{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pet",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyesters",
  "name": "Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), including biaxially oriented film (Mylar)",
  "abbreviation": "PET",
  "role": "Polyester film for thermal blankets, solar sails and electrical insulation",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyesters",
  "summary": "PET is a polyester made from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Biaxially oriented PET film, sold as Mylar by DuPont Teijin Films, is a tough, flat, chemically resistant film with a density of 1.390 g/cm3 and a melting point of 254 degC (DSC). It was on the MISSE 2 tray outside the ISS for about four years, where its atomic-oxygen erosion yield was 3.01e-24 cm3/atom. Aluminized PET film is the reflective core of multilayer insulation blankets and of the 4.5 micron sails on NASA's LightSail spacecraft.\n",
  "best_for": "Thin, lightweight, flexible film where low mass and tensile strength matter, and where it sits in vacuum away from direct sunlight (multilayer insulation, sails, electrical insulation)",
  "weakest_at": "Water and heat over time: Mylar hydrolyzes under high temperature and humidity, and in LEO atomic oxygen erodes it (MISSE 2, 3.01e-24 cm3/atom)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "(C10H8O4)n, repeat unit C10H8O4 (polyethylene terephthalate, from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol)",
    "cas": "25038-59-9",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "nasa-tm2008",
    "where": "Polymer physical properties table, section 2.2 of NASA/TM-2008-215490 (repeat unit C10H8O4, molar mass 192.1708); CAS number from the Lumirror SDS (section 3, composition)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "low-earth-orbit"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "atomic-oxygen",
      "uv",
      "thermal-cycling",
      "vacuum-and-outgassing",
      "hydrolysis"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Mylar polyester film (typical)",
      "value": 1.39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Mylar, Mylar 1000A and 92A types as listed in the bulletin",
        "test": "ASTM D1505"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the DuPont Mylar physical-thermal properties table (Table 1)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Table 1, Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
        "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, polyethylene terephthalate (Goodfellow ES300 film)",
      "value": 1.35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 degC (77 degF)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the supplier safety data sheet; a cross-check on the Mylar figure above",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow safety data sheet, polyethylene terephthalate ES300",
        "id": "Goodfellow ES300 SDS",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/safety-data-sheet/download/pdf/ES300",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier SDS (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Mylar polyester film",
      "value": 254,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "DSC"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the DuPont Mylar physical-thermal properties table (Table 1)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Table 1, Melt Point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
        "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, PET film (Questar SDS)",
      "value": 256,
      "value_high": 265,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "note": "Lower for modified resins, as the SDS states"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Questar film safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "questar-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Melting Point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Questar polyester film safety data sheet (Filmquest)",
        "id": "Questar SDS, May 2019",
        "url": "https://www.petfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Filmquest-Questar-SDS.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier SDS (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature, PET bottle-grade copolymer",
      "value": 76,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "semi-crystalline PET copolymer quoted in the introduction of the UV-aging paper; not a Mylar datasheet value"
      },
      "method": "Approximate value quoted by the cited paper in its introduction (approximately 76 degC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pmc-uv-aging",
      "where": "Introduction, first paragraph on PET bottles",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Degradation of Mechanical Properties of A-PET Films after UV Aging, Polymers 2023, 15(20):4166",
        "id": "PMC10610990, doi 10.3390/polym15204166",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610990/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Mylar A film 50 micron, machine direction",
      "value": 190,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "MD",
        "test": "ASTM D 882"
      },
      "method": "Typical value in the DuPont Teijin Mylar A 50 to 125 micron product information; the text says the tensile strength averages 190 MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Tensile Strength row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Mylar A film 50 micron, transverse direction",
      "value": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "TD",
        "test": "ASTM D 882"
      },
      "method": "Typical value from the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Tensile Strength row, TD, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Mylar A film 50 micron, machine direction",
      "value": 3800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "MD",
        "test": "ASTM D 882"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the DuPont Teijin Mylar A product information",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Modulus row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Mylar A film 50 micron, machine direction",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "MD",
        "test": "ASTM D 882"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the DuPont Teijin Mylar A product information",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Elongation row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Mylar A 12 micron (MD)",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "12 micron",
        "direction": "MD",
        "test": "ASTM D 882"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the DuPont Teijin Mylar A 12 to 36 micron product information",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-12-36",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Elongation row, 12 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 12 to 36 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 12-36 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, Mylar polyester film",
      "value": 0.28,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cal/g/degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the bulletin"
      },
      "method": "Typical value in the DuPont Mylar physical-thermal properties bulletin, printed in calories as the bulletin gives it",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Table 1, Specific Heat",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
        "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, Mylar",
      "value": 0.000017,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "in/in/degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM D 696"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the bulletin (text gives 9.5e-6 in/in/degF)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Table 1, Coefficients of Thermal Expansion; text under Thermal Expansion",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
        "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Mylar 1000A",
      "value": 0.00037,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cal cm/(cm2 s degC)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 to 75 degC (77 to 167 degF)",
        "grade": "Mylar 1000A"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the DuPont Mylar bulletin; printed unit kept as given",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Table 1, Thermal Conductivity (Mylar 1000A)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
        "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum recommended service temperature, Mylar",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "air, uncoated film"
      },
      "method": "Recommended maximum printed in the bulletin under Heat Aging; coatings are said to improve heat-aging resistance",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Heat Aging section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
        "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength (minimum), Mylar A 50 micron",
      "value": 7.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "test": "ASTM D 149",
        "type": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the DuPont Teijin Mylar A 50 to 125 micron table; printed unit kV",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Dielectric Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, PET (Mylar), MISSE 2 PEACE",
      "value": 3.01e-24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/atom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "ISS, MISSE 2 PEACE tray 1, 2001-08-16 to 2005-07-30 (3.95 years)",
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2",
        "solar": "5000 to 6700 equivalent sun hours",
        "thermal_cycling": "-30 to 40 degC (nominal base-plate range)"
      },
      "method": "Flight-measured erosion yield listed in Table I of NASA/TM-2008-215490; copied from the MISSE 2 passport (misse2-pet-mylar)",
      "status": "flight",
      "source": "nasa-tm2008",
      "where": "Table I, MISSE 2 PEACE polymers erosion yield data, Polyethylene terephthalate PET (Mylar) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks and Backus, December 2008)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "total_mass_loss",
      "label": "Total mass loss (TML), Mylar Type A film, NASA outgassing data",
      "value": 0.19,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM E595, vacuum outgassing",
        "supplier": "DuPont, GSC sample 10368"
      },
      "method": "Value from the NASA Goddard outgassing data compilation (NASA RP-1124, revision 4)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rp1124",
      "where": "Films and Sheet Materials section, row MYLAR TYPE A FILM",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4, Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials (Goddard Space Flight Center)",
        "id": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4",
        "url": "https://www.vacseal.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Outgassing-Data-for-Selecting-Spacecraft-Materials-REV3.pdf",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "collected_volatile_condensable_material",
      "label": "Collected volatile condensable material (CVCM), Mylar Type A film",
      "value": 0,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM E595, vacuum outgassing",
        "supplier": "DuPont, GSC sample 10368"
      },
      "method": "Value from the NASA Goddard outgassing data compilation (NASA RP-1124, revision 4)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rp1124",
      "where": "Films and Sheet Materials section, row MYLAR TYPE A FILM",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4, Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials (Goddard Space Flight Center)",
        "id": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4",
        "url": "https://www.vacseal.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Outgassing-Data-for-Selecting-Spacecraft-Materials-REV3.pdf",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "water_vapor_regained",
      "label": "Water vapor regained (WVR), Mylar Type A film",
      "value": 0.14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM E595, vacuum outgassing",
        "supplier": "DuPont, GSC sample 10368"
      },
      "method": "Value from the NASA Goddard outgassing data compilation (NASA RP-1124, revision 4)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rp1124",
      "where": "Films and Sheet Materials section, row MYLAR TYPE A FILM",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4, Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials (Goddard Space Flight Center)",
        "id": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4",
        "url": "https://www.vacseal.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Outgassing-Data-for-Selecting-Spacecraft-Materials-REV3.pdf",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dimensional_shrinkage_150c_30min",
      "label": "Dimensional shrinkage at 150 degC for 30 min, Mylar A 50 micron, machine direction",
      "value": 1.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "MD",
        "test": "ASTM D 1204"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the DuPont Teijin Mylar A 50 to 125 micron product information (name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Shrinkage 150 degC for 30 min row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
        "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
        "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation after UV aging, amorphous PET film (A-PET, not Mylar)",
      "value": 5.61,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "film": "amorphous PET (A-PET), three-layer, 100 pct virgin",
        "uv_exposure": "1 h at 2.45 W/m2 dose rate in the UV aging chamber",
        "before_uv": "16.84 %"
      },
      "method": "Average relative elongation after one hour of UV exposure, as reported in the UV-aging study; this is a different film from biaxially oriented Mylar",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pmc-uv-aging",
      "where": "Results, relative elongation at the breaking force (Figure 11 discussion)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Degradation of Mechanical Properties of A-PET Films after UV Aging, Polymers 2023, 15(20):4166",
        "id": "PMC10610990, doi 10.3390/polym15204166",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610990/",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit (MISSE 2 PEACE, ISS, about 4 years)",
      "headline": "Erosion yield of 3.01e-24 cm3/atom after 3.95 years, compared with 3.74e-24 for polyethylene in the same table.",
      "effect": "PET is eroded by atomic oxygen at about the rate recorded for other common polymers. The flight value comes from the same table as the 3.01e-24 yield in the properties section, so it is directly comparable with other polymers on MISSE 2.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2",
        "environment": "LEO flight, 2001 to 2005"
      },
      "source": "nasa-tm2008",
      "where": "Table I; exposure details in section 2.1"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ultraviolet light in air (accelerated chamber and sunny day)",
      "headline": "Amorphous PET film lost much of its plasticity after brief UV exposure, falling from 16.84 % to 5.61 % relative elongation after one hour.",
      "effect": "The UV-aging study on A-PET found a significant loss of plasticity even after brief exposure to solar irradiance, and the recycled film degraded more. The same paper reports a melting-point drop for aged PET bottles from 249.8 degC to 243.1 degC indoors and to 245.6 degC in sunlight, and a glass-transition rise from 74 degC to 87 degC after 670 days outdoors. These are bottle-grade and amorphous films, not Mylar, so they show the trend but are not Mylar values.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "dose_rate": "2.45 W/m2",
        "test": "UV aging chamber, then tensile testing at 21.1 degC and 43 % RH",
        "film": "amorphous PET (A-PET)"
      },
      "source": "pmc-uv-aging",
      "where": "Abstract; Results; Discussion of UV aging of PET bottles"
    },
    {
      "environment": "High temperature and humidity (hydrolysis)",
      "headline": "Mylar hydrolyzes and becomes brittle under high temperature and humidity; steam exposure at 100 degC reduces strength and modulus.",
      "effect": "Hydrolysis needs water. The DuPont bulletin says more than 0.1 % water must be present before the film embrittles, and recommends drying at 160 degC for 4 hours (vacuum drying). Keep hermetic units dry.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "steam": "100 degC (212 degF)",
        "drying": "160 degC for 4 hr"
      },
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Hydrolytic Stability section; Figures 7 to 10"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Dry heat (air)",
      "headline": "Continuous service is recommended up to 150 degC; processing should stay below 200 degC.",
      "effect": "At 220 degC for 30 min the film loses about 10 % of its tensile strength, and it becomes brittle and shatters after heating at 235 degC for under one minute.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "air": "uncoated Mylar",
        "heat_aging_temp": "150 degC in air, time axis of Figures 11 and 12"
      },
      "source": "dupont-bulletin",
      "where": "Heat Aging section; text on processing conditions"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Thermal cycling and humidity changes (dimensional stability)",
      "headline": "Strain-relief shrinkage at 150 degC is 1.2 % MD and 1.1 % TD for Mylar A at 50 micron, and 1.8 % MD for Mylar 92A at 150 degC.",
      "effect": "Film shrinks when heated because it relaxes strains from manufacture. Mylar A shrinkage at 200 degC for 30 min is 2.8 % MD at 50 micron, so the 200 degC figure is more than twice the 150 degC figure.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM D 1204, 150 degC or 200 degC for 30 min"
      },
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Film Properties table, Shrinkage rows (50 micron); bulletin Dimensional Stability table"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Supplier SDS for polyethylene terephthalate (Lumirror, more than 99 % PET, CAS 25038-59-9): not classified under GHS (US), and labelling not applicable as the product is an article under 29 CFR 1910.1200.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "lumirror-sds",
        "where": "Sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3"
      },
      {
        "text": "Goodfellow SDS for polyethylene terephthalate (ES300): classification not classified; hazard statements read no known significant effects or critical hazards.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "goodfellow-sds",
        "where": "Section 2 and section 11"
      },
      {
        "text": "Decomposition temperature above 300 degC (Questar SDS). Flash or ignition temperature 497 degC, and combustible dust may form when processing.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "questar-sds",
        "where": "Section 9, Flash/Ignition Temp; section 9, Decomposition"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dust from processing may be combustible, and processing may form combustible dust concentrations in air.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "lumirror-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.3 and section 5 (fire hazard)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Overheating above the processing limit",
        "trigger": "Heating at 220 degC for 30 min, or at 235 degC for under one minute",
        "consequence": "Loses about 10 % of tensile strength at 220 degC and becomes brittle, shattering at 235 degC.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "dupont-bulletin",
        "where": "Heat Aging section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Hydrolytic embrittlement",
        "trigger": "High temperature and humidity, with more than 0.1 % water in a sealed system",
        "consequence": "Film becomes brittle; tensile strength and modulus fall after steam exposure at 100 degC.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "dupont-bulletin",
        "where": "Hydrolytic Stability section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit",
        "trigger": "LEO exposure, 8.43e21 atoms/cm2 fluence over 3.95 years",
        "consequence": "Erodes the surface at 3.01e-24 cm3/atom; thin films can erode through completely.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-tm2008",
        "where": "Table I and section 2.1"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Decomposition in a fire or at high temperature may release acetaldehyde (CAS 75-07-0) at a low level, and the SDS warns of toxic fumes when heated to decomposition.",
        "affects": "People in the area of an overheating film or fire; nearby hardware",
        "source": "questar-sds",
        "where": "Section 10, Decomposition"
      },
      {
        "text": "Molten film causes thermal burns on contact, and the material can take on a static charge during handling.",
        "affects": "Operators during processing or hot-melt handling",
        "source": "lumirror-sds",
        "where": "Sections 2.3 and 7"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Dry the film before sealing: heat for 4 hr at 160 degC to bring water below 0.1 %. Drying at lower temperatures is less effective (bulletin Figure 10).",
        "source": "dupont-bulletin",
        "where": "Hydrolytic Stability section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep processing below 200 degC; film can be damaged above that temperature.",
        "source": "dupont-bulletin",
        "where": "Heat Aging section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avoid dust formation. Use exhaust ventilation where dust forms and avoid breathing fumes from molten material.",
        "source": "lumirror-sds",
        "where": "Sections 7 and 8"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Keep the film dry in hermetically sealed units, and coat it to improve heat-aging resistance (the bulletin says coatings are available).",
        "source": "dupont-bulletin",
        "where": "Hydrolytic Stability and Heat Aging sections"
      },
      {
        "text": "Count on atomic-oxygen erosion in LEO: MISSE 2 PET eroded at 3.01e-24 cm3/atom over about four years, so flight film needs a protective coating or thicker stack.",
        "source": "nasa-tm2008",
        "where": "Table I"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Multilayer insulation (MLI) blankets for spacecraft and cryogenic tanks",
      "example": "A typical MLI system uses a large number of highly reflective shields of aluminized polyester film, separated by low-conductivity spacers such as silk netting. Performance approaches the ideal when heat transfer normal to the shields is pure radiation.",
      "source": "nasa-tn-mli-1971",
      "where": "Introduction"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Solar sail membrane (LightSail spacecraft)",
      "example": "LightSail's sail is aluminized 4.5 micron Mylar film, giving 32 square meters of sail area fully deployed. LightSail-A flew in 2015 and LightSail-B in 2016.",
      "source": "nasa-sail-2017",
      "where": "LightSail-A and -B slide"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electrical insulation film and laminates",
      "example": "DuPont Teijin says Type A Mylar is primarily used for release applications, office supplies, electrical insulation and laminations with other flexible materials.",
      "source": "dupont-mylar-a-50-125",
      "where": "Product Description"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "PET resin (bottle-grade capacity; film is made from the same polymer)",
      "abundance": "In 2022 global effective capacity for bottle-grade PET resin was around 34.7 m tonnes, up from about 16 m tonnes in 2010.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 38,
          "year": 2022
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not read in a source for this run.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "czapp-pet-capacity",
      "where": "Where in the World is PET Resin Produced; China share is of world PET resin capacity, a percentage the page gives as around 38 %"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Terephthalic acid (PTA), the main feedstock",
      "abundance": "It takes 0.855 metric tons of PTA to produce 1 metric ton of PET (CZCE). PTA is one of the end products of petroleum refining.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not read in a source for this run.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "czce-pta",
      "where": "Section II, Major uses; Section III, production process"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Mono ethylene glycol (MEG), the second feedstock",
      "abundance": "It takes 0.335 metric tons of mono ethylene glycol to produce 1 metric ton of PET (CZCE).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not read in a source for this run.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "czce-pta",
      "where": "Section II, Major uses"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film physical-thermal properties bulletin (copy hosted at stenbacka.fi)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 12 to 36 micron",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "Lumirror PET film safety data sheet",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.lakeshore.com/docs/default-source/product-downloads/safety-data-sheets/msds-sheet-lumirror-pet.pdf?sfvrsn=6dea7f27_4",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow safety data sheet, polyethylene terephthalate (ES300), version 0.1, revised 01/03/2024",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/safety-data-sheet/download/pdf/ES300",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Questar polyester film safety data sheet (Filmquest)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.petfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Filmquest-Questar-SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4, Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.vacseal.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Outgassing-Data-for-Selecting-Spacecraft-Materials-REV3.pdf",
      "year": 1997
    },
    {
      "title": "UV aging of A-PET films, Polymers 2023, 15(20):4166 (open access, PMC10610990)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610990/",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA Technical Note on thermal analysis of customized multilayer insulation on an unshrouded liquid hydrogen tank",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710012082/downloads/19710012082.pdf",
      "year": 1971
    },
    {
      "title": "From Solar Sails to Laser Sails, Les Johnson (NASA Marshall), 2017",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170012350/downloads/20170012350.pdf",
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "title": "CZCE PTA futures and options, overview of PTA (exchange document)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://english.czce.com.cn/en/rootfiles/2023/03/30/1681344050124601-1681344050137474.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No Mylar-specific glass transition temperature in a datasheet. The 76 degC value is for a bottle-grade PET copolymer quoted in a paper. The DuPont bulletin gives only a Transition Point on a figure with no number.",
    "No PubChem or ECHA hazard record for PET or its monomers could be opened (PubChem returned a reCAPTCHA page). Hazard data for terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol were not read, so their residual-monomer hazards are not covered.",
    "Mass percentages of C, H and O in the repeat unit were not computed, because no atomic-weight table was read in this run. Atoms per repeat unit are given instead.",
    "No USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries entry covers PTA, MEG or PET. Supply figures come from an industry explainer (CZAPP, 2022 capacity) and an exchange document (CZCE, feedstock ratio), not a government source.",
    "The NASA outgassing values are from RP-1124 Rev 4 (1997) for one Mylar Type A sample. The live NASA outgassing portal was not opened.",
    "UV numbers come from amorphous A-PET films, not biaxially oriented Mylar. No Mylar UV transmission or tensile-retention datasheet was read.",
    "Hydrolysis is described qualitatively in the DuPont bulletin; its rate curves are figures with no numbers in text.",
    "Dimensional shrinkage, total mass loss, collected volatile condensable material and water vapor regained use benchmark names outside property-canon.yaml (dimensional shrinkage is not canonical; TML, CVCM and WVR are not canonical). They are noted here for the import step.",
    "Only one flight value for PET erosion (MISSE 2, 3.01e-24 cm3/atom). No other LEO or GEO flight of PET film was found in an opened source.",
    "Recycling and critical-mineral status for PTA and MEG were not found in an opened source."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a polyester. Biaxially oriented film is sold as Mylar. It is light, strong and transparent. Its properties are stable in a dry vacuum, which makes it useful as the reflective base of multilayer insulation and as a solar sail. Its weakness is water and heat, because the ester links can hydrolyze, and atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit erodes it.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Multilayer insulation",
        "line": "NASA describes a typical MLI system as many highly reflective shields of aluminized polyester film separated by low-conductivity spacers. Its performance approaches the ideal when heat moves across the shields by pure radiation."
      },
      {
        "where": "Solar sails",
        "line": "LightSail's sail was aluminized 4.5 micron Mylar, with 32 square meters of area fully deployed. LightSail-A flew in 2015 and LightSail-B in 2016."
      },
      {
        "where": "Electrical insulation",
        "line": "DuPont Teijin Films says Type A Mylar is used for release films, office supplies, electrical insulation and laminations with other flexible materials."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Mylar A at 50 micron has a tensile strength of 190 MPa in the machine direction and 210 MPa across it, with 140 % elongation at break. Film of this thickness is tough without plasticisers.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "Mylar runs continuously up to 150 degC in air, and melts at 254 degC by DSC. Above 200 degC it begins to degrade.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Vacuum",
        "line": "The MISSE 2 flight value is 3.01e-24 cm3/atom after 3.95 years in LEO, with a total mass loss of 0.19 % in the NASA outgassing test of Mylar Type A.",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "PET film has a strong, flexible, low-outgassing profile in vacuum (total mass loss 0.19 %, and no CVCM). Its atomic-oxygen erosion yield (3.01e-24 cm3/atom) is lower than the other polymers in the MISSE 2 table that were read for this profile. Its service limit of 150 degC is modest against high-temperature polyimides. The compare table sets PET against these benchmarks.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Dry the film before sealing it in a unit, using 160 degC for 4 hours (vacuum), to bring water to below 0.1 %.",
      "Keep processing below 200 degC and do not heat the film above 150 degC in service.",
      "Keep dust under control and wear protection when handling molten film. The film is not classified as hazardous."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Low-mass thermal blankets and solar sails. Mylar is the standard film for aluminized MLI and for the LightSail sails.",
      "Electrical insulation and laminates, where tensile strength (190 MPa) and dielectric strength (7.7 kV minimum at 50 micron) matter."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Hot, humid conditions, which cause hydrolysis and embrittlement.",
      "Atomic oxygen in LEO. MISSE 2 PET eroded at 3.01e-24 cm3/atom over about four years.",
      "UV. The A-PET film test shows large losses in plasticity after brief sunlight, although that film is not Mylar."
    ],
    "verdict": "PET (Mylar) is a light, tough and low-outgassing film. It is a sound choice for thermal blankets and sails in vacuum, provided it is kept dry, kept below 150 degC, and shielded from atomic oxygen and UV in LEO.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "PET is a polyester made by reacting terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol. Each repeat unit (C10H8O4) joins one terephthalate group to one ethylene group, joined through ester links. Biaxially oriented film is made by stretching the molten polymer in two directions, which gives Mylar its strength.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Carbon backbone of the terephthalate ring and the ethylene linker.",
          "atoms": 10
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Four hydrogens on the benzene ring and four on the ethylene linker.",
          "atoms": 8
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Two ester groups, each with a carbonyl and an ether oxygen.",
          "atoms": 4
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PET film SDSs read here do not classify the material under GHS. Hazards come from heating and from dust.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The film",
            "line": "The Lumirror and Goodfellow SDSs classify PET as not classified. The Lumirror SDS says it is an article, so no label applies."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and molten film",
            "line": "Dust may be combustible, and molten film causes thermal burns on contact. Use ventilation where dust forms."
          },
          {
            "label": "In a fire",
            "line": "Heating to decomposition gives toxic fumes. The Questar SDS notes decomposition above 300 degC and a low level of acetaldehyde."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified hazardous"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it overheats",
        "lead": "The Mylar bulletin gives the processing and service limits. Above them the film loses strength and becomes brittle.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Service limit",
            "line": "The recommended maximum is 150 degC in air. Processing should stay below 200 degC."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heating damage",
            "line": "Heating at 220 degC for 30 min loses about 10 % of tensile strength, and the film shatters after 235 degC for under one minute."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Water",
            "line": "Mylar hydrolyzes when hot and humid. Dry it at 160 degC for 4 hours to bring the water below 0.1 %, especially in sealed units."
          },
          {
            "label": "Space",
            "line": "In LEO, MISSE 2 PET eroded at 3.01e-24 cm3/atom over about four years, so flight film needs a coating or a thicker stack."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-19",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-19 from fetched DuPont Teijin, NASA, SDS and paper pages. PubChem was blocked by a reCAPTCHA. The Mylar glass transition and the UV values for Mylar were not found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "nasa-tm2008": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks and Backus, December 2008)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "nasa-rp1124": {
      "title": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4, Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials (Goddard Space Flight Center)",
      "id": "NASA RP-1124 Rev 4",
      "url": "https://www.vacseal.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Outgassing-Data-for-Selecting-Spacecraft-Materials-REV3.pdf",
      "year": 1997,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "dupont-bulletin": {
      "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar polyester film: physical-thermal properties (bulletin)",
      "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar bulletin, copy hosted at stenbacka.fi",
      "url": "https://stenbacka.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/07/mylar_a_fysikaaliset_ominaisuudet.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "dupont-mylar-a-50-125": {
      "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 50 to 125 micron",
      "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 50-125 um",
      "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "dupont-mylar-a-12-36": {
      "title": "DuPont Teijin Films, Mylar A product information, 12 to 36 micron",
      "id": "DuPont Teijin Films Mylar A 12-36 um",
      "url": "https://docs.rs-online.com/aafb/0900766b81111eb5.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product information (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "lumirror-sds": {
      "title": "Lumirror polyester (PET) film safety data sheet",
      "id": "Lumirror PET SDS",
      "url": "https://www.lakeshore.com/docs/default-source/product-downloads/safety-data-sheets/msds-sheet-lumirror-pet.pdf?sfvrsn=6dea7f27_4",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier SDS (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "goodfellow-sds": {
      "title": "Goodfellow safety data sheet, polyethylene terephthalate ES300",
      "id": "Goodfellow ES300 SDS",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/safety-data-sheet/download/pdf/ES300",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier SDS (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "questar-sds": {
      "title": "Questar polyester film safety data sheet (Filmquest)",
      "id": "Questar SDS, May 2019",
      "url": "https://www.petfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Filmquest-Questar-SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier SDS (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pmc-uv-aging": {
      "title": "Degradation of Mechanical Properties of A-PET Films after UV Aging, Polymers 2023, 15(20):4166",
      "id": "PMC10610990, doi 10.3390/polym15204166",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610990/",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "nasa-tn-mli-1971": {
      "title": "NASA Technical Note on thermal analysis of customized multilayer insulation on an unshrouded liquid hydrogen tank",
      "id": "NTRS 19710012082",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710012082/downloads/19710012082.pdf",
      "year": 1971,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "nasa-sail-2017": {
      "title": "From Solar Sails to Laser Sails (Les Johnson, NASA Marshall), presentation",
      "id": "NTRS 20170012350",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170012350/downloads/20170012350.pdf",
      "year": 2017,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "czce-pta": {
      "title": "CZCE, PTA futures and options: overview of PTA",
      "id": "CZCE PTA overview (exchange document)",
      "url": "https://english.czce.com.cn/en/rootfiles/2023/03/30/1681344050124601-1681344050137474.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Exchange document (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "czapp-pet-capacity": {
      "title": "CZAPP explainer: Global PET Resin Capacity and Projects",
      "id": "CZAPP explainer",
      "url": "https://www.czapp.com/explainers/global-pet-resin-capacity-and-projects/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Industry web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pet/"
}