{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "phosphor-bronze-c521",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Phosphor bronze C52100 (CuSn8)",
  "abbreviation": "C521",
  "role": "highest-tin wrought phosphor bronze for springs, connectors and slide bearings",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Phosphor bronze C52100 (UNS C52100, CDA C521, EN CW453K, name CuSn8) is a wrought copper alloy with 7.00 to 9.00 % tin and 0.03 to 0.35 % phosphorus. Aurubis calls it the highest alloyed phosphor bronze in its family. Its density is 8.79 g/cm3 and its annealed electrical conductivity is 13 %IACS. The spring temper H08 has a tensile strength of 725 to 820 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 690 MPa, and H10 reaches 760 to 840 MPa. It is sold for springs, connectors, relays and slide bearings.\n",
  "best_for": "Springs and connectors: the H08 spring temper has 725 to 820 MPa tensile strength and 690 MPa minimum yield (Aurubis), and the alloy solders and brazes excellently",
  "weakest_at": "Dust and fume when cut, ground or welded (Fisk SDS); the only seawater corrosion rate read is an unnamed-test manufacturer claim (jtcopper)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu-Sn-P wrought alloy, UNS C52100 (CuSn8): copper remainder, tin 7.00 to 9.00 %, phosphorus 0.03 to 0.35 %; lead 0.05 max, zinc 0.20 max, iron 0.10 max (wt %)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C52100",
        "source": "aurubis-c52100",
        "where": "Header, Comparable standards line: UNS C52100"
      },
      {
        "system": "CDA",
        "code": "C521",
        "source": "concast-c52100",
        "where": "Similar-specification table, C52100 row, CDA column"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CW453K",
        "source": "aurubis-c52100",
        "where": "Header, Comparable standards line: EN CW453K"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CuSn8",
        "source": "aurubis-c52100",
        "where": "Title line, C52100 (CuSn8)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CuSn8P",
        "source": "concast-c52100",
        "where": "Opening sentence, C521 also designated as CuSn8P"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "PB104",
        "source": "concast-c52100",
        "where": "Opening sentence, C521 also designated as PB104"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "C5210",
        "source": "jtcopper-c52100",
        "where": "Other designations line, JIS C5210"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B139",
        "note": "rod and bar",
        "source": "concast-c52100",
        "where": "Similar-specification table, C52100 row, ASTM column (ASTM B139/B139M)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "concast-c52100",
    "where": "Chemical composition table, ASTM B139/B139M-12(2024), C52100 row (concast.com); the jtcopper page prints the same tin, phosphorus, iron, lead and zinc limits"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, phosphor bronze C52100",
      "value": 8.79,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C52100 (CuSn8)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.318 lb/in3 at 20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Density, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Solidus and liquidus, phosphor bronze C52100",
      "value": 882,
      "value_high": 1027,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C52100",
        "unit_in_source": "solidus 1620 °F; liquidus 1880 °F",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Solidus and liquidus printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer page; value is the solidus (low) and the liquidus (high)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Aurubis datasheet prints a single melting point of 1040 °C (1904 °F) for the same alloy. The Concast range is used here and the conflict is listed in gaps.",
      "source": "concast-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, rows Melting range liquidus and solidus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, phosphor bronze C52100",
      "value": 13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C52100",
        "temperature": "68 °F (20 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "13% IACS at 68 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Electrical conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, phosphor bronze C52100",
      "value": 67,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "39 Btu/ft h °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Concast table prints 36 Btu/sq ft/ft hr/°F (62.3 W/m) for the same alloy. The Aurubis value is used and the conflict is listed in gaps.",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Thermal cond. at 20 °C, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C",
      "value": 17.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 300 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "10.1 ·10-6 per °F (68-572 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer page, physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row CTE, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, phosphor bronze C52100",
      "value": 0.377,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.09 Btu/lb °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, phosphor bronze C52100",
      "value": 115,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "16.7 x1000 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Concast page prints 110310 MPa for the modulus of elasticity in tension. The Aurubis value is used and the difference is listed in gaps.",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Mod. of elasticity, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, H02 temper, range",
      "value": 475,
      "value_high": 580,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H02 (1/2H)",
        "unit_in_source": "69 to 84 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H02 (1/2H), column Rm, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, H02 temper, minimum",
      "value": 350,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H02 (1/2H)",
        "unit_in_source": "51 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H02 (1/2H), column Rp0.2 min, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, H02 temper, minimum",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H02 (1/2H)",
        "gauge_length": "2 inch"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H02 (1/2H), column Elongation 2 inch",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, H04 hard temper, minimum",
      "value": 585,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H04 hard",
        "size": "1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal",
        "unit_in_source": "85 ksi",
        "standard": "ASTM B139/B139M"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 1/4 to 1/2 inch inclusive, column Tensile strength min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, H04 hard temper, minimum",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H04 hard",
        "size": "1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal",
        "basis": "4 times diameter"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 1/4 to 1/2 inch inclusive, column Elongation min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, H08 spring temper, range",
      "value": 725,
      "value_high": 820,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H08 (SH) spring",
        "unit_in_source": "105 to 119 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H08 (SH), column Rm, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, H08 spring temper, minimum",
      "value": 690,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H08 (SH) spring",
        "unit_in_source": "100 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H08 (SH), column Rp0.2 min, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, H08 spring temper, minimum",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H08 (SH) spring",
        "gauge_length": "2 inch"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H08 (SH), column Elongation 2 inch",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, H10 extra spring temper, range",
      "value": 760,
      "value_high": 840,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H10 (ES) extra spring",
        "unit_in_source": "110 to 122 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H10 (ES), column Rm, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, H10 extra spring temper, minimum",
      "value": 725,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H10 (ES) extra spring",
        "unit_in_source": "105 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H10 (ES), column Rp0.2 min, metric value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
        "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, hard temper (France et al. 1969 data)",
      "value": 690,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "hard",
        "form": "strip",
        "unit_in_source": "100 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value in the data file of a University of Waterloo materials page, which cites W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969; the source notes the data were digitised from plots and may contain errors",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fde-521-hard",
      "where": "Data file header, Su= 690 mpa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "University of Waterloo FDE, Phosphor bronze 8 % Sn hard temper, from W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969",
        "url": "https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze521-hard.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "University web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, hard temper (France et al. 1969 data)",
      "value": 510,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "hard",
        "form": "strip"
      },
      "method": "Value in the data file of a University of Waterloo materials page; digitised from plots",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fde-521-hard",
      "where": "Data file header, Sy= 510 mpa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "University of Waterloo FDE, Phosphor bronze 8 % Sn hard temper, from W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969",
        "url": "https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze521-hard.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "University web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, hard temper (France et al. 1969 data)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "hard",
        "gauge_length": "2 inch"
      },
      "method": "Value in the data file of a University of Waterloo materials page; digitised from plots",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fde-521-hard",
      "where": "Data file header, %Elongation= 10 % over 2 inch",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "University of Waterloo FDE, Phosphor bronze 8 % Sn hard temper, from W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969",
        "url": "https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze521-hard.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "University web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater and weak acids, manufacturer claim",
      "headline": "The jtcopper page states a seawater corrosion rate below 0.015 mm/year for C52100.",
      "effect": "The page gives this rate in its key features and core advantages sections but names no test method or exposure time. It is recorded as a claim, not a test result.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement, no test standard named",
        "exposure": "seawater, duration not stated"
      },
      "source": "jtcopper-c52100",
      "where": "Key Features and Core Advantages sections, seawater corrosion rate line"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air and general service, qualitative",
      "headline": "Aurubis rates C52100 as having better corrosion resistance than the other alloys in its family and good sliding properties, with no numeric rate.",
      "effect": "The datasheet text says the alloy has better corrosion resistance, and it names no exposure or test. No corrosion rate in mm/year or mpy was printed on any page read in this run.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement from a manufacturer datasheet",
        "exposure": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Description paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Alloy chemistry, tin content",
      "headline": "Tin is the element that gives phosphor bronze its corrosion resistance and strength.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says tin increases the corrosion resistance and strength of the alloy. The article gives no corrosion data and describes phosphor bronze in general, not C52100 in particular.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general description, no test data"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-phosphor-bronze",
      "where": "Introduction, lead paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The Fisk Alloy SDS lists C52100 in its product identifier and classifies the solid alloy as Not Classified under GHS-US, with No Labeling Applicable. Cutting, welding, melting or grinding produce dust and fume that may cause irritation and metal fume fever, and fine dust in air may present an explosion hazard.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "fisk-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazard(s) identification (classification table and HNOC paragraphs)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same SDS says tin dust and fume may cause stannosis after chronic exposure, that tin has been shown to increase sarcoma incidence in animal tests, and that long-term phosphorus exposure may affect the kidney and liver.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "fisk-sds",
        "where": "Section 11, Toxicological information, tin and phosphorus paragraphs"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Fatigue under reversed bending",
        "trigger": "Cyclic bending of hard temper strip at stress amplitudes of about 187 to 329 MPa",
        "consequence": "In the digitised 1969 data, the sample at 329 MPa failed at 830,340 reversals, and the samples at 187 and 194 MPa reached 200,000,000 reversals without failure.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "fde-521-hard",
        "where": "Data file table, rows with StsAmpl 329 and runout rows at 187 and 194"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Exceeding the maximum service temperature",
        "trigger": "Service above 200 °C",
        "consequence": "The jtcopper page prints a maximum service temperature of 200 °C. Above it the spring temper and its strength are not expected to hold, but the page gives no test basis for the limit.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "jtcopper-c52100",
        "where": "Physical properties table, row Max Service Temp"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the temper, since H02, H04, H08 and H10 have very different strengths, from 475 to 580 MPa for H02 to 725 to 820 MPa for H08.",
        "source": "aurubis-c52100",
        "where": "Mechanical properties table, all tempers"
      },
      {
        "text": "H04 hard has a minimum tensile strength of 585 MPa in 1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal sizes.",
        "source": "concast-c52100",
        "where": "Mechanical properties table, H04 row"
      },
      {
        "text": "Control dust, fume and sparks when cutting, grinding or welding, since the SDS warns of irritation and a combustible dust hazard.",
        "source": "fisk-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazard(s) identification"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Connectors and relay springs",
      "example": "Aurubis lists connectors, frame connectors, relays and conductor springs among the typical uses of C52100, in automotive and electrical engineering components.",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Typical uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Springs, slide bearings and bushings",
      "example": "Aurubis lists spring rings and slide bearings and bushings among the typical uses of C52100. Wikipedia lists springs, bolts, bushings, bearings and electrical switches with moving or sliding parts among phosphor bronze uses.",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Typical uses section, spring rings, slide bearings and bushings"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Retaining clamps",
      "example": "Aurubis lists retaining clamps among the typical uses of C52100.",
      "source": "aurubis-c52100",
      "where": "Typical uses section, retaining clamps"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Copper (remainder of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, 90 FR 50494)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: old scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and about 760,000 tons was recovered from new scrap; scrap contributed about 30 % of U.S. copper supply.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in electrical equipment and power cable, and optical fiber substitutes for copper in telecommunications applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000; Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; Russia 1,300); shares calculated from those values; Critical minerals text; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Tin (7.00 to 9.00 % of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 24.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 21,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 9.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 9.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 17,000 tons of tin from old and new scrap was estimated to have been recycled in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, glass, paper, plastic or tin-free steel substitute for tin in cans and containers; epoxy resins substitute for tin in solder."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 290,000; China 71,000; Indonesia 61,000; Peru 33,000; Brazil 28,000; Congo (Kinshasa) 27,000); shares calculated from those values; Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page (composition, physical, mechanical and designation tables)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "jtcopper, C52100 bronze product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://en.jtcopper.com/c52100-bronze.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "University of Waterloo FDE data file, Phosphor bronze 8 % Sn hard temper (after W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze521-hard.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Phosphor bronze",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronze"
    },
    {
      "title": "Fisk Alloy Safety Data Sheet FAWSDS-5, C51000, C51900, C52100 (revision 11-09-2017)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://fiskalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Fisk-Alloy-Safety-Datasheet-FAWSDS-5.pdf",
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tin",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Critical name conflict: the Concast page prints CW451K for C521, but the Aurubis datasheet prints CW453K for C52100. CW453K is entered. The sister profile bronze-c510 uses CW451K for C51000, so the EN code is not resolved here.",
    "Melting point conflict: Concast prints solidus 882 °C and liquidus 1027 °C; Aurubis prints a single melting point of 1040 °C (1904 °F). The Concast range is used.",
    "Thermal conductivity conflict: Concast prints 36 Btu/sq ft/ft hr/°F (62.3 W/m); Aurubis prints 39 Btu/ft h °F (67 W/mK). The Aurubis value is used.",
    "Modulus conflict: Concast prints 110310 MPa; Aurubis prints 115 GPa. The Aurubis value is used.",
    "Electrical conductivity: Aurubis prints 12.9 %IACS for the soft condition only, and Concast prints 13 %IACS at 68 °F. The Concast value is used.",
    "The jtcopper page prints tensile strengths for H08 (860 to 1035 MPa) and H02 (655 to 795 MPa) that do not match the Aurubis table (725 to 820 MPa and 475 to 580 MPa). The page says its data were synthesized from ASTM, GB, JIS and manufacturer specifications, so its tensile and hardness values are not entered. Only its seawater corrosion claim and max service temperature are used, and both are flagged as claims.",
    "The Concast table lists only one temper (H04) for ASTM B139. The spring tempers rest on one manufacturer datasheet (Aurubis), so they need a mill certificate check before design use.",
    "The aircraftmaterials.com CDA 521 page returned HTTP 404 and was not used. The Concast PDF was not retrieved in this run.",
    "The FDE 1969 values are digitised from plots and come from one source. The FDE page title reads Alloy-C521000, a typo for C52100, and it prints the modulus with no unit, so the modulus is not entered from it.",
    "No annealing or stress-relief temperature range for C52100 was found in the sources read, so the loss-of-temper failure route is not entered.",
    "Hardness (Rockwell B 93 typical for H04, Concast) is printed but not entered, because its name is not in the canonical property list.",
    "The seawater corrosion rate below 0.015 mm/year is an unnamed-test manufacturer claim, not a test result read from a standard.",
    "Atomic weights for the alloy elements were not found in the sources, so the recipe parts carry weight shares only.",
    "The USGS tin summary read in this run does not mention a critical minerals list, so the critical list field for tin is empty.",
    "Outgassing, cold welding and atomic oxygen erosion for C52100 were not searched and no values are recorded.",
    "The W.Nr. number was not printed on any fetched page and is not entered. The UE9P, DTD265A and CW451K designations printed on the Concast page are not entered as the EN or AFNOR grade codes, because the other sources conflict or do not print them for C52100."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Phosphor bronze C52100 is a copper alloy with about 8 % tin and 0.2 % phosphorus. Aurubis calls it the highest alloyed phosphor bronze in its family, and the tin gives it high strength with still adequate conductivity. The Aurubis table gives 725 to 820 MPa tensile for the H08 spring temper, and Concast gives 585 MPa minimum for H04 hard. The alloy is used for springs, connectors, relays and slide bearings.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Connectors and relays",
        "line": "Aurubis lists connectors, frame connectors, relays and conductor springs among the typical uses of C52100."
      },
      {
        "where": "Springs and slide bearings",
        "line": "Aurubis lists spring rings, slide bearings and bushings. Wikipedia lists springs, bolts, bushings and bearings among phosphor bronze uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Retaining clamps",
        "line": "Aurubis lists retaining clamps among the typical uses of C52100."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry springs",
        "line": "The H08 spring temper has a tensile range of 725 to 820 MPa, with a minimum yield of 690 MPa (Aurubis).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "725 to 820 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Take the density",
        "line": "The Aurubis datasheet gives a density of 8.79 g/cm3 at 20 °C.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.79 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Conduct electricity",
        "line": "The Concast page gives an electrical conductivity of 13 %IACS at 68 °F.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "13 %IACS"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melt",
        "line": "The solidus is 882 °C and the liquidus is 1027 °C in the Concast table. The Aurubis datasheet gives a single melting point of 1040 °C.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "882 to 1027 °C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Among the phosphor bronzes, C52100 is the highest-tin member (7.00 to 9.00 % tin in the ASTM B139 limits). Its strength in the spring tempers is the highest of the tin-bronze grades read here, and its electrical conductivity is 13 %IACS. The lower-tin C51000 grade has its own profile, bronze-c510, for direct comparison.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical conductivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper, since the strength depends strongly on it.",
      "Solder and braze the alloy: the Aurubis fabrication table rates soldering and brazing as excellent.",
      "Control dust, fume and sparks when cutting, grinding or welding."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Springs and connectors: the H08 spring temper gives 725 to 820 MPa tensile strength, with 690 MPa minimum yield (Aurubis).",
      "Slide bearings and bushings: Aurubis rates the alloy for good sliding properties and wear resistance.",
      "Solderable and brazeable parts: Aurubis rates soldering and brazing as excellent."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Dust and fume when cut, ground or welded, per the Fisk SDS.",
      "Spring tempers rest on one manufacturer datasheet, so confirm the temper on a mill certificate.",
      "The seawater corrosion rate below 0.015 mm/year is a manufacturer claim without a named test.",
      "Melting, thermal conductivity and modulus figures differ between the Concast and Aurubis sources."
    ],
    "verdict": "Phosphor bronze C52100 is the highest-tin member of the phosphor bronze family, with 7.00 to 9.00 % tin. Its strength depends strongly on temper, and the H08 spring temper gives 725 to 820 MPa tensile strength. The alloy solders and brazes well, and dust from machining is the main hazard. This profile lacks a verified seawater test, a confirmed EN code and an annealing range.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "C52100 is a copper-tin-phosphorus alloy: copper is the matrix, and tin gives most of the strength and the corrosion resistance. Phosphorus is a trace addition that Wikipedia says raises wear resistance and stiffness. Lead, zinc and iron are impurity limits, and the wrought bar, rod, wire and strip are made by cold working and annealing.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "The matrix. Concast and the ASTM B139 composition table give copper as the remainder."
        },
        {
          "name": "Tin",
          "symbol": "Sn",
          "role": "Gives most of the strength and corrosion resistance (Concast composition table, Wikipedia)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "A trace addition that raises wear resistance and stiffness (Wikipedia)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Lead",
          "symbol": "Pb",
          "role": "Impurity limit."
        },
        {
          "name": "Zinc",
          "symbol": "Zn",
          "role": "Impurity limit."
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity limit."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The opened sources give a hazard for dust and fume from the alloy, not for the solid metal.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "The Fisk SDS classifies the solid alloy as Not Classified under GHS-US, with no labelling. Hazards come from the dust, fume and powder made when it is cut, ground or welded."
          },
          {
            "label": "Tin and phosphorus in dust",
            "line": "The same SDS says tin dust and fume can cause stannosis after chronic exposure and that tin has been shown to increase sarcoma incidence in animal tests. It also says long-term phosphorus exposure may affect the kidney and liver."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust and fume, not solid metal"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are fatigue in hard temper strip and use above the printed service limit.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fatigue",
            "line": "In the digitised 1969 data, a sample at 329 MPa stress amplitude failed at 830,340 reversals, and samples at 187 and 194 MPa reached 200,000,000 reversals without failure."
          },
          {
            "label": "Service limit",
            "line": "The jtcopper page prints a maximum service temperature of 200 °C. It gives no test basis for that figure."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Specify the temper",
            "line": "H02 has 475 to 580 MPa tensile strength, H08 spring has 725 to 820 MPa, and H10 extra spring has 760 to 840 MPa. Choose the temper before the strength is quoted."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Control dust, fume and sparks when cutting, grinding or welding."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 20,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry; the USGS PDFs were extracted with pdftotext and the Aurubis datasheet with pdftotext -layout. Unreachable: the aircraftmaterials.com CDA 521 page (HTTP 404) and the Concast PDF (not retrieved). Caveats: the FDE values are digitised from plots; the melting, thermal conductivity and modulus figures conflict between Concast and Aurubis; the spring tempers rest on a single datasheet; the jtcopper tensile values conflict with the other sources and are not used; the EN code CW451K versus CW453K is unresolved."
  },
  "sources": {
    "aurubis-c52100": {
      "title": "Aurubis, Technical Datasheet C52100 (CuSn8), 18 08 US",
      "url": "https://www.aurubis.be/en/dam/jcr:c9afaa1f-9929-4944-9580-207b545952b6/c52100-cusn8-us.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "concast-c52100": {
      "title": "Concast, C52100 phosphor bronze product page",
      "url": "https://concast.com/c52100.php",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "jtcopper-c52100": {
      "title": "jtcopper, C52100 bronze product page",
      "url": "https://en.jtcopper.com/c52100-bronze.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "fde-521-hard": {
      "title": "University of Waterloo FDE, Phosphor bronze 8 % Sn hard temper, from W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969",
      "url": "https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze521-hard.html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "University web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-phosphor-bronze": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Phosphor bronze",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronze",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "fisk-sds": {
      "title": "Fisk Alloy Safety Data Sheet FAWSDS-5, C51000, C51900, C52100",
      "url": "https://fiskalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Fisk-Alloy-Safety-Datasheet-FAWSDS-5.pdf",
      "year": 2017,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-tin": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tin",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/phosphor-bronze-c521/"
}