{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pen",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyesters",
  "name": "Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), biaxially oriented film and engineering resin",
  "abbreviation": "PEN",
  "role": "Polyester film for motor slot and phase insulation, and a higher-temperature alternative to PET film",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyesters",
  "summary": "PEN is a polyester made from naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (or its dimethyl ester) and ethylene glycol. It is the naphthalene analogue of PET, and Indorama describes its thermal, barrier and UV properties as improved over PET. Biaxially oriented PEN film, sold as Teonex, has a density of 1.36 g/cm3 and a tensile strength of 200 MPa. The electrical grade Teonex Q 51 lists a melting point of 269 °C (DSC) and a continuous working temperature of 160/180 °C under UL 746B. No atomic-oxygen flight value for PEN was found in the sources checked for this profile.\n",
  "best_for": "Thin, stiff, heat-tolerant electrical film, where PET runs out of temperature margin (motor slot insulation, flexible substrates)",
  "weakest_at": "Little published ageing data: no flight atomic-oxygen value and no quantitative humidity or UV result was found in the sources checked",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "(C14H10O4)n, repeat unit C14H10O4 (poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate), from naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol)",
    "cas": "24968-11-4",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Teonex",
        "source": "synflex-q5100",
        "where": "Title and footer, 'Teonex is a registered trademark of TOYOBO'"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "TN8050SC",
        "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
        "where": "Grade name in the property table header"
      }
    ],
    "source": "indorama-pen-spec",
    "where": "Title line, CAS 24968-11-4 / 25853-85-4. Repeat-unit formula from the Wikipedia infobox (source wikipedia-pen, Properties section)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "uv",
      "hydrolysis"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, biaxially oriented PEN film (Goodfellow data sheet)",
      "value": 1.36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "biax film",
        "note": "film properties as printed on the PEN granule data sheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table of the Goodfellow data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, PEN resin grade TN8050SC",
      "value": 1.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 1183",
        "grade": "TN8050SC",
        "note": "processing form not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table (ISO 1183)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Basic section, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature (primary alpha relaxation), quenched PEN sheet",
      "value": 387,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "modulated DSC at 2 K/min",
        "sample": "PEN from molten Goodfellow pellets, quenched to a 0.5 mm sheet",
        "note": "printed in kelvin; the importer converts to 114 degC"
      },
      "method": "Primary glass transition read from the Cp jump, printed as Tg=387 K; a secondary relaxation at about 305 K is not used here",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "arxiv-pen-mdsc",
      "where": "Results, text on the MDSC heat flow and reversing Cp (Fig. 3)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Double glass transition in polyethylene naphthalate by MDSC, BDS, and TSDC (Canadas et al.)",
        "id": "arXiv:2307.11537",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.11537",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Teonex Q 51 electrical film",
      "value": 269,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "DSC",
        "product": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090 film"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the technical data table of the Mueller-Ahlhorn data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
      "where": "Technical data table, Melting temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Dr. Dietrich Mueller GmbH, Teonex Q 51 FI 14090, electrical insulating material",
        "id": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090",
        "url": "https://www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Teonex-Q51-FI-14090-ENG.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point range, PEN resin sales specification",
      "value": 262,
      "value_high": 275,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "DSC",
        "product": "PEN pellets, sales specification"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in Table 1 of the Indorama sales specification",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "indorama-pen-spec",
      "where": "Table 1, Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Indorama Ventures, sales specifications of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), June 2021",
        "id": "CAS 24968-11-4 / 25853-85-4",
        "url": "https://www.indoramaventures.com/storage/downloads/product/intro-naphthalates/pen/en/PENINTRO.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier specification (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, biaxial PEN film (Goodfellow data sheet)",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "biax film",
        "thickness": "not stated",
        "test": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Teonex Q5100 film 50 micron, longitudinal",
      "value": 290,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "form": "biaxially oriented film"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Mechanical table of the SynFlex data sheet (updated 06/24)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "synflex-q5100",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile strength longitudinal row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SynFlex Elektro GmbH, product datasheet Teonex Q5100 (updated 06/24)",
        "id": "Teonex Q5100",
        "url": "https://www.synflex.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Teonex_R__Q5100.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Teonex Q5100 film 50 micron, transversal",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "transversal",
        "form": "biaxially oriented film"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the same Mechanical table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "synflex-q5100",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile strength transversal row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SynFlex Elektro GmbH, product datasheet Teonex Q5100 (updated 06/24)",
        "id": "Teonex Q5100",
        "url": "https://www.synflex.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Teonex_R__Q5100.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, biaxial PEN film (Goodfellow data sheet)",
      "value": 60,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "biax film"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Teonex Q5100 film 50 micron, longitudinal",
      "value": 120,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "longitudinal"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Mechanical table of the SynFlex data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "synflex-q5100",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Elongation at break longitudinal row, 50 micron column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SynFlex Elektro GmbH, product datasheet Teonex Q5100 (updated 06/24)",
        "id": "Teonex Q5100",
        "url": "https://www.synflex.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Teonex_R__Q5100.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Tensile strain at break, PEN resin grade TN8050SC (ISO 527)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 527-1,2, 50 mm/min",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Mechanical section, Tensile strain at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, biaxial PEN film (Goodfellow data sheet)",
      "value": 5,
      "value_high": 5.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "biax film"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Mechanical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, PEN resin grade TN8050SC (ISO 527)",
      "value": 2200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 527-1,2, 1 mm/min",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Mechanical section, Tensile modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, PEN resin grade TN8050SC (ISO 178)",
      "value": 2250,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 178, 2 mm/min",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Mechanical section, Flexural modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Bending strength, PEN resin grade TN8050SC (ISO 178)",
      "value": 99,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 178, 2 mm/min",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Mechanical section, Bending strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile yield stress, PEN resin grade TN8050SC (ISO 527)",
      "value": 80,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 527-1,2, 50 mm/min",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Mechanical section, Tensile yield stress row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature under load at 1.80 MPa, PEN resin grade TN8050SC",
      "value": 91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 75-1,2",
        "load": "1.80 MPa",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Thermal section, Deflection temperature under load (1.80MPa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature under load at 0.45 MPa, PEN resin grade TN8050SC",
      "value": 105,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 75-1,2",
        "load": "0.45 MPa",
        "grade": "TN8050SC"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the TN8050SC property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plabase-tn8050sc",
      "where": "Thermal section, Deflection temperature under load (0.45MPa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
        "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, biaxial PEN film at 23 °C",
      "value": 0.15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W m-1 K-1",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "form": "biax film"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Thermal Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Thermal conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, biaxial PEN film",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10-6 K-1",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "biax film"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Thermal Properties table, printed as 20-21 x10^-6 K^-1",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Upper working temperature, PEN film (Goodfellow data sheet)",
      "value": 155,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "upper working temperature as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Thermal Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Upper working temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous working temperature, Teonex Q 51 electrical film (UL 746B)",
      "value": 160,
      "value_high": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "standard": "UL 746B",
        "note": "printed as 160/180; the data sheet gives an electrical RTI of 180 °C and a mechanical RTI of 160 °C"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the technical data table of the Mueller-Ahlhorn data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
      "where": "Technical data table, Continuous working temperature row; Properties text on UL RTI",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Dr. Dietrich Mueller GmbH, Teonex Q 51 FI 14090, electrical insulating material",
        "id": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090",
        "url": "https://www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Teonex-Q51-FI-14090-ENG.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant, biaxial PEN film",
      "value": 3.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "10 kHz (printed as @10KHz under a 1 MHz heading)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Electrical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric constant row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, biaxial PEN film",
      "value": 160,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "0.075 mm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Electrical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, Teonex Q 51 electrical film (JIS C-2318)",
      "value": 250,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "JIS C-2318",
        "thickness": "not stated on the data sheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the technical data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
      "where": "Technical data table, Dielectric strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Dr. Dietrich Mueller GmbH, Teonex Q 51 FI 14090, electrical insulating material",
        "id": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090",
        "url": "https://www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Teonex-Q51-FI-14090-ENG.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, biaxial PEN film",
      "value": 0.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "biax film"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Water absorption row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
        "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, Teonex Q 51 electrical film (TDF method)",
      "value": 0.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "TDF method",
        "product": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the technical data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
      "where": "Technical data table, Water absorption row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Dr. Dietrich Mueller GmbH, Teonex Q 51 FI 14090, electrical insulating material",
        "id": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090",
        "url": "https://www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Teonex-Q51-FI-14090-ENG.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Ultraviolet light",
      "headline": "The Goodfellow data sheet rates UV resistance as Fair; no quantitative UV test was found.",
      "effect": "The sales specification says PEN has better UV-penetration barrier properties than PET, but it gives no number. Weathering under sunlight is not quantified in the sources checked.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "qualitative rating, no unit given"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Resistance to Ultra-violet row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot humid conditions (hydrolysis and thermal ageing)",
      "headline": "Ageing at 140 to 190 °C in dry and wet air and nitrogen degrades PEN to a different extent from PET.",
      "effect": "The paper says PEN is thought to have increased thermal and hydrolytic resistance compared with PET, but few studies had examined PEN degradation. The abstract gives no numbers for the extent of loss; the full data were not readable.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "140 to 190 °C",
        "atmospheres": "dry nitrogen, dry air, wet nitrogen, wet air"
      },
      "source": "strath-ageing-2011",
      "where": "Abstract"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat in air",
      "headline": "Continuous working temperature is 160/180 °C (UL 746B) for the electrical grade, and the upper working limit is 155 °C on the granule sheet.",
      "effect": "The data sheets give service limits only. Above them the film is not rated, and no strength loss at higher temperature was found in the sources checked.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "standard": "UL 746B",
        "film": "Teonex Q 51"
      },
      "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
      "where": "Technical data table, Continuous working temperature row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat during processing (dimensional stability)",
      "headline": "Shrinkage after 30 min at 150 °C is 0.4 % longitudinal, rising to 0.8 % at 200 °C, for 50 micron film.",
      "effect": "Film shrinks when heated because it relaxes strain from manufacture. Shrinkage is small at 150 °C, and the 200 °C figure is about twice as large.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "50 micron",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "tests": "30 min at 150 °C; at 200 °C"
      },
      "source": "synflex-q5100",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Shrinkage rows, 50 micron column"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Moisture uptake",
      "headline": "Water absorption is 0.3 % to 0.4 % for the films.",
      "effect": "Low uptake limits the water available for hydrolysis, but the ageing abstract still lists hydrolysis as a risk at elevated temperature.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "TDF method (Mueller), printed as water absorption (Goodfellow)"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Water absorption row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chemical exposure",
      "headline": "Good resistance to dilute acids, alcohols, alkalis, aromatic hydrocarbons, greases and oils, halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones.",
      "effect": "Concentrated acids are rated Good to Poor. The ratings are qualitative and have no units.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative chemical resistance table"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
      "where": "Chemical Resistance table"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Indorama sales specification: the product does not require any hazard warning on the label under OSHA criteria. The DOT product shipping name is not regulated, and the HS code is 3907.99.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "indorama-pen-spec",
        "where": "Health and Safety Information; shipping paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Goodfellow data sheet rates the film VTM-2 under UL 94 at 0.075 mm, a thin-material vertical burn class.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "goodfellow-pen-tds",
        "where": "Physical Properties table, Flammability row"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Hydrolytic and thermal ageing in hot, humid conditions",
        "trigger": "Ageing at 140 to 190 °C in wet air or wet nitrogen",
        "consequence": "The extent of degradation differs from PET, and the mechanism changes with temperature. The abstract gives no loss figures.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "strath-ageing-2011",
        "where": "Abstract"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Shrinkage of the film when heated",
        "trigger": "30 min at 150 °C, or 200 °C",
        "consequence": "0.4 % shrinkage longitudinal at 150 °C and 0.8 % at 200 °C for 50 micron film.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "synflex-q5100",
        "where": "Mechanical table, Shrinkage rows, 50 micron column"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Obtain the current safety data sheet for the grade before use. The Indorama sheet says a customer should consult the SDS before using any material.",
        "source": "indorama-pen-spec",
        "where": "Health and Safety Information"
      },
      {
        "text": "Pellets are shipped in 1000 kg polypropylene fabric bags or 100 kg fibre drums, and four drums can go on one pallet.",
        "source": "indorama-pen-spec",
        "where": "Shipping and Handling Information"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the grade by its continuous working temperature. For Teonex Q 51 this is 160/180 °C (UL 746B), which is the rated figure rather than the 155 °C upper working temperature on the granule sheet.",
        "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
        "where": "Technical data table, Continuous working temperature row"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Slot, phase and wedge insulation in electric motors (Teonex Q 51 and Q5100)",
      "example": "Mueller-Ahlhorn says Teonex Q 51 was specially designed for slot and phase insulation and slot closure in electro motors with increased stress. SynFlex says Teonex Q5100 is for slot insulation, phase insulation and wedges in motors with increased load.",
      "source": "mueller-q51-fi",
      "where": "Applications section; SynFlex Application section for Q5100"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Substrate for flexible integrated circuits",
      "example": "Wikipedia says PEN is a substrate for flexible integrated circuits, positioned as a replacement for PET, and cites emerging use in modern electronic devices.",
      "source": "wikipedia-pen",
      "where": "Benefits section; Applications section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (NDC or PNDA) and ethylene glycol, the monomers",
      "abundance": "Indorama says PEN is made from ethylene glycol and either NDC or PNDA, and that its monomers are EU REACH registered. No abundance or feedstock figure was found in the sources checked.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "No source found in the sources checked.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "indorama-pen-spec",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph; regulatory note on REACH"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (SKU 1000082271, product ES36-GL-000100)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Mueller-Ahlhorn data sheet, Teonex Q 51 FI 14090 (electrical insulating material)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Teonex-Q51-FI-14090-ENG.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "SynFlex product datasheet, Teonex Q5100 (updated 06/24)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.synflex.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Teonex_R__Q5100.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Indorama Ventures sales specifications, Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), CAS 24968-11-4 / 25853-85-4",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.indoramaventures.com/storage/downloads/product/intro-naphthalates/pen/en/PENINTRO.pdf",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Double glass transition in polyethylene naphthalate by MDSC, BDS, and TSDC (arXiv:2307.11537)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.11537",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Ageing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) under moderately accelerated conditions (Strathprints)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/42262/",
      "year": 2011
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No atomic-oxygen erosion yield or flight result for PEN was found. The MISSE PEACE report (NASA/TM-2001-211311) and the NASA/TM-2008-215490 table list PET and polyethylene but no PEN.",
    "No PubChem record or GHS classification for PEN or for the monomers was read. PubChem returned a bot-check page and HTTP 400, so the monomer hazards (NDC, ethylene glycol) are not covered.",
    "No supplier safety data sheet for a PEN grade was read. The Goodfellow SDS button is a placeholder link, and no Toyobo or Teijin SDS was found.",
    "The NICNAS report on the dimethyl NDC monomer (NA/504, CAS 840-65-3) could not be downloaded in this pass, so its hazard classification is not covered.",
    "The glass transition value differs by source and method. The 387 K value is a primary MDSC transition of a quenched sheet. A 121 °C value quoted in a national film archive glossary could not be opened (blocked), so it is not used.",
    "Humidity and heat ageing have no numeric results. The Strath abstract gives only the temperatures and the qualitative result. Turnbull et al. (2012) full text was not accessible. Quantitative hydrolysis rate data were not found.",
    "UV resistance has only the qualitative Goodfellow rating (Fair). No UV transmission or tensile-retention figure for PEN film was found.",
    "Supply shares are missing. No USGS, EU or trade-association source covers PEN or naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. Market-research pages name producers (DuPont Teijin Films, Toray, SKC, Sumitomo Chemical and others), but their shares conflict and were not used.",
    "The grade named Teonex is printed under different owners: DuPont (Mueller-Ahlhorn), TOYOBO (SynFlex) and Teijin (plabase). Each property is tied to the grade and source on its own line.",
    "The NIST atomic-weight table gives C, H and O only as intervals (for example carbon 12.0096 to 12.0116), so the recipe gives atom counts in the role text and no atomic weights.",
    "Media: no PEN image with a confirmed licence was read in this pass.",
    "Tekra product pages for Teonex Q 53 and Q 83 returned HTTP 403, so they are not used.",
    "Volume and surface resistivity, intrinsic viscosity and dimensional shrinkage are printed in the sources but are not in property-canon.yaml, so they are left out."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) is a polyester film and resin. It is the naphthalene analogue of PET, and the extra ring gives improved thermal properties, as Indorama says. The electrical grade Teonex Q 51 is rated for 160/180 °C in UL 746B service, and Mueller-Ahlhorn says Teonex has better properties than PET-polyester films, including temperature resistance. Its weakness is that its ageing behaviour is less studied than PET's, and no atomic-oxygen flight data were found.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electric motors",
        "line": "Mueller-Ahlhorn says Teonex Q 51 was specially designed for slot and phase insulation and slot closure in electro motors with increased stress. SynFlex says Teonex Q5100 is for slot insulation, phase insulation and wedges."
      },
      {
        "where": "Flexible electronics",
        "line": "Wikipedia says PEN is a substrate for flexible integrated circuits and is positioned as a replacement for PET."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "The electrical grade Teonex Q 51 is rated for a continuous working temperature of 160/180 °C under UL 746B. The granule sheet gives an upper working temperature of 155 °C.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Biaxial PEN film has a tensile strength of 200 MPa. Teonex Q5100 at 50 micron has 290 MPa longitudinal and 300 MPa transversal.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The TN8050SC resin grade has a tensile modulus of 2200 MPa (ISO 527). Biaxial film has 5 to 5.5 GPa.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Dielectric",
        "line": "Teonex Q 51 lists a dielectric strength of 250 kV/mm (JIS C-2318), and the biaxial film lists 160 kV/mm at 0.075 mm.",
        "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Mueller-Ahlhorn says Teonex has better properties than PET-polyester films, including temperature resistance. The arXiv measurement gives a primary glass transition of 387 K (114 °C) for quenched PEN sheet, and the DSC melting point is 269 °C for the electrical grade. The continuous working temperature of 160/180 °C is the rating to compare with other electrical films. The compare table below sets PEN against the benchmarks it has values for.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Glass transition temperature",
        "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Obtain the current safety data sheet for the grade before use. Indorama says the customer should consult the SDS for any material.",
      "Keep the film below its continuous working limit of 160/180 °C for electrical service.",
      "Keep pellets in their supplied bags or drums until use, as the Indorama sheet describes the packing."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Motor slot and phase insulation, where the 160/180 °C rating and 250 kV/mm dielectric strength are used.",
      "Flexible electronics substrates, where a higher glass transition than PET is wanted (Wikipedia)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Ageing data are thin. No atomic-oxygen flight value, and no quantitative humidity or UV result, was found.",
      "The shrinkage at 200 °C (0.8 % at 50 micron) means that hot processing needs control.",
      "Trademark owners differ between the sources (DuPont, TOYOBO and Teijin), so check the grade and its data sheet."
    ],
    "verdict": "PEN is a heat-tolerant polyester film with a 160/180 °C electrical rating. It is a sound choice for motor insulation and flexible substrates, but its behaviour in vacuum, UV and humidity needs a grade-specific test before flight use.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "PEN is a polyester made by joining naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (or its dimethyl ester) with ethylene glycol through ester links. Each repeat unit (C14H10O4) has a naphthalene ring where PET has a benzene ring, and that larger aromatic ring stiffens the chain. Indorama describes PEN as analogous to PET but with improved thermal, barrier and UV properties.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Ten carbons in the naphthalene ring, two in the carboxyl groups and two in the ethylene linker."
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Six on the naphthalene ring and four on the ethylene linker."
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Two ester groups, each with a carbonyl oxygen and an ether oxygen."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PEN sales specification says no hazard label is needed under OSHA criteria. No GHS record for PEN was found in the sources checked.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The resin",
            "line": "Indorama's sales specification says no hazard warning is required on the label under OSHA criteria, and that the DOT shipping name is not regulated."
          },
          {
            "label": "The film",
            "line": "The Goodfellow data sheet rates the 0.075 mm film VTM-2 under UL 94, a thin-material vertical burn class."
          },
          {
            "label": "Monomers",
            "line": "The sales specification says the monomers are EU REACH registered. Their hazard data were not found in the sources checked."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified hazardous under OSHA criteria"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it overheats",
        "lead": "The data sheets give the service limits. Above them the film is not rated.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Service limit",
            "line": "The Mueller-Ahlhorn sheet gives a continuous working temperature of 160/180 °C (UL 746B) for Teonex Q 51. The Goodfellow sheet gives an upper working temperature of 155 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Shrinkage",
            "line": "The SynFlex sheet gives 0.4 % longitudinal shrinkage after 30 min at 150 °C, and 0.8 % at 200 °C, for 50 micron film."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Moisture",
            "line": "Water absorption is 0.3 % to 0.4 %. The ageing paper says PEN is thought to resist hydrolysis better than PET, but it gives no loss figures for hot, humid exposure."
          },
          {
            "label": "Packing",
            "line": "Pellets are sold in 1000 kg fabric bags or 100 kg fibre drums."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 27,
    "unreachable": 6,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from fetched data sheets, a sales specification, an open preprint, an ageing paper and a materials database. PubChem, the Tekra pages and the NICNAS report could not be opened. No PEN flight erosion value was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "goodfellow-pen-tds": {
      "title": "Goodfellow technical data sheet, PEN Granules (5mm, 10000 g), material properties for polymers",
      "id": "SKU 1000082271; product code ES36-GL-000100; CAS 24968-11-4",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/global/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000082271",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "mueller-q51-fi": {
      "title": "Dr. Dietrich Mueller GmbH, Teonex Q 51 FI 14090, electrical insulating material",
      "id": "Teonex Q 51 FI 14090",
      "url": "https://www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Teonex-Q51-FI-14090-ENG.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "synflex-q5100": {
      "title": "SynFlex Elektro GmbH, product datasheet Teonex Q5100 (updated 06/24)",
      "id": "Teonex Q5100",
      "url": "https://www.synflex.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Teonex_R__Q5100.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "indorama-pen-spec": {
      "title": "Indorama Ventures, sales specifications of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), June 2021",
      "id": "CAS 24968-11-4 / 25853-85-4",
      "url": "https://www.indoramaventures.com/storage/downloads/product/intro-naphthalates/pen/en/PENINTRO.pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier specification (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "plabase-tn8050sc": {
      "title": "Plabase property table, Teonex TN8050SC (Teijin Limited)",
      "id": "plabase item 5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
      "url": "https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bf4b186bfe33314ea415b5e",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "arxiv-pen-mdsc": {
      "title": "Double glass transition in polyethylene naphthalate by MDSC, BDS, and TSDC (Canadas et al.)",
      "id": "arXiv:2307.11537",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.11537",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv preprint (cited)"
    },
    "strath-ageing-2011": {
      "title": "Ageing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) under moderately accelerated conditions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.",
      "id": "University of Strathclyde, Strathprints 42262",
      "url": "https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/42262/",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "Open access repository record (cited)"
    },
    "wikipedia-pen": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Polyethylene naphthalate",
      "id": "CAS 24968-11-4 (Identifiers section)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_naphthalate",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pen/"
}