{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pes",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "high-performance-polymers",
  "name": "Polyethersulfone",
  "abbreviation": "PES",
  "role": "high-performance amorphous thermoplastic (poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene), sold as Ultrason E, Sumikaexcel and Sustason PES); the sulfone-only sibling of PSU",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "high-performance",
  "summary": "Polyethersulfone (PES) is an amorphous, high-temperature thermoplastic made from a diphenol and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. It has no isopropylidene (bisphenol-A) group, unlike polysulfone (PSU). BASF's Ultrason E 2010 natural grade datasheet gives a glass transition of 225 degC by DSC, a heat deflection temperature of 205 degC at 1.8 MPa, a tensile modulus of 2640 MPa, a UL relative thermal index of 180 degC, and a flame class of V-0 at 1.5 mm. Röchling's Sustason PES natural handling sheet prints the same glass transition of 225 and a thermal decomposition above 400 degC. No atomic oxygen or other flight result for PES was found in this run.\n",
  "best_for": "Electrical and structural parts that must keep their shape at about 205 degC (heat deflection at 1.8 MPa) and need a UL V-0 flame class at 1.5 mm",
  "weakest_at": "Ultraviolet light and oxygen: UV breaks the polymer chain and forms sulfonic acid groups when oxygen is present, and no PES flight or radiation result was found",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene), repeat unit C12H8O3S, made from a diphenol and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone",
    "cas": "25608-63-3",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "E2010",
        "note": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT; the UL yellow card in the same PDF prints E2010 for this grade",
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Title block and UL yellow card table, grade E2010 (polyethersulfone pellets)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "wiki-polysulfone",
    "where": "Wikipedia Polysulfone page, table 'Industrially relevant polysulfones': PES CAS 25608-63-3 and systematic name Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylsulfonyl-1,4-phenyl). The repeat-unit formula C12H8O3S is derived by Space Mushroom from that systematic name, not printed by the source."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "uv",
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature, unreinforced natural grade",
      "value": 225,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced, natural colour)",
        "method_standard": "ISO 11357-1/-2, DSC at 10 degC per min",
        "basis": "guideline value printed in a table headed 'at 23 degC' for the uncoloured product"
      },
      "method": "Guideline value as printed in the BASF product information (German text), row 'Glasubergangstemperatur, DSC (10 degC/min)'. The Röchling handling sheet also prints 225 for the glass transition temperature, with no unit.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Röchling Sustason PES natural handling sheet prints the same figure, 225, in its Product characteristics section. Its unit is not printed.",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Richtwerte table (uncoloured product), row Glasübergangstemperatur, DSC (10 degC/min), ISO 11357-1/-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa",
      "value": 205,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced)",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "method_standard": "ISO 75-1/-2, method A (HDT/A)"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, thermal properties table, ISO 75-1/-2 HDT/A",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, row Biegetemperatur unter Last 1.8 MPa (HDT A)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum service temperature for a few hours",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "duration": "up to a few hours",
        "basis": "BASF experience value for parts that must hold up to this temperature for a few hours, repeated over years, with material-appropriate design and processing"
      },
      "method": "Experience value as printed in the BASF thermal properties table (footnote 3); not a test result",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, row Max. Gebrauchstemperatur, bis zu einigen Stunden (footnote 3)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "relative_thermal_index",
      "label": "Relative thermal index, 50 percent loss of tensile strength after 20000 h",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "IEC 60216 temperature index for 50 percent decrease of tensile strength after 20000 h; the footnote says some values are expected rather than measured",
        "flame_class": "V-0 at 1.5 mm (UL yellow card E41871, ALL colours)"
      },
      "method": "Temperature index as printed in the BASF thermal properties table; the UL yellow card for the same grade prints relative thermal indices of 180 degC (electrical and impact) and 190 degC (strength) for 1.5 mm",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Snake-case name used because no canonical name fits the IEC 60216 index. The UL yellow card also prints a strength index of 190 degC (see gaps).",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, row Temp. Index bez. auf 50 % Zugfestigkeitsabfall nach 20000 h (IEC 60216); UL yellow card table, RTI Elec, RTI Imp",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, unreinforced natural grade",
      "value": 1370,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced)",
        "method_standard": "ISO 1183"
      },
      "method": "Density as printed in the BASF product information, row Dichte (ISO 1183)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Richtwerte table (uncoloured product), row Dichte, ISO 1183",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption at saturation in water, 23 degC",
      "value": 2.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "medium": "water",
        "endpoint": "saturation",
        "method_standard": "similar to ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Wasseraufnahme, Sattigung in Wasser bei 23 degC",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Richtwerte table (uncoloured product), row Wasseraufnahme, Sättigung in Wasser bei 23°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at equilibrium, standard atmosphere",
      "value": 0.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "23 degC",
        "relative_humidity": "50 percent",
        "endpoint": "equilibrium",
        "method_standard": "similar to ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme, Sättigung bei Normalklima 23 degC / 50 % r.F.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Richtwerte table (uncoloured product), row Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme, Sättigung bei Normalklima 23°C/50% r.F.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, unreinforced natural grade",
      "value": 2640,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced)",
        "method_standard": "ISO 527-1/-2",
        "temperature": "23 degC"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, mechanical properties table, row Zug-E-Modul (ISO 527-1/-2)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften table, row Zug-E-Modul, ISO 527-1/-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield stress, tensile, 50 mm per min",
      "value": 86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced)",
        "method_standard": "ISO 527-1/-2",
        "test_speed": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 degC"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Streckspannung, 50 mm/min (ISO 527-1/-2). The datasheet gives no tensile strength at break.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften table, row Streckspannung, 50 mm/min, ISO 527-1/-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact strength, 23 degC",
      "value": 7.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced)",
        "method_standard": "ISO 180/A",
        "temperature": "23 degC"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Izod-Kerbschlagzähigkeit (23 degC), ISO 180/A",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften table, row Izod-Kerbschlagzähigkeit (23°C), ISO 180/A",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact strength, -30 degC",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultrason E 2010 NAT (unreinforced)",
        "method_standard": "ISO 180/A",
        "temperature": "-30 degC"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Izod-Kerbschlagzähigkeit (-30 degC), ISO 180/A",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften table, row Izod-Kerbschlagzähigkeit (-30°C), ISO 180/A",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear thermal expansion coefficient, longitudinal, 23 to 80 degC",
      "value": 52,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "E-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "23 to 80 degC",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "method_standard": "ISO 11359-1/-2"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information (52 E-6/K, the unit the source prints; the registry reads E-6/K as ppm/K)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, row Therm. Längenausdehnungskoeffizient, längs (23-80°C), ISO 11359-1/-2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear thermal expansion coefficient, longitudinal, 180 degC",
      "value": 59,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "E-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "180 degC",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "method_standard": "DIN 53752"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information (59 E-6/K, the unit the source prints; the registry reads E-6/K as ppm/K)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, row Therm. Längenausdehnungskoeffizient, längs (180°C), DIN 53752",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Relative permittivity at 100 Hz",
      "value": 3.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "100 Hz",
        "method_standard": "IEC 62631-2-1"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, electrical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Elektrische Eigenschaften table, row Dielektrizitätszahl (100 Hz), IEC 62631-2-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Relative permittivity at 1 MHz",
      "value": 3.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "method_standard": "IEC 62631-2-1"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, electrical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Elektrische Eigenschaften table, row Dielektrizitätszahl (1 MHz), IEC 62631-2-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Dielectric loss factor at 100 Hz",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "E-4",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "100 Hz",
        "method_standard": "IEC 62631-2-1",
        "unit_in_source": "E-4 (printed as 17)"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Dielektr. Verlustfaktor (100 Hz); the source uses a power-of-ten unit, kept as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Elektrische Eigenschaften table, row Dielektr. Verlustfaktor (100 Hz), IEC 62631-2-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Dielectric loss factor at 1 MHz",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "E-4",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "method_standard": "IEC 62631-2-1",
        "unit_in_source": "E-4 (printed as 140)"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Dielektr. Verlustfaktor (1 MHz); kept as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Elektrische Eigenschaften table, row Dielektr. Verlustfaktor (1 MHz), IEC 62631-2-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, K20/K20",
      "value": 37,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method_standard": "IEC 60243-1",
        "specimen_treatment": "K20/K20 as printed in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Durchschlagfestigkeit K20/K20, IEC 60243-1",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Elektrische Eigenschaften table, row Durchschlagfestigkeit K20/K20, IEC 60243-1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "refractive_index",
      "label": "Refractive index, 1 mm specimen",
      "value": 1.63,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen_thickness": "1 mm",
        "method_standard": "ISO 489"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, optical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Optische Eigenschaften table, row Brechzahl (Prüfkörperdicke = 1 mm), ISO 489",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melt_volume_rate",
      "label": "Melt volume-flow rate, 360 degC and 10 kg",
      "value": 70,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/10min",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "360 degC",
        "load": "10 kg",
        "method_standard": "ISO 1133"
      },
      "method": "Value as printed in the BASF product information, row Schmelzevolumenrate MVR 360 degC/10 kg (ISO 1133). This is a volume rate, not the g/10 min melt flow rate used for PSU.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Snake-case name used because no canonical name fits a volume-flow rate (see gaps).",
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Verarbeitung table, row Schmelzevolumenrate MVR 360°C/10 kg, ISO 1133",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
        "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_decomposition_temperature",
      "label": "Thermal decomposition temperature, lower bound",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "printed as greater than 400 degC in the supplier's handling sheet; test method and heating rate not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed value in the Product characteristics section of the Röchling handling sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "roechling-sustason",
      "where": "Section 3 (Product characteristics), row Thermal decomposition (>400 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Sustason PES natural, Product Handling Information Sheet (Röchling Industrial Lahnstein)",
        "id": "PIM-ID 591050, PIM-Code 1197-3, version 2.0, release 08/11/2024",
        "url": "https://www.roechling.com/fileadmin/assets/50/10/Sustason%C2%AE%20PES%20natural%20%E2%80%93%20Product%20Handling%20Information%20Sheet%20(ES)%20%5B591050%5D.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "autoignition_temperature",
      "label": "Ignition temperature, lower bound",
      "value": 510,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "printed as greater than 510 degC in the supplier's handling sheet; test method not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed value in the Product characteristics section of the Röchling handling sheet; the sheet labels it ignition temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "roechling-sustason",
      "where": "Section 3 (Product characteristics), row Ignition temperature (>510 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Sustason PES natural, Product Handling Information Sheet (Röchling Industrial Lahnstein)",
        "id": "PIM-ID 591050, PIM-Code 1197-3, version 2.0, release 08/11/2024",
        "url": "https://www.roechling.com/fileadmin/assets/50/10/Sustason%C2%AE%20PES%20natural%20%E2%80%93%20Product%20Handling%20Information%20Sheet%20(ES)%20%5B591050%5D.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Ultraviolet light in air (laboratory photolysis of PES films and membranes, UV at 199, 260 and 315 nm)",
      "headline": "UV attacks PES: chain scission dominates, and sulfonic acid groups form only where oxygen is present.",
      "effect": "Norrman and Krebs irradiated PES at 199, 260 and 315 nm. Sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H) formed only in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, hydroxyl groups formed at all wavelengths and in all atmospheres, and chain scission was the dominant process. In vacuum, cross-linking was important instead. The abstract gives no dose or time, so no lifetime can be derived from it.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "wavelengths": "199, 260 and 315 nm",
        "atmosphere": "oxygen-containing air, and vacuum for comparison",
        "dose_or_time": "not given in the abstract"
      },
      "source": "norrman-krebs-2004",
      "where": "Abstract (Surface and Interface Analysis 36, 1542-1549, 2004)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "UV-A and UV-B photoaging of PES microplastics in water",
      "headline": "Under UV at 365 nm, PES microplastics released more bisphenol S the hotter the water was.",
      "effect": "Li and co-workers aged PES and polyphenylsulfone microplastics from baby bottles under UV. Hydroxyl radicals broke the ether bonds, which released bisphenol S (BPS). At 365 nm, the highest release at 50 degC was 3.2 times that at 25 degC and 1.7 times that at 35 degC. Humic acid at 10 mg/L or less increased release, and at 10 to 50 mg/L it reduced it. Absolute release concentrations are not in the abstract.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "wavelength": "UV365 and UV254 in the study",
        "temperatures": "25, 35 and 50 degC",
        "humic_acid": "10 mg/L and 10 to 50 mg/L ranges",
        "material": "baby-bottle-derived PES microplastic"
      },
      "source": "li-2022-est",
      "where": "Abstract (Environmental Science and Technology 56, 3033-3044, 2022)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humid air and immersion in water (23 degC)",
      "headline": "PES takes up little water: 0.8 percent at 50 percent relative humidity and 2.2 percent at saturation.",
      "effect": "BASF's guideline values show 0.8 percent moisture uptake at standard atmosphere (23 degC, 50 percent relative humidity) and 2.2 percent at saturation in water at 23 degC. The Ultrason range chart lists superior hydrolysis resistance among the main features. Wikipedia says polysulfones resist hydrolysis, aqueous and alkaline media, and autoclave and steam sterilisation.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "humidity": "50 percent relative humidity (standard atmosphere, 23 degC)",
        "immersion": "saturation in water at 23 degC",
        "method_standard": "similar to ISO 62"
      },
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Richtwerte table, rows Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme and Wasseraufnahme, Sättigung"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Long-term heat in air (thermal ageing)",
      "headline": "The IEC thermal index is 180 degC, with 50 percent strength loss after 20000 h.",
      "effect": "BASF gives a relative temperature index of 180 degC for a 50 percent decrease in tensile strength after 20000 h (IEC 60216), and 220 degC as the maximum for a few hours. The Röchling sheet gives a thermal decomposition above 400 degC. Oxidation and chain effects at heat are not quantified beyond these figures.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "IEC 60216 temperature index, 20000 h, 50 percent tensile strength decrease",
        "short_term": "a few hours at 220 degC maximum (experience value)"
      },
      "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
      "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, rows Temp. Index (IEC 60216), Max. Gebrauchstemperatur"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chemical exposure (acids, alkalis, solvents, oxidants)",
      "headline": "Resistant to dilute acids and alkalis across pH 2 to 13, but not to aromatic hydrocarbons or low-polarity solvents.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia gives PES, as a polyarylethersulfone, as highly resistant to mineral acids, alkali and electrolytes at pH 2 to 13, and resistant to oxidising agents although it degrades over time. It is not resistant to low-polarity organic solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons, and it dissolves in dichloromethane and N-methylpyrrolidone. The article gives no concentrations or times.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statements in the Wikipedia article; no concentration, temperature or time given"
      },
      "source": "wiki-polysulfone",
      "where": "Properties section, chemical resistance paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Röchling handling sheet for Sustason PES natural: no components subject to labelling, no special risks for mankind or the environment, not classified as a hazardous good for transport, and not classified as hazardous under the European waste catalogue.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "roechling-sustason",
        "where": "Sections 2, 4, 6 and 8"
      },
      {
        "text": "BASF product safety statement for Ultrason E 2010 (German): experience shows no harmful health effects when the product is handled and used as intended. The high processing temperatures call for care with machines, tools and melt residues. There are no harmful vapours if processing stays at or below 390 degC.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Produktsicherheit section (page 1)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "UV-driven chain scission at exposed surfaces",
        "trigger": "UV exposure in an oxygen-containing atmosphere",
        "consequence": "Chain scission dominates and sulfonic acid groups form, which changes the surface. The abstract gives no dose or time, so no lifetime for exposed parts can be stated.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "norrman-krebs-2004",
        "where": "Abstract"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of strength during long heat exposure",
        "trigger": "Continuous heat near 180 degC",
        "consequence": "BASF's relative thermal index is 180 degC for a 50 percent fall in tensile strength after 20000 h. Parts run near that temperature for years need design margin.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Thermische Eigenschaften table, IEC 60216 index"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Dimensional change from water uptake",
        "trigger": "Immersion or long exposure to humid air",
        "consequence": "Water uptake is 0.8 percent at 50 percent relative humidity and 2.2 percent at saturation, so parts that swell or shift dimensions need allowance for it.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Richtwerte table, moisture rows"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Overheating or long melt residence releases decomposition gases. BASF advises purging decomposed melt into the open air, cooling it quickly in water, and not dismantling a hot barrel.",
        "affects": "Operators and the processing area",
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Produktsicherheit section"
      },
      {
        "text": "In a fire the product gives off carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Firefighters need full protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus.",
        "affects": "Responders and the local air",
        "source": "roechling-sustason",
        "where": "Section 7 (Fire-fighting measures)"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Dry the pellets for at least 4 h at 130 to 150 degC (vacuum or dry-air dryer) before processing, because they take up moisture.",
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Lieferform und Lagerung"
      },
      {
        "text": "Store horizontally, dry and protected from climatic influences. Let machined parts reach room temperature, or stand them for at least 24 h under normal conditions, before machining.",
        "source": "roechling-sustason",
        "where": "Sections 5 (Handling and Storage)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Apply the general dust limit under the German MAK value guidelines, and provide extraction over the barrel unit.",
        "source": "basf-e2010-nat",
        "where": "Produktsicherheit section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Fire: cool molten product with water spray. Suitable extinguishing media are water, foam, dry powder and CO2.",
        "source": "roechling-sustason",
        "where": "Section 7 (Fire-fighting measures)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electrical components",
      "example": "Plabase lists the main application of Sumikaexcel PES 4101GL30, a Sumitomo grade, as electrical components.",
      "source": "plabase-sumika-4101gl30",
      "where": "Grade page, Main application field"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Headlight bezel (automotive)",
      "example": "BASF's Ultrason E, S, P range chart shows a headlight bezel and a firefighter's helmet as application pictures on its main-features page. The chart does not give the PES grade used in each picture.",
      "source": "basf-range-chart",
      "where": "Main features page, picture captions"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Sulfur (sulfone-group feedstock for 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 22.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 9.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 8.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 final list of critical minerals",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "The USGS sulfur chapter says 2.5 to 5 million tons of spent sulfuric acid is reclaimed a year from petroleum refining. That is sulfuric acid, not elemental sulfur from polymers.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: substitutes for sulfur at present or anticipated prices are not satisfactory; some acids may replace sulfuric acid at higher cost."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-sulfur",
      "where": "World Production and Reserves table, production in thousand metric tons, 2025e (world total 84,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom: China 19,000, United States 8,100, Russia 7,500, Canada 5,000). Critical-list status: the 2025 final list (60 minerals) in usgs-critical-2025 does not include sulfur."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information (German, PESU)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Röchling Sustason PES natural, Product Handling Information Sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.roechling.com/fileadmin/assets/50/10/Sustason%C2%AE%20PES%20natural%20%E2%80%93%20Product%20Handling%20Information%20Sheet%20(ES)%20%5B591050%5D.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultrason E, S, P product range chart",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd65fecbd342e/en/Ultrason%3Csup%3E%C2%AE%3Csup%3E_E_S_P_%28PESU_PSU_PPSU%29_%E2%80%92_Product_Range_Range_Chart_English.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Norrman and Krebs, Photodegradation of poly(ether sulphone). Part 2",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1981",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "title": "Li et al., Photoaging of baby bottle-derived PES and PPSU microplastics (ES&T)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05812",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Sulfur",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-sulfur.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No atomic oxygen erosion yield for PES was found. The NASA MISSE 2 erosion table (NASA/TM-2008-215490) lists PSU, PEI and PEEK but not PES, so the PSU flight value cannot be used for PES.",
    "No radiation (gamma, electron or proton) ageing number for PES was read in this run.",
    "No UV ageing dose or time with a numeric property was found. Norrman and Krebs give chain-scission results without doses; the Li 2022 numbers are ratios of bisphenol S release, not PES mechanical change.",
    "Supply of the diphenol used with 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (hydroquinone or bisphenol S) was not read. Sulfur is the only feedstock with shares in this profile.",
    "PubChem GHS data for polyethersulfone (CID not read; the site returned a bot-check page) could not be read. The hazard entries come from two supplier documents and the BASF safety statement.",
    "A search snippet listed H302 and H315 for poly(1,4-phenylene ether-sulfone), CAS 25667-42-9, a different CAS number. It was not read on a fetched page and is not used here.",
    "The UL yellow card gives a relative thermal index of 190 degC for strength. It is not in the properties list because the canonical name for a strength index was not found in the file.",
    "Melt volume-flow rate (MVR) and the IEC 60216 thermal index use snake_case names because no canonical name fits them.",
    "Victrex PES and Solvay grades were not found as datasheets in this run. The Sumikaexcel 4101GL30 page (a glass-fibre-reinforced grade, density 1.6) and its values were not used as unfilled-PES values.",
    "Atomic weights in the recipe are standard values, not read from a fetched page in this run.",
    "Tensile strength at break, elongation at break and Charpy values at room temperature beyond the Izod rows are not in the unreinforced BASF table as printed.",
    "Volume resistivity is printed as >1E13 Ohm*m in the BASF table. It is not stored because the exponent notation does not match the value format used by the checker."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Polyethersulfone (PES) is an amorphous thermoplastic whose backbone is phenylene, ether and sulfone links, with no isopropylidene group. That makes it a sulfone-only polymer, which is why it sits alongside PSU in the polysulfone family but differs from it in its repeat unit and in its heat limit. BASF's unreinforced E 2010 grade gives a glass transition of 225 degC, a deflection temperature of 205 degC at 1.8 MPa and a tensile modulus of 2640 MPa. It was chosen for this profile because it is a heat-resistant sulfone polymer whose flame and electrical data are well documented in a manufacturer datasheet.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electrical components",
        "line": "Plabase lists the main application of Sumikaexcel PES 4101GL30 as electrical components. That is a grade with a glass-fibre suffix, not the unfilled natural grade profiled here."
      },
      {
        "where": "Vehicle parts",
        "line": "BASF's range chart shows a headlight bezel among its application pictures for the Ultrason E, S and P family. The picture does not name a grade."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "BASF's unreinforced E 2010 NAT datasheet gives a deflection temperature of 205 degC at 1.8 MPa (ISO 75 HDT/A).",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "205 degC"
      },
      {
        "label": "Glass transition",
        "line": "BASF's DSC value is 225 degC, and the Röchling sheet prints the same 225 for the glass transition.",
        "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "225 degC"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The tensile modulus is 2640 MPa at 23 degC by ISO 527-1/-2.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2640 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Long-term heat",
        "line": "BASF gives an IEC 60216 index of 180 degC, meaning a 50 percent fall in tensile strength after 20000 h.",
        "benchmark": "relative_thermal_index",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "180 degC"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Compared with PSU, PES has no bisphenol-A unit, so its repeat unit is smaller and more rigid in the sulfone-ether backbone. In the datasheets in this run, PES gives a deflection temperature of 205 degC at 1.8 MPa and a glass transition of 225 degC. The PSU profile has a lower deflection temperature and a different moisture figure, measured on another basis, so the two should be compared with care. Neither profile has a flight atomic oxygen value that applies to the other: PES has none in this run.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Deflection temperature under load",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Glass transition",
        "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Dry the pellets for 4 h at 130 to 150 degC before moulding, because they take up water.",
      "Keep the material dry, horizontal and protected from the weather.",
      "Do not overheat the melt above 390 degC, or it will decompose and give off gas.",
      "Use dust control and extraction, and cool any burnt-off melt with water."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Parts that must hold their shape at 205 degC or more under a 1.8 MPa load, such as the electrical components and headlight bezels named in the uses section.",
      "Flame-rated parts: BASF's UL yellow card gives V-0 at 1.5 mm.",
      "Long-term use near 180 degC, according to BASF's IEC 60216 index."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "UV in air breaks the chains and forms sulfonic acid groups, so exposed surfaces need protection. No PES flight result was found.",
      "Water uptake of 2.2 percent at saturation changes dimensions and must be allowed for in close-tolerance parts.",
      "PES is not a space-qualified material on the evidence in this profile: no atomic oxygen or radiation result was found."
    ],
    "verdict": "PES is a stiff, heat-tolerant, flame-rated sulfone thermoplastic with well-documented datasheet values. For space use it still needs UV and atomic oxygen protection, and no flight evidence was found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "PES is made by polycondensation of a diphenol with 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. Wikipedia names the diphenol as bisphenol A or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene; the PES systematic name has no isopropylidene group, so the diphenol here is the hydroquinone type. The repeat unit is C12H8O3S.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Forms the two phenylene rings of each repeat unit.",
          "atoms": 12,
          "atomic_weight": 12.011
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Four hydrogens on each phenylene ring.",
          "atoms": 8,
          "atomic_weight": 1.008
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "One ether oxygen and the two oxygens of the sulfone group.",
          "atoms": 3,
          "atomic_weight": 15.999
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulfur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Sulfone group, which gives the polymer its rigidity and heat resistance.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 32.06
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The handling sheet from Röchling and BASF's safety statement do not classify PES as hazardous. Dust and hot melt still need care.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The pellets",
            "line": "The Röchling sheet lists no labelled components, no special risks and no transport hazard. BASF says there are no harmful health effects when the product is handled as intended."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "BASF applies the German MAK dust limit and asks for extraction over the barrel unit."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hot melt",
            "line": "Processing at or below 390 degC gives no harmful vapours, according to BASF. Overheating breaks the polymer down."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified hazardous"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the polymer overheats or burns",
        "lead": "Decomposition is slow to begin: the sheet gives a thermal decomposition above 400 degC and an ignition temperature above 510 degC.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Gases",
            "line": "A fire gives off carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Firefighters need self-contained breathing apparatus."
          },
          {
            "label": "Water",
            "line": "Molten product should be cooled with water spray."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Drying",
            "line": "Dry the pellets for at least 4 h at 130 to 150 degC before processing."
          },
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "Store horizontally, dry and protected from climatic conditions."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 22,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages fetched in this run. The BASF datasheet is German and was read from a downloaded PDF; PubChem was blocked; no flight data for PES was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wiki-polysulfone": {
      "title": "Polysulfone, Wikipedia (covers polyethersulfone, PES)",
      "id": "Wikipedia article 'Polysulfone', oldid 1344791817",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfone",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "basf-e2010-nat": {
      "title": "Produkt Information Ultrason E 2010 NAT (BASF SE, 09/2026, German text, unreinforced grade)",
      "id": "BASF Ultrason E 2010 NAT product information, PESU",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd664c4583e10/de/ULTRASON%25C2%25AE_E2010_NATURAL",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "basf-range-chart": {
      "title": "Ultrason E, S, P (PESU, PSU, PPSU) Product Range chart (BASF)",
      "id": "BASF product range chart, English",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd65fecbd342e/en/Ultrason%3Csup%3E%C2%AE%3Csup%3E_E_S_P_%28PESU_PSU_PPSU%29_%E2%80%92_Product_Range_Range_Chart_English.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "roechling-sustason": {
      "title": "Sustason PES natural, Product Handling Information Sheet (Röchling Industrial Lahnstein)",
      "id": "PIM-ID 591050, PIM-Code 1197-3, version 2.0, release 08/11/2024",
      "url": "https://www.roechling.com/fileadmin/assets/50/10/Sustason%C2%AE%20PES%20natural%20%E2%80%93%20Product%20Handling%20Information%20Sheet%20(ES)%20%5B591050%5D.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "plabase-sumika-4101gl30": {
      "title": "Sumikaexcel PES 4101GL30 data page (Sumitomo Chemical), plabase",
      "id": "plabase item page, grade 4101GL30",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/58380483d88a67099fd45c2c",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "distributor data page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "norrman-krebs-2004": {
      "title": "Photodegradation of poly(ether sulphone). Part 2. Wavelength and atmosphere dependence (Norrman and Krebs)",
      "id": "doi:10.1002/sia.1981 (Surface and Interface Analysis 36, 1542-1549)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1981",
      "year": 2004,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "publisher, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "li-2022-est": {
      "title": "Photoaging of Baby Bottle-Derived Polyethersulfone and Polyphenylsulfone Microplastics and the Resulting Bisphenol S Release",
      "id": "doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c05812 (Environmental Science and Technology 56, 3033-3044)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05812",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "publisher, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-sulfur": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Sulfur",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-sulfur.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-critical-2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list of 60 minerals)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, November 2025",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pes/"
}