{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "permalloy",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "magnet-and-superconducting-alloys",
  "name": "Permalloy 80",
  "abbreviation": "Ni-Fe-Mo",
  "role": "magnetic shield",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "magnet-alloys",
  "summary": "Permalloy 80 is a soft nickel-iron alloy with about 80 % nickel, used to shield sensitive electronics and to make low-loss transformer, relay and sensor parts. This profile covers the molybdenum-bearing grade, sold as Moly Permalloy (Hamilton Precision Metals, 80.0 % Ni and 4.8 % Mo nominal) and as Magnifer 7904 (VDM, 80 Ni and 4.9 Mo typical). It is ASTM A753 Alloy 4, the same class as mu-metal. The VDM datasheet gives a saturation induction of 0.8 T and a density of 8.7 g/cm3, and the Matthey datasheet gives a DC permeability of 470,000 for 1.00 mm strip. Its strength is modest: 170 N/mm2 yield and 450 N/mm2 tensile after the final anneal (VDM). The original Bell Labs nickel-iron permalloy of about 80 % Ni and 20 % Fe has no molybdenum and is not covered by these values.\n",
  "best_for": "Shielding sensitive electronics from static and slowly varying magnetic fields, and relay, stepper-motor and sensor parts; DC permeability of 470,000 for 1.00 mm strip (Matthey) and a saturation induction of 0.8 T (VDM)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength and mass: 170 N/mm2 yield after the final anneal (VDM), 8.7 g/cm3 density, and the permeability falls after plastic deformation, so a formed or shocked part must be handled with care",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-iron-molybdenum soft magnetic alloy, nominal 80.0 % Ni, 4.8 % Mo, 0.50 % Mn and 0.35 % Si, balance Fe (Moly Permalloy); Magnifer 7904 typical 80 Ni, 4.9 Mo, 0.5 Mn, 0.3 Si, 0.02 C, balance Fe (VDM)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N14080",
        "source": "matthey-permimphy",
        "where": "Header table, UNS column: N14080 Type 4"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A753",
        "note": "Alloy 4",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
        "where": "Standards and specifications table, row ASTM A753-97, Alloy 4"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4545",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
        "where": "Standards and specifications table, row DIN 17745, Material no. 2.4545"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "C 2531",
        "note": "type PC",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
        "where": "Standards and specifications table, row JIS C 2531, PC"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Moly Permalloy",
        "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
        "where": "Product name in page title and Nominal Composition table"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Magnifer 7904",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
        "where": "Datasheet title: VDM Magnifer 7904"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Permimphy",
        "source": "matthey-permimphy",
        "where": "Datasheet title: Permimphy N14080 type 4"
      }
    ],
    "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
    "where": "Nominal Composition table: Nickel 80.0%, Molybdenum 4.8%, Manganese 0.50%, Silicon 0.35%, Iron Balance"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
      "label": "Saturation induction, typical",
      "value": 0.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904, typical value",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "8000 G"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Saturation induction",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
      "label": "Saturation induction at 20 °C",
      "value": 0.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Saturation induction at 20ºC",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "permeability_dc",
      "label": "DC permeability at 5 mOe, typical, 1.00 mm strip",
      "value": 470000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "thickness": "1.00 - 0.04 mm",
        "field": "5 mOe (about 0.4 A/m)",
        "treatment": "rings annealed at 1170 °C in dry pure hydrogen, cooling rate not critical"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, DC row, thickness 1.00 - 0.04 mm, Permeability column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "permeability_dc",
      "label": "DC permeability at 5 mOe, typical, 0.34 mm strip",
      "value": 520000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "thickness": "0.34 - 0.0134 mm",
        "field": "5 mOe (about 0.4 A/m)",
        "treatment": "rings annealed at 1170 °C in dry pure hydrogen, cooling rate not critical"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, DC row, thickness 0.34 - 0.0134 mm, Permeability column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "permeability_initial",
      "label": "Initial permeability, 50 Hz, tape-wound cores",
      "value": 160000,
      "value_high": 380000,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "frequency": "50 Hz",
        "sample": "toroidal tape-wound cores of 0.065 mm strip",
        "treatment": "after appropriate heat treatment"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "General magnetic properties, first paragraph (initial permeability mu4)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "permeability_max",
      "label": "Maximum permeability, 50 Hz, tape-wound cores",
      "value": 320000,
      "value_high": 480000,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "frequency": "50 Hz",
        "sample": "toroidal tape-wound cores of 0.065 mm strip",
        "treatment": "after appropriate heat treatment"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "General magnetic properties, first paragraph (maximum permeability)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "coercive_force",
      "label": "Static coercive force, typical, upper bound",
      "value": 1,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "A/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "sample": "toroidal tape-wound cores after heat treatment"
      },
      "method": "Typical value stated in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "General magnetic properties, first paragraph (static coercive force Hc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, Magnifer 7904",
      "value": 410,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "unit_in_source": "830 °F"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Curie temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, Permimphy N14080 type 4",
      "value": 420,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Curie temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, Moly Permalloy",
      "value": 455,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Curie Temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Relative density, typical",
      "value": 8.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904, typical value",
        "unit_in_source": "0.316 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Relative density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Moly Permalloy",
      "value": 0.315,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lbs/cu.in",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, approximate",
      "value": 1450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "basis": "approximate, printed as Melting Point (Approx.)"
      },
      "method": "Approximate value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Point (Approx.)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, typical",
      "value": 0.32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/cm K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904, typical value",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "134 (BTU in)/(ft hr °F)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Thermal conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 19,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m °K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Thermal conductivity at 20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at room temperature",
      "value": 34.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity at R.T.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904, typical value",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 °C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Mean coefficient of thermal expansion",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Thermal expansion coefficient, 25 to 200 °C",
      "value": 12.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temperature": "25 to 200 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Expansion Coefficient",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, soft strip",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 221,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "kN/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Modulus of elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension, annealed",
      "value": 32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10^6 psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "unit_in_source": "32 X 10 6 PSI"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Moly Permalloy mechanical properties table, row Modulus of Elasticity (Tension), annealed column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength after final anneal",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "temper": "after final anneal",
        "product_form": "typical"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical properties, row Tensile strength Rm, column after final anneal",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, soft annealed temper R500",
      "value": 500,
      "value_high": 700,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "temper": "R500 soft annealed",
        "product_form": "strip"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Mechanical properties of strips table, row R500 soft annealed, column Rm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, annealed",
      "value": 90000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temper": "annealed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Moly Permalloy mechanical properties table, row Ultimate Tensile Strength, annealed column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2 after final anneal",
      "value": 170,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "temper": "after final anneal",
        "measure": "Rp0.2",
        "product_form": "typical"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical properties, row Yield stress Rp0.2, column after final anneal",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2 soft annealed temper R500",
      "value": 200,
      "value_high": 450,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "temper": "R500 soft annealed",
        "measure": "Rp0.2",
        "product_form": "strip"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Mechanical properties of strips table, row R500 soft annealed, column Rp0.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, annealed",
      "value": 35000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "measure": "0.2 % offset"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Moly Permalloy mechanical properties table, row Yield Strength (0.2% Offset), annealed column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A5 after final anneal",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904",
        "temper": "after final anneal",
        "gauge_length": "A5"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical properties, row Elongation A5, column after final anneal",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A50mm soft annealed temper R500, minimum",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "temper": "R500 soft annealed",
        "gauge_length": "50 mm"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Mechanical properties of strips table, row R500 soft annealed, column A50mm (min.)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation in 2 inch, annealed",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "gauge_length": "2 in"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Moly Permalloy mechanical properties table, row Elongation in 2 inch, annealed column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, typical",
      "value": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩcm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904, typical value",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "349 ohm circ mil/ft"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Electrical resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at room temperature",
      "value": 59,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Microhm·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Moly Permalloy",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer web page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical Resistivity @ R.T.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
        "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_magnetostriction",
      "label": "Saturation magnetostriction, typical",
      "value": 0.000001,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 7904, typical value",
        "unit_in_source": "+ 1 · 10 -6"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Saturation magnetostriction",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Uncoated, in ordinary air",
      "headline": "The high nickel content is given as the reason the alloy needs no corrosion-resistant coating.",
      "effect": "Matthey says the high nickel content allows use of this material without the need of a corrosion resistant coating. No corrosion rate, humidity test or salt-spray result is printed in the sources read.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Permimphy N14080 type 4",
        "exposure": "not stated",
        "basis": "manufacturer statement, no test data"
      },
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Main technical properties and features, first paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS record for nickel (CID 935) lists H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure), with signal word Danger. These classes are for nickel metal; the alloy is about 80 % nickel and is not separately classified in the sources read.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ni",
        "where": "GHS Hazard Statements section, PubChem record for CID 935"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Permeability loss from plastic deformation",
        "trigger": "Forming, bending or other mechanical working of the part after the final anneal",
        "consequence": "Matthey says treated parts must be handled with care to avoid all plastic deformation, which will degrade the magnetic properties. Recovery by re-annealing is not stated in the sources read.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "matthey-permimphy",
        "where": "Heat treatment of finished parts paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation or contamination during the anneal",
        "trigger": "Heat treatment without a protective atmosphere, parts that are not degreased, or inert powder that is not anhydrous",
        "consequence": "Matthey says a protective atmosphere is essential to avoid oxidation, that parts must be degreased and cleaned before annealing, and that the inert powder must be perfectly anhydrous.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "matthey-permimphy",
        "where": "Heat treatment of finished parts paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "The VDM datasheet gives a relative density of 8.7 g/cm3 for Magnifer 7904, so shields and cored components add mass.",
        "affects": "Mass of a shield or cored component",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
        "where": "Table 2, Physical properties, row Relative density"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Matthey recommends a pure dry hydrogen anneal between 800 and 1150 °C, with the parts degreased and cleaned first and the inert powder (alumina or magnesia) kept perfectly anhydrous.",
        "source": "matthey-permimphy",
        "where": "Heat treatment of finished parts paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Moly Permalloy page says effective magnetic shielding is provided by annealing at 1900°F or higher, and that joining is by spot welding or tungsten inert gas welding.",
        "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
        "where": "Handling and Processing text on the product page"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Anneal in pure dry hydrogen as a protective atmosphere, and degrease the parts before annealing, which Matthey gives as the way to avoid oxidation and contamination.",
        "source": "matthey-permimphy",
        "where": "Heat treatment of finished parts paragraph"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Magnetic shields and shielding cans for sensitive electronics",
      "example": "The VDM datasheet lists shielding films, shielding cans and spatial shielding arrangements against magnetic interference as typical applications of Magnifer 7904.",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer-7904",
      "where": "Typical applications list, Shieldings bullet"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Relays, stepper motors and magnetic sensors",
      "example": "Matthey says the main applications are relays for ground fault circuit breakers and railway signalling, stepper motors for watches, shielding and magnetic sensors for current, angular position and displacement.",
      "source": "matthey-permimphy",
      "where": "Typical uses paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Photomultiplier magnetic shield in the DAMPE electromagnetic calorimeter",
      "example": "A cylinder of one-layer permalloy strip is able to reduce the effect of a 3 G magnetic field on the gain of the R5610A-01 photomultiplier to less than 1 percent.",
      "source": "dampe-pmt-shield",
      "where": "Abstract"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (about 80 % of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption, and most recycled nickel was used to produce new alloys and stainless steel.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, metric tons of nickel content: Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; world total (rounded) 3,900,000. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom from these figures. Recycling paragraph."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (about 4.8 to 4.9 % of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap, and the molybdenum content of recycled alloys is significant and reused.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, thousand metric tons: China 97,000; Chile 42,000; Peru 39,000; world total (rounded) 260,000. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom from these figures. Events, Trends and Issues: China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico produced 90 % of world output in 2025."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy"
    },
    {
      "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004 (August 2000 edition)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Permalloy",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalloy"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wang et al., Magnetic shield of PMT used in DAMPE electromagnetic calorimeter (arXiv 1309.7638)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.7638",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Permalloy 80 in the original sense (about 80 % Ni and 20 % Fe, no molybdenum) is not covered: no datasheet for that composition was opened, and Wikipedia gives only approximate figures. The values here are for the molybdenum-bearing grade.",
    "No flight record for this grade on a named spacecraft was found. The DAMPE paper is a photomultiplier shielding study for the DAMPE calorimeter, read from its abstract and test results.",
    "The Moly Permalloy DC magnetic table on the HPM page does not pair its labels with its values, so no permeability or saturation value is taken from it.",
    "The Matthey electrical resistivity is printed as 55 with no unit, so it is not entered. The VDM value of 55 µΩcm is used instead.",
    "Curie temperature (410, 420 and 455 °C) and thermal conductivity (19, 32 and 34.6 W/m K) differ between the three sources and are kept as separate rows; no single value was chosen.",
    "Magnetic benchmark names (saturation_induction, permeability_dc, permeability_initial, permeability_max, coercive_force, saturation_magnetostriction) and hardness are not in spores/property-canon.yaml; short snake_case names are used.",
    "The ASTM A753 standard text was not opened. The Alloy 4 designation and its composition range are taken from the VDM and Matthey datasheets; the search result gave the A753 composition ranges only as a snippet and is not used.",
    "Iron, the balance element, has no supply source in this run. The USGS iron and steel summary was not read.",
    "Critical-mineral lists for nickel and molybdenum were not checked against the 2025 final list, so critical_lists is empty for both.",
    "Corrosion rate, salt-spray and humidity data for this grade were not found. The only statement is the Matthey manufacturer claim that no coating is needed.",
    "The nickel hazard codes are for nickel metal (PubChem CID 935). No hazard classification for the alloy itself was found.",
    "Radiation effects, outgassing, cold welding, thermal cycling and vacuum behaviour were not looked up.",
    "The Moly Permalloy and Magnifer 7904 values are typical or nominal, and none is a guaranteed minimum or maximum.",
    "No images were checked for this profile, so no media entry was added."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Permalloy 80 is used where a part must carry magnetic flux with very little loss, and shield a field. Matthey says its high permeability gives a low reluctance path for the flux, and its very low coercive force gives low hysteresis loss in AC circuits. Its molybdenum content raises the permeability, according to Matthey. Wikipedia credits Gustav Elmen at Bell Telephone Laboratories with the original nickel-iron permalloy (Wikipedia).",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Magnetic shields, cans and films",
        "line": "VDM lists shielding films, shielding cans and spatial shielding arrangements as typical applications of Magnifer 7904."
      },
      {
        "where": "Relays, stepper motors and magnetic sensors",
        "line": "Matthey lists relays for ground fault circuit breakers, stepper motors for watches and magnetic sensors for current and position as main applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Photomultiplier shield in the DAMPE calorimeter",
        "line": "A one-layer permalloy strip cylinder keeps the gain loss of a photomultiplier under a 3 G field to less than 1 percent, in a 2013 study for the DAMPE calorimeter."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Shield a field",
        "line": "Matthey gives a DC permeability of 470,000 at 5 mOe for 1.00 mm strip annealed in dry hydrogen, and VDM gives 320,000 to 480,000 maximum permeability on tape-wound cores at 50 Hz.",
        "benchmark": "permeability_dc",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "470000 DC permeability"
      },
      {
        "label": "Saturate at low field",
        "line": "The saturation induction is 0.8 T in the VDM and Matthey datasheets, so the alloy saturates at low fields.",
        "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.8 T"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The relative density is 8.7 g/cm3 in the VDM datasheet, and the Moly Permalloy page prints 0.315 lbs./cu.in.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.7 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength when soft annealed",
        "line": "Matthey gives 500 to 700 N/mm2 tensile and 200 to 450 N/mm2 yield for soft annealed R500 strip. After the final anneal, VDM gives 450 N/mm2 tensile and 170 N/mm2 yield.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "500 to 700 N/mm2 tensile"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "This molybdenum-bearing Permalloy 80 is in the ASTM A753 Alloy 4 class, the same class given for mu-metal in its own profile. The two grades from the datasheets read here, Moly Permalloy and Magnifer 7904, print 4.8 % and 4.9 % molybdenum with about 80 % nickel, and their magnetic and density figures sit in the same range as the Matthey Permimphy sheet. Permalloy is the older name: Wikipedia credits Gustav Elmen at Bell Telephone Laboratories with the original nickel-iron alloy. The three sources read here print Curie temperatures of 410, 420 and 455 °C, and thermal conductivities of 19, 32 and 34.6 W/m K, so a design needs the datasheet of the actual supplier. The unmodified 80/20 nickel-iron permalloy has no molybdenum and is a different alloy, not covered by these values.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "DC permeability",
        "benchmark": "permeability_dc",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Anneal in pure dry hydrogen between 800 and 1150 °C, after degreasing the parts and using an anhydrous inert powder to keep them apart.",
      "Avoid shock and plastic deformation after the anneal, because the magnetic properties degrade.",
      "The only hazard codes found are for nickel metal (PubChem); treat the alloy with the same care until a supplier classification is found."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Shielding sensitive electronics from static and slowly varying fields, with a DC permeability of about 470,000 (Matthey).",
      "Relay, stepper-motor and magnetic-sensor parts, as the datasheets list.",
      "Magnetic shields for photomultipliers in a calorimeter, as the DAMPE study shows (a ground test study, not flight data)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Soft and weak: 170 N/mm2 yield after the final anneal (VDM).",
      "Heavy: 8.7 g/cm3, so a shield adds mass.",
      "Plastic deformation or shock after the anneal degrades the magnetic properties.",
      "No corrosion rate or flight record was found; the only statement is a manufacturer's claim that no coating is needed.",
      "The hazard codes are for nickel metal, not for the alloy."
    ],
    "verdict": "The molybdenum-bearing Permalloy 80 is a soft nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy with very high permeability, about 80 % Ni and 4.8 to 4.9 % Mo. It is the same class as mu-metal, and it is used to shield sensitive electronics and to make relay and sensor parts. It is heavy and weak, and its permeability depends on a careful dry hydrogen anneal and on keeping the part free of deformation. No flight record was found in this run.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Permalloy 80, molybdenum-bearing grade, is a nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy of about 80 % Ni and 4.8 to 4.9 % Mo, with balance Fe and small Mn and Si (Moly Permalloy nominal composition; VDM typical). It is cold rolled into strip and sheet (Matthey), and its magnetic properties come from a high-temperature anneal in pure dry hydrogen at 800 to 1150 °C (Matthey).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Main element of the alloy, nominal 80 %",
          "share_percent": 80,
          "share_note": "nominal, 80.0 % in the Moly Permalloy nominal composition",
          "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
          "where": "Nominal Composition table, Nickel 80.0%"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Alloying element; Matthey says molybdenum increases the magnetic permeability",
          "share_percent": 4.8,
          "share_note": "nominal, 4.8 % in the Moly Permalloy nominal composition",
          "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
          "where": "Nominal Composition table, Molybdenum 4.8%"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Minor element, nominal",
          "share_percent": 0.5,
          "share_note": "nominal, 0.50 %",
          "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
          "where": "Nominal Composition table, Manganese 0.50%"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Minor element, nominal",
          "share_percent": 0.35,
          "share_note": "nominal, 0.35 %",
          "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
          "where": "Nominal Composition table, Silicon 0.35%"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Balance of the alloy",
          "share_note": "balance",
          "source": "hpmetals-moly-permalloy",
          "where": "Nominal Composition table, Iron Balance"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard classes in the sources are for nickel metal, which makes up about 80 % of the alloy. No separate classification of the alloy was found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel as a substance",
            "line": "PubChem's GHS record for nickel lists H317 allergic skin reaction, H351 suspected cancer and H372 organ damage from repeated exposure, with signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Alloy as handled",
            "line": "No health classification of the 80 Ni and 4.8 Mo alloy itself was found in the sources read."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel classes"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are mechanical and thermal. None of them is a flight result for this grade.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Forming and shock",
            "line": "Plastic deformation after the anneal degrades the magnetic properties, according to Matthey. The sources do not say how to recover them."
          },
          {
            "label": "Poor anneal",
            "line": "Oxidation or contamination during the hydrogen anneal degrades the part, so a protective atmosphere and clean, degreased parts are needed."
          },
          {
            "label": "Mass",
            "line": "At 8.7 g/cm3 the alloy is heavy, so a shield adds mass to the spacecraft or instrument."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Clean before anneal",
            "line": "Degrease the parts and keep the inert powder anhydrous before the anneal."
          },
          {
            "label": "Anneal in dry hydrogen",
            "line": "Matthey recommends pure dry hydrogen between 800 and 1150 °C. The Moly Permalloy page recommends annealing at 1900°F or higher for effective shielding."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 32,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the datasheets, web pages and reports named in each entry. Caveats: the values are typical or nominal, not guaranteed; the composition is the molybdenum-bearing grade, not the original 80/20 Ni-Fe; three sources disagree on Curie temperature and thermal conductivity; the spacecraft use is a photomultiplier shielding study, not a flight record; the hazard codes are for nickel metal."
  },
  "sources": {
    "hpmetals-moly-permalloy": {
      "title": "Hamilton Precision Metals, Moly Permalloy product page",
      "url": "https://hpmetals.com/products/materials/moly-permalloy",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "vdm-magnifer-7904": {
      "title": "VDM Metals, Magnifer 7904 material data sheet No. 9004",
      "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_7904.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "matthey-permimphy": {
      "title": "Lamineries Matthey, Permimphy N14080 type 4 datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.matthey.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/fichetechnique/EN/Permimphy_v22E.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-permalloy": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Permalloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalloy",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "dampe-pmt-shield": {
      "title": "Wang et al., Magnetic shield of PMT used in DAMPE electromagnetic calorimeter",
      "id": "arXiv 1309.7638",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.7638",
      "year": 2013,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-ni": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to ECHA and notifiers"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/permalloy/"
}