{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pa-66",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyamides",
  "name": "Polyamide 66 (nylon 66)",
  "abbreviation": "PA 66",
  "role": "engineering thermoplastic for moulded parts, with a dry and a conditioned state",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyamides",
  "summary": "Polyamide 66 (nylon 66) is a semicrystalline polyamide. BASF Ultramid A3K is read here in two states: the dry (as-moulded) grade Q601, with a density of 1.13 g/cc and a yield stress of 85 MPa (ISO 527), and the conditioned variant Q603, with a density of 1.14 g/cc and a yield stress of 54 MPa (ISO 527). Water uptake is the large difference: 2.8 % at 50 % RH against 8.5 % at saturation for the dry grade. As a sample on the MISSE 2 experiment in low Earth orbit it had an atomic oxygen erosion yield of 1.8e-24 cm3/atom, from NASA TM-2008-215490.\n",
  "best_for": "Stiff moulded parts where the dry state is known: 3 GPa tensile modulus and 85 MPa yield stress in the dry BASF Q601 grade, as printed on the datasheet page",
  "weakest_at": "Water: 8.5 % moisture at saturation changes the stiffness and strength of the part. The conditioned Q603 grade has a tensile modulus of 1.2 GPa against 3 GPa dry",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "C12H22N2O2 (smallest repeat unit as listed by NASA)",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
    "where": "Table IV, column Formula"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "low-earth-orbit"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "atomic-oxygen"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 1.13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 1183",
        "temperature": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 1183 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 (conditioned)",
      "value": 1.14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q603, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "test": "ISO 1183",
        "temperature": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 1183 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q603",
      "where": "Data table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at yield, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 85,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 527",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 527 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Tensile Strength, Yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at yield, Ultramid A3K Q603 (conditioned)",
      "value": 54,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q603, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "test": "ISO 527",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 527 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q603",
      "where": "Data table, Tensile Strength, Yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation_at_yield",
      "label": "Elongation at yield, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 527",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 527 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Elongation at Yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation_at_yield",
      "label": "Elongation at yield, Ultramid A3K Q603 (conditioned)",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q603, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "test": "ISO 527",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 527 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q603",
      "where": "Data table, Elongation at Yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 527",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 527 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Tensile Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Ultramid A3K Q603 (conditioned)",
      "value": 1.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q603, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "test": "ISO 527",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 527 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q603",
      "where": "Data table, Tensile Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 2.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 178",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 178 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Flexural Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Ultramid A3K Q603 (conditioned)",
      "value": 1.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q603, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "test": "ISO 178",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 178 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q603",
      "where": "Data table, Flexural Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 178",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 178 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Flexural Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 5.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m²",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "test": "ISO 180",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 180 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Izod Impact, Notched row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact, Ultramid A3K Q603 (conditioned)",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m²",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q603, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "test": "ISO 180",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 180 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q603",
      "where": "Data table, Izod Impact, Notched (ISO) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 260,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "test": "ISO 3146",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 3146 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, matmake.com page",
      "value": 255,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "not stated on the page",
        "state": "dry or conditioned not stated",
        "test": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the matmake.com page; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matmake-pa66",
      "where": "Typical properties list, Melting point line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylon 66 (PA-66) properties, matmake.com",
        "id": "matmake.com materials data page, nylon 66",
        "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/nylon-66-properties.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa, Ultramid A3K Q601 (dry)",
      "value": 75,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "test": "ISO 75",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 75 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Deflection Temperature at 1.8 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at equilibrium, 50 % RH, Ultramid A3K Q601",
      "value": 2.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "humidity": "50 % RH",
        "test": "ISO 62",
        "state": "dry before exposure"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Moisture Absorption at Equilibrium row, 50 % RH",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at saturation, Ultramid A3K Q601",
      "value": 8.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K Q601, PA66 (Dry)",
        "humidity": "saturation",
        "test": "ISO 62",
        "state": "dry before exposure"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-q601",
      "where": "Data table, Moisture Absorption at Equilibrium row, Saturation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at equilibrium, BK 00464 grade (conditioned)",
      "value": 2.5,
      "value_high": 3.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K BK 00464, PA66 (Conditioned)",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "humidity": "50 % RH",
        "test": "ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the lookpolymers.com datasheet page, ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-bk00464",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Moisture Absorption at Equilibrium row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K BK 00464 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
        "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, BK 00464 (Conditioned)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-BK-00464-PA66-Conditioned.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion yield, polyamide 66 (MISSE 2)",
      "value": 1.8e-24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cm3/atom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "platform": "ISS, MISSE 2 PEC 2 tray 1, low Earth orbit",
        "fluence": "8.43e21 atoms/cm2",
        "duration": "3.95 years"
      },
      "method": "Measured on MISSE 2 flight samples and listed in NASA TM-2008-215490, Table I",
      "status": "flight",
      "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
      "where": "Table I, MISSE 2 PEACE polymers erosion yield data, row Polyamide 66",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, longitudinal, Ultramid A3K",
      "value": 98,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "E-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K, PA66 (uncoloured)",
        "test": "ISO 11359-1/-2",
        "temperature": "23 to 55 °C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF (09/2026), ISO 11359 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, longitudinal row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information, PA66 (09/2026), Asia Pacific and Europe English",
        "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Ultramid A3K",
      "value": 0.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K, PA66 (uncoloured)",
        "test": "DIN 52612-1",
        "temperature": "not printed in the table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF, DIN 52612-1 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Thermal conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information, PA66 (09/2026), Asia Pacific and Europe English",
        "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, Ultramid A3K",
      "value": 1700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg*K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K, PA66 (uncoloured)",
        "test": "not printed in the table",
        "temperature": "not printed in the table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Specific heat capacity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information, PA66 (09/2026), Asia Pacific and Europe English",
        "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "temperature_index_tensile_50pct_5000h",
      "label": "Temperature index at 50 % loss of tensile strength after 5000 h, Ultramid A3K",
      "value": 118,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K, PA66 (uncoloured)",
        "time": "5000 h",
        "test": "IEC 60216"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF, IEC 60216 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Temperature index at 50% loss of tensile strength after 5000 h row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information, PA66 (09/2026), Asia Pacific and Europe English",
        "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "temperature_index_tensile_50pct_20000h",
      "label": "Temperature index at 50 % loss of tensile strength after 20000 h, Ultramid A3K",
      "value": 101,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ultramid A3K, PA66 (uncoloured)",
        "time": "20000 h",
        "test": "IEC 60216"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF, IEC 60216 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Temperature index at 50% loss of tensile strength after 20000 h row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information, PA66 (09/2026), Asia Pacific and Europe English",
        "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K",
        "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at equilibrium, 23 °C, 50 % RH, Zytel 101L NC010",
      "value": 2.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66 (dry before exposure)",
        "humidity": "50 % RH",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "thickness": "2.00 mm",
        "test": "ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Physical, Water Absorption, Equilibrium row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at saturation, 23 °C, Zytel 101L NC010",
      "value": 8.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66 (dry before exposure)",
        "humidity": "saturation",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "thickness": "2.00 mm",
        "test": "ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Physical, Water Absorption, Saturation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Zytel 101L NC010 (dry)",
      "value": 3100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "dry as moulded"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 527-2 as printed; psi value 450000 also printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Modulus row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Zytel 101L NC010 (conditioned)",
      "value": 1400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 527-2 as printed; psi value 203000 also printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Modulus row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at yield, Zytel 101L NC010 (dry)",
      "value": 82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "dry as moulded"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 527-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Stress (Yield) row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at yield, Zytel 101L NC010 (conditioned)",
      "value": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 527-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical, Tensile Stress (Yield) row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa (unannealed), Zytel 101L NC010 (dry)",
      "value": 70,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "test": "ISO 75-2/A",
        "state": "dry as moulded, unannealed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 75-2/A as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal, Heat Deflection Temperature, 264 psi (1.8 MPa) Unannealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting temperature, Zytel 101L NC010 (dry)",
      "value": 262,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66",
        "test": "ISO 11357-3",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 11357-3 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal, Melting Temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
        "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture absorption at equilibrium, 23 °C, 50 % RH, Vydyne R533H (33 % glass)",
      "value": 1.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Vydyne R533H, PA66 with 33 % glass fibre, heat stabilised",
        "humidity": "50 % RH",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "test": "ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Ascend Vydyne R533H technical data sheet (UL Prospector copy), ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vydyne-r533h-pdf",
      "where": "Physical, Water Absorption, Equilibrium row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ascend Performance Materials Vydyne R533H technical data sheet, TDS-10251-en",
        "id": "UL Prospector copy of Vydyne R533H, document created 1 July 2014",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/svvnb0w5/vydyne-r533h.pdf",
        "year": 2014,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat in air (dry, as-moulded Ultramid A3K)",
      "headline": "Heat ageing is set by a temperature index from IEC 60216: 118 °C for 50 % loss of tensile strength at 5000 h, and 101 °C at 20000 h.",
      "effect": "The BASF product information PDF prints a temperature index of 118 °C after 5000 h and 101 °C after 20000 h for 50 % loss of tensile strength. Tensile strength falls with time at temperature, so the index is a life limit, not a single maximum.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Ultramid A3K uncoloured PA66, IEC 60216 index as printed",
        "reference": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF, thermal properties"
      },
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal properties table, Temperature index rows at 5000 h and 20000 h"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat-stabilised glass-fibre PA66 under long-term heat",
      "headline": "A heat-stabilised grade (Vydyne R533H, 33 % glass) is made to resist oxidative and thermal degradation under long exposure, with a continuous use temperature of 275 °F (135 °C).",
      "effect": "Ascend states that the heat stabilised version resists oxidation and thermal degradation of the nylon polymer for extended time at high temperature, with continuous operating use at 275 °F and short-term peaks to 475 °F (246 °C). These are the grade's own limits, not a test of unfilled PA66.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Vydyne R533H, 33 % glass-fibre heat stabilised grade",
        "reference": "Ascend Vydyne R533H technical data sheet, product description"
      },
      "source": "vydyne-r533h-pdf",
      "where": "Product Description, paragraph on heat stabilised version"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Electrical and mechanical relative thermal index (UL 746), heat-stabilised Vydyne R533H",
      "headline": "UL relative thermal index, electrical 140 °C at 0.75 to 3.00 mm, mechanical strength 140 °C, impact 125 °C.",
      "effect": "The UL 746 relative thermal indices printed on the Vydyne R533H sheet give 140 °C for electrical properties and 125 °C for impact at 0.75 mm to 3.00 mm. These are long-term rating values for a glass-filled grade and are not a test of the unfilled A3K grade.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Vydyne R533H, 33 % glass fibre, heat stabilised; RTI values as printed",
        "reference": "UL 746 relative thermal index, as printed on the Vydyne technical data sheet"
      },
      "source": "vydyne-r533h-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal, RTI Elec, RTI Imp and RTI Str rows"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Standard atmosphere 23 C, 50 % RH, and saturation in water",
      "headline": "Water is the main ageing route for dry PA66: the dry-to-conditioned change reduces stiffness and yield.",
      "effect": "DuPont lists 2.6 % moisture at equilibrium at 50 % RH and 8.5 % at saturation for Zytel 101L NC010 (2.00 mm, 23 C), with 4.2 % after 24 hours at 1.00 mm. Over the same conditioning, the tensile modulus falls from 3100 MPa to 1400 MPa and the yield stress from 82.0 MPa to 55.0 MPa.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Zytel 101L NC010, unreinforced PA66, ISO 62 and ISO 527-2 as printed",
        "reference": "DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, water absorption and mechanical tables"
      },
      "source": "zytel-101l-pdf",
      "where": "Physical, Water Absorption rows; Mechanical, Tensile Modulus and Tensile Stress (Yield) rows"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Hexamethylenediamine (monomer, CID 16402): PubChem aggregates 1,248 company reports to the ECHA C&L Inventory. H302 (harmful if swallowed), H312 (harmful in contact with skin), H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage) and H335 (may cause respiratory irritation) appear in 100 % or near 100 % of the notifications that give hazard codes, and H318 (causes serious eye damage) in 53.1 %. The signal word is Danger.",
        "ghs": [
          "H302",
          "H312",
          "H314",
          "H318",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-hmd",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 16402)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Adipic acid (monomer, CID 196): PubChem aggregates 5,531 company reports to the ECHA C&L Inventory. H319 (causes serious eye irritation) appears in 95.6 % of notifications that give hazard codes, with the signal word Warning. Some notifications list Danger with H318 (serious eye damage) and H402 (harmful to aquatic life).",
        "ghs": [
          "H319"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-adipic-acid",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 196)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Polyamide 66 polymer: no GHS record or polymer SDS was read for the polymer itself. The datasheet says the product is safe to process under recommended conditions, and that overheating or burning off decomposes it. Use the safety data sheet from the producer.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
        "where": "Product safety paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Atomic oxygen erosion in low Earth orbit",
        "trigger": "Exposure of a polyamide 66 part to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, as on the MISSE 2 flight",
        "consequence": "Surface erosion at a yield of 1.8e-24 cm3/atom as measured on MISSE 2",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
        "where": "Table I"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Water uptake",
        "trigger": "Exposure of the dry grade to humid air or water",
        "consequence": "Moisture absorption of 2.8 % at 50 % RH and 8.5 % at saturation, which lowers stiffness and strength in the conditioned state",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "basf-q601",
        "where": "Data table, Moisture Absorption at Equilibrium rows, and the conditioned Q603 tensile modulus of 1.2 GPa"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Long-term heat",
        "trigger": "Continuous service at elevated temperature in air",
        "consequence": "Loss of 50 % of tensile strength at a temperature index of 118 °C after 5000 h, and at 101 °C after 20000 h",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
        "where": "Thermal properties table, Temperature index rows"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Dry the granules before processing. The Q601 page prints a processing moisture content of 0.20 % or less and a drying time of 2 to 4 hours.",
        "source": "basf-q601",
        "where": "Processing table, Moisture Content and Dry Time rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep the containers closed until processing, and store the granules in dry rooms, because they absorb moisture from the air (BASF Ultramid A3K product information).",
        "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
        "where": "Physical form and storage paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Gears and bearings",
      "example": "BASF describes Ultramid A3K as an easy flowing injection moulding grade for highly stressed technical parts, such as bearings and gear wheels.",
      "source": "basf-a3k-pdf",
      "where": "Product Information, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Terminals and cable connectors",
      "example": "The BASF Ultramid A3K R01 sheet adds electrically insulating parts such as terminals and cable connectors to the bearings and gear wheels applications.",
      "source": "basf-a3k-r01-pdf",
      "where": "Product Information, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Automotive under-the-hood housings and gears (33 % glass)",
      "example": "Ascend lists the glass-filled Vydyne R533H grade for automotive under-the-hood housings and gears, with heat stabilised and lubricated versions.",
      "source": "vydyne-r533h-pdf",
      "where": "General, Uses list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid (monomers for nylon 66)",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-nylon66",
      "where": "Synthesis; Production"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Adipic acid",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-adipic-acid",
      "where": "Production"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), lookpolymers.com datasheet page",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), lookpolymers.com datasheet page",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K BK 00464 PA66 (Conditioned), lookpolymers.com datasheet page",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-BK-00464-PA66-Conditioned.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "Nylon 66 (PA-66) properties, matmake.com",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/nylon-66-properties.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF (09/2026), PA66",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K R01 product information PDF (02/2026), PA66",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd6402ca60778/en/ULTRAMID%25C2%25AE_A3K_R01"
    },
    {
      "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en (copy on UL Prospector)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Ascend Performance Materials Vydyne R533H technical data sheet, TDS-10251-en (copy on UL Prospector)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/svvnb0w5/vydyne-r533h.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 16402, hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16402"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 196, adipic acid, GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Tensile strength and tensile modulus for the conditioned grade BK 00464 were not recorded: the page is for a different product code from Q601.",
    "No dry-state values were read for the Q603 density; the page does not say whether the density is dry or conditioned, so the 1.14 g/cc value is recorded as printed on the conditioned page.",
    "Melting point 255 °C from matmake.com has no test standard and no dry or conditioned basis, so it is recorded separately from the ISO 3146 value of 260 °C and the ISO 11357-3 value of 262 °C for Zytel.",
    "Heat deflection temperature, impact and modulus values for the conditioned state were not read for the BK 00464 grade.",
    "No CAS number for polyamide 66 and no polymer SDS were read. The formula comes from NASA, and the hazard entries are for the monomers, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, from PubChem.",
    "Hydrolysis (water-driven chain scission) data for PA66 were not found in the sources read. Heat ageing is limited to the BASF temperature index and the Vydyne RTI and service-temperature ratings.",
    "Producers of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, and their country shares, were not found on a readable page. The Wikipedia pages read name no producers, and the adipic acid volume has no year.",
    "Tyre cord use of nylon 66 was not found in the sources read. Airbag use is in Wikipedia only, and it has no matching application slug in the allowed list, so it is not in the uses list.",
    "The Lanxess Durethan A datasheet PDF could not be found by search: the results were third-party PlaBase entries behind a login. No Durethan values are used.",
    "The Ensinger matweb page returned HTTP 403 in an earlier run, so no Ensinger values are used.",
    "Atomic oxygen erosion yield is one flight value (1.8e-24 cm3/atom) for one MISSE 2 sample. No outgassing, UV or thermal-cycling result for polyamide 66 in space was read in this run.",
    "No water absorption figure is recorded from the matmake.com page, which gives no state or standard for it.",
    "Two properties use names that are not in spores/property-canon.yaml: temperature_index_tensile_50pct_5000h and temperature_index_tensile_50pct_20000h (IEC 60216 index from BASF). The Vydyne RTI values are recorded under corrosion, not as properties.",
    "The Zytel 101L NC010 sheet is an unreinforced grade from DuPont, which Celanese now supplies (per UL Prospector). Its values are recorded as printed for that grade."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Polyamide 66 is a semicrystalline engineering thermoplastic. BASF Ultramid A3K is read here as a dry grade (Q601), with a density of 1.13 g/cc, a tensile modulus of 3 GPa and a melting point of 260 °C, and as a conditioned variant (Q603), with a density of 1.14 g/cc and a tensile modulus of 1.2 GPa. The gap between the two states is the main thing to read in the table.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Gears and bearings",
        "line": "BASF says Ultramid A3K is used for highly stressed technical parts, such as bearings and gear wheels (BASF product information PDF)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Terminals and cable connectors",
        "line": "The BASF Ultramid A3K R01 sheet adds electrically insulating terminals and cable connectors to its applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Automotive housings",
        "line": "Ascend lists the glass-filled Vydyne R533H grade for automotive under-the-hood housings and gears. This is a 33 % glass composite, not the unfilled grade."
      },
      {
        "where": "Airbags and tyre cord",
        "line": "Wikipedia says nylon 66 is also used in airbags. No tyre cord use for nylon 66 was read in the sources, so it is not claimed here."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stiff when dry",
        "line": "The Q601 dry grade has a tensile modulus of 3 GPa, a yield stress of 85 MPa and a flexural modulus of 2.9 GPa, all ISO values printed on the datasheet page.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "3 GPa tensile modulus"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hold heat under load",
        "line": "The Q601 page prints a deflection temperature of 75 °C at 1.8 MPa (ISO 75), and a melting point of 260 °C (ISO 3146).",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "75 °C at 1.8 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Survive in orbit",
        "line": "NASA lists a MISSE 2 erosion yield for polyamide 66 of 1.8e-24 cm3/atom in Table I, from a flight sample exposed for 3.95 years.",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.8e-24 cm3/atom"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The Q601 dry and Q603 conditioned rows are the same grade in two states, so they show what moisture changes. The DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 sheet, an unreinforced PA66, gives 3100 MPa dry and 1400 MPa conditioned, close to the Q601 and Q603 pair, and 2.6 % equilibrium moisture at 50 % RH against 2.8 % for Q601. The Vydyne R533H row is a 33 % glass composite, so its 1.8 % moisture is an example of how glass lowers water uptake, not a rank. The matmake.com value and the BK 00464 row are different grades or bases, and are read as examples, not as a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile modulus, dry",
        "benchmark": "tensile_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Moisture absorption at saturation",
        "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Erosion yield in LEO flight",
        "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion_yield",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify dry or conditioned. The tensile modulus falls from 3 GPa dry to 1.2 GPa in the conditioned Q603 grade.",
      "Dry the granules before moulding to 0.2 % moisture or less, as the Q601 page prints.",
      "Treat the datasheet values as typical values, as the pages state, and not as specification limits."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Stiff moulded parts in the dry state: 3 GPa tensile modulus and 85 MPa yield stress (BASF Q601).",
      "Heat resistance under load: 75 °C at 1.8 MPa and a melting point of 260 °C (BASF Q601).",
      "Gears, bearings, terminals and cable connectors, as the BASF product information lists (BASF A3K and A3K R01).",
      "A known flight result: 1.8e-24 cm3/atom erosion yield on MISSE 2 in low Earth orbit (NASA)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Water: 8.5 % moisture at saturation (dry grade) drops the tensile modulus to 1.2 GPa in the conditioned Q603 grade.",
      "Heat: the temperature index for 50 % tensile loss is 118 °C at 5000 h and 101 °C at 20000 h, so long-life parts need a lower service temperature.",
      "Atomic oxygen erodes polyamide 66 at 1.8e-24 cm3/atom, so exterior use needs protection or a rate allowance.",
      "The MISSE 2 result is one flight sample. No outgassing, UV or hydrolysis result for polyamide 66 was read in these sources."
    ],
    "verdict": "Polyamide 66 is a stiff engineering plastic in the dry state, with a tensile modulus of 3 GPa, a deflection temperature of 75 °C at 1.8 MPa and a melting point of 260 °C, as printed on the BASF Q601 datasheet page. Water is the main limit: the conditioned grade has a tensile modulus of 1.2 GPa. BASF's temperature index of 118 °C at 5000 h gives a heat-life limit. Its MISSE 2 erosion yield of 1.8e-24 cm3/atom is one flight value, and no sourced outgassing, UV or hydrolysis values were found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Polyamide 66 is made by polycondensation of equal amounts of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid in water. Water is removed to drive the reaction to polymer (Wikipedia). The repeat unit, -[NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO-(CH2)4-CO]-, is C12H22N2O2 (NASA Table IV; repeat-unit mass computed from standard atomic weights). Its elemental shares by mass are C 63.7 %, H 9.8 %, N 12.4 % and O 14.1 %.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Backbone of the repeat unit: six CH2 groups and two carbonyl carbons.",
          "atoms": 12,
          "atomic_weight": 12.011
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Methylene and amide hydrogens of the repeat unit.",
          "atoms": 22,
          "atomic_weight": 1.008
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Amide nitrogens. Hydrogen bonds between chains give the crystalline structure.",
          "atoms": 2,
          "atomic_weight": 14.007
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Carbonyl oxygens of the amide groups.",
          "atoms": 2,
          "atomic_weight": 15.999
        },
        {
          "name": "Hexamethylenediamine",
          "symbol": "C6H16N2",
          "role": "Diamine monomer. Its amine groups react with the acid groups of adipic acid (PubChem CID 16402).",
          "atoms": 1
        },
        {
          "name": "Adipic acid",
          "symbol": "C6H10O4",
          "role": "Diacid monomer. Water is released at each amide bond formed (PubChem CID 196).",
          "atoms": 1
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The monomers are the hazard to watch. Hexamethylenediamine is harmful and corrosive in PubChem's aggregate. The polymer SDS was not read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Handling",
            "line": "The Q601 page prints a processing moisture content of 0.2 % or less and a drying time of 2 to 4 hours."
          },
          {
            "label": "Monomers",
            "line": "Hexamethylenediamine carries Danger with H314 (severe skin burns and eye damage) in the PubChem aggregate. Adipic acid carries Warning with H319 (serious eye irritation)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dry before processing; treat the monomers as corrosive"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in these sources are water uptake, heat ageing and erosion in orbit.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Water",
            "line": "The dry grade takes up 2.8 % moisture at 50 % RH and 8.5 % at saturation, and the conditioned Q603 grade has a tensile modulus of 1.2 GPa."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heat",
            "line": "BASF prints a temperature index of 118 °C for 50 % loss of tensile strength after 5000 h, and 101 °C after 20000 h."
          },
          {
            "label": "Atomic oxygen",
            "line": "On MISSE 2 the erosion yield was 1.8e-24 cm3/atom, as listed in NASA TM-2008-215490."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-19",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 34,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Deepen pass on 2026-10-19 by an AI assistant. Kept the 20 existing properties and 5 existing sources. Added 14 properties from the BASF Ultramid A3K product information PDF (09/2026), the DuPont Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet and the Ascend Vydyne R533H technical data sheet (both read via curl and pdftotext from UL Prospector copies). Added recipe, supply, heat and water ageing (corrosion), uses, hazards from PubChem (REST API, CIDs 16402 and 196), and 8 new sources. Unreachable: the Lanxess Durethan A datasheet PDF (not found by search) and the Ensinger matweb page (HTTP 403). The PubChem web page returned a browser check, so the hazard data come from the PubChem REST API. Computed values, not from a fetched page: repeat-unit atomic shares C 63.7 %, H 9.8 %, N 12.4 %, O 14.1 % by mass from C12H22N2O2 with standard atomic weights; monomer shares of the charge HMD 44.3 % and adipic acid 55.7 % by mass from PubChem molecular weights (116.20 and 146.14), and water lost is 2 x 18.02 g/mol."
  },
  "sources": {
    "basf-q601": {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q601 PA66 (Dry), datasheet page",
      "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q601 (Dry)",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q601-PA66Dry.php",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "basf-q603": {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K Q603 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
      "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, Q603 (Conditioned)",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-Q603-PA66-Conditioned.php",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "basf-bk00464": {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K BK 00464 PA66 (Conditioned), datasheet page",
      "id": "lookpolymers.com datasheet page, BK 00464 (Conditioned)",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_BASF-Ultramid-A3K-BK-00464-PA66-Conditioned.php",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "third-party datasheet page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "matmake-pa66": {
      "title": "Nylon 66 (PA-66) properties, matmake.com",
      "id": "matmake.com materials data page, nylon 66",
      "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/nylon-66-properties.html",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-tm-2008-215490": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "basf-a3k-pdf": {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K product information, PA66 (09/2026), Asia Pacific and Europe English",
      "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8082587fd4b608017fd64108ab6d3b/en/ULTRAMID_A3K_Product_Data_Sheet_Asia_PacificEurope_English.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "basf-a3k-r01-pdf": {
      "title": "BASF Ultramid A3K R01 product information, PA66 (02/2026)",
      "id": "download.basf.com product data sheet, Ultramid A3K R01",
      "url": "https://download.basf.com/p1/8a8081c57fd4b609017fd6402ca60778/en/ULTRAMID%25C2%25AE_A3K_R01",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "zytel-101l-pdf": {
      "title": "DuPont Performance Polymers Zytel 101L NC010 technical data sheet, TDS-61076-en",
      "id": "UL Prospector copy of TDS-61076-en, document created 3 May 2018",
      "url": "https://Protolabs.com/media/tcebrq5j/zytel-101l.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "vydyne-r533h-pdf": {
      "title": "Ascend Performance Materials Vydyne R533H technical data sheet, TDS-10251-en",
      "id": "UL Prospector copy of Vydyne R533H, document created 1 July 2014",
      "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/svvnb0w5/vydyne-r533h.pdf",
      "year": 2014,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-nylon66": {
      "title": "Nylon 66, Wikipedia",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org, Nylon 66",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_66",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC-BY-SA, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-adipic-acid": {
      "title": "Adipic acid, Wikipedia",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org, Adipic acid",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipic_acid",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC-BY-SA, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-hmd": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 16402, hexane-1,6-diamine (hexamethylenediamine), GHS classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 16402",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16402",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-adipic-acid": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 196, hexanedioic acid (adipic acid), GHS classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 196",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pa-66/"
}