main hazard in processing. Above the melt, PLA gives off acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide and hexanal.", "points": [ { "label": "Decomposition", "line": "Residues held above the melting point for more than 24 hours at 175 °C decompose significantly (3D850 datasheet)." }, { "label": "Fumes", "line": "Above the melt, typically at 175 °C, fumes that irritate the eyes and mucous membranes can form (3D850 datasheet)." }, { "label": "Fire", "line": "The resin burns with clear to white smoke. Toxic fumes form on incomplete combustion, and suspended dust can explode (3D850 datasheet)." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Fumes and decomposition above the melt" }, { "title": "Handling and storage", "points": [ { "label": "Moisture", "line": "Dry the resin below 0.025 % (250 ppm) moisture before melting, or viscosity degrades (3D850 and 2003D datasheets)." }, { "label": "Dust", "line": "Dust and vapours may irritate the eyes and upper airways. Use an approved dust respirator where dust forms (3D850 datasheet)." }, { "label": "Disposal", "line": "Recycle unused, uncontaminated resin into the process where possible, otherwise send it to incineration (3D850 datasheet)." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-24", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 49, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 10, "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from the NatureWorks datasheets (PDF text extracted with pdftotext in this run), NatureWorks web pages, PubChem REST records and Wikipedia. Web search was unavailable, so pages were fetched directly. Caveats: no test temperature is printed; the 3D850 heat deflection row sits in the crystalline block; the 2003D and 3052D heat deflection loads are not printed; the 3052D flexural header reads MPa with a psi-like first number; specific gravity is printed without a unit on five grades." }, "sources": { "nw-3d850": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D850 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6d5ea62c-7872-4297-aff7-67b8a53fe47f/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D850_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-3d870": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3D870 Technical Data Sheet, 3D printing monofilament (high heat and impact grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/ac36d91b-1b72-48f5-b75c-d607d6f04b91/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3D870_monofilament.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-2003d": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2003D Technical Data Sheet, fresh food packaging and food serviceware (extrusion grade)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/c6e20928-e3c4-4cc7-b47a-75e57eb9fd27/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2003D_FFP-FSW.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-3052d": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3052D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/6805abc8-bb6a-4261-a75c-5abe985b51a9/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3052D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-3001d": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3001D Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (clear)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/65678305-5cfe-4bc2-99bd-4ae066d803aa/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3001D_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-3100hp": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 3100HP Technical Data Sheet, injection molding (medium viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/569f5e37-1445-4562-b48a-2595ac9cea60/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_3100HP_injection-molding.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-2500hp": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 2500HP Technical Data Sheet, extrusion (high viscosity, crystallising)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/df32280e-89c5-4dc7-8e52-a2327f8b4bda/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_2500HP_extrusion.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-1102": { "title": "Ingeo Biopolymer 1102 Technical Data Sheet, two-component system for extrusion coating on paper and paperboard", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/5bf5ac0d-902b-4cd1-b8bc-ee648f863924/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/TechnicalDataSheet_1102_Extrusion-20Coating_v7.pdf?language=en", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-safety": { "title": "NatureWorks, Product Safety and Toxicity (statement dated February 4, 2025)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/getContentAsset/1afc24f0-7e5a-4bed-9d6b-bdb5f4489701/53ffd608-340f-457b-b656-6b8cc0000bd4/NatureWorks-Product-Safety-Toxicity.pdf?language=en", "year": 2025, "kind": "report", "license": "Manufacturer statement (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-feedstock": { "title": "NatureWorks, Sustainable feedstocks", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/sustainability/sustainable-feedstocks", "kind": "web", "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-locations": { "title": "NatureWorks, Locations (manufacturing facility, Blair, Nebraska)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/about/locations", "kind": "web", "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nw-press": { "title": "NatureWorks, press releases (Thailand manufacturing facility, 2026)", "url": "https://www.natureworksllc.com/about/news/press-releases", "kind": "web", "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "pubchem-lactide": { "title": "PubChem CID 7272, Lactide: GHS classification (aggregated ECHA C&L notifications)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/7272/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification", "kind": "database", "license": "Public domain (NIH PubChem)" }, "pubchem-lactic": { "title": "PubChem CID 612, Lactic Acid: GHS classification (aggregated ECHA C&L notifications)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/612/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification", "kind": "database", "license": "Public domain (NIH PubChem)" }, "wikipedia-pla": { "title": "Polylactic acid, Wikipedia (lead: backbone formula; identifiers: CAS number; synthesis; feedstock; stereoisomers)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acid", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pla/" }