{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "pa-46",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyamides",
  "name": "Polyamide 46 (nylon 46)",
  "abbreviation": "PA 46",
  "role": "high-heat engineering thermoplastic for moulded gear, housing and structural parts",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyamides",
  "summary": "Polyamide 46 (nylon 46) is a semicrystalline aliphatic polyamide made from 1,4-diaminobutane and adipic acid. Envalior sells it as Stanyl. The unfilled TW341 grade is read here from a copy of the DSM datasheet (copyright 2011) with a melting temperature of 295 °C (ISO 11357-3), a deflection temperature of 190 °C at 1.8 MPa and a thermal index of 152 °C at 5000 h (IEC 60216). Water is the main limit: the TW341 tensile modulus falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned. Mitsubishi's Nylatron 4.6 sheet gives a continuous service temperature in air of 149 °C. No atomic-oxygen erosion yield for PA 46 was found in the NASA table.\n",
  "best_for": "Heat-tolerant moulded parts that carry load: TW341 has a deflection temperature of 190 °C at 1.8 MPa, and the 50 % glass-filled TW241F10 grade has 290 °C at 1.80 MPa",
  "weakest_at": "Water: TW341 takes up 3.7 % moisture at 50 % RH and its tensile modulus falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned. Strong acids and strong alkalis are rated unacceptable for Nylatron 4.6",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Poly(tetramethylene adipamide), -[NH(CH2)4NH-CO(CH2)4CO]-n, made from 1,4-diaminobutane and adipic acid",
    "cas": "50327-22-5",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Stanyl",
        "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
        "where": "Title line, Stanyl TW341"
      }
    ],
    "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
    "where": "Common properties table, CAS Number row. The same page prints the formula (C12H22N2)n, which does not match this repeat unit, so it is not used"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 1.18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated, natural",
        "test": "ISO 1183",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 1183 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Physical table, Density row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific gravity, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 1.19,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D792"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Specific Gravity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption at equilibrium, 23 °C, 50 % RH, Stanyl TW341",
      "value": 3.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "humidity": "50 % RH",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "test": "ISO 62"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 62 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Physical table, Water Absorption, Equilibrium row, 73 °F (23 °C), 50 % RH",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption at equilibrium, Goodfellow nylon 46 rod",
      "value": 3.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylon 46 rod, as listed on the Goodfellow page",
        "test": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page; the page gives no test standard or humidity condition",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Water absorption - equilibrium row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
        "id": "goodfellow.com, nylon 46 rod group",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, immersion 24 h, Nylatron 4.6",
      "value": 0.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D570",
        "state": "immersion for 24 hours"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D570 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Water Absorption row, Immersion 24hr",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption at saturation, Nylatron 4.6",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D570",
        "state": "saturation"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D570 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Water Absorption at Saturation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 3300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 527-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus row, Dry column, 73 °F (23 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Stanyl TW341 (conditioned)",
      "value": 1000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 527-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at yield, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 527-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Yield row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at yield, Stanyl TW341 (conditioned)",
      "value": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 527-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Yield row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Nominal tensile strain at break, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-2",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 527-2 as printed; the conditioned value is printed only as more than 50 %",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Nominal Tensile Strain at Break row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 3000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 178",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 178 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Flexural Modulus row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Stanyl TW341 (conditioned)",
      "value": 900,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 178",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 178 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Flexural Modulus row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa, unannealed, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 190,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "test": "ISO 75-2/A",
        "state": "dry, unannealed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 75-2/A as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Deflection Temperature Under Load, 264 psi (1.8 MPa) Unannealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting temperature, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 295,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 11357-3",
        "state": "dry",
        "heating_rate": "10 °C/min"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, ISO 11357-3 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Melting Temperature row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Relative permittivity at 100 Hz, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 3.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "IEC 60250",
        "frequency": "100 Hz",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, IEC 60250 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Electrical table, Relative Permittivity, 100 Hz row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Relative permittivity at 100 Hz, Stanyl TW341 (conditioned)",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "IEC 60250",
        "frequency": "100 Hz",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, IEC 60250 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Electrical table, Relative Permittivity, 100 Hz row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Electric strength, Stanyl TW341 (dry)",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "IEC 60243-1",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, kV/mm in parentheses, IEC 60243-1 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Electrical table, Electric Strength row, Dry column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Electric strength, Stanyl TW341 (conditioned)",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW341, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "IEC 60243-1",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, kV/mm in parentheses, IEC 60243-1 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Electrical table, Electric Strength row, Conditioned column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
        "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
        "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 103,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "state": "dry as moulded"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D638 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at 65 °C, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 41.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "temperature": "65 °C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D638 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength at 65°C (150°F) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D638"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D638 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation at Break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 3.24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D638"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D638 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 117,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D790"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D790 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 3.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D790"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D790 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, Nylatron 4.6 (-40 to 150 °C)",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM E831",
        "temperature": "-40 to 150 °C"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM E831 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, CTE linear row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Nylatron 4.6 (unreinforced)",
      "value": 0.303,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Nylatron 4.6 (crystalline peak)",
      "value": 290,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "test": "ASTM D3418",
        "state": "crystalline peak"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D3418 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum service temperature in air, continuous, Nylatron 4.6",
      "value": 149,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "state": "continuous",
        "environment": "air"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Maximum Service Temperature, Air row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa, Nylatron 4.6",
      "value": 160,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46",
        "load": "1.8 MPa",
        "test": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, ASTM D648 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Deflection Temperature at 1.8 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Stanyl TW241F10, 50 % glass fibre (dry)",
      "value": 16000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW241F10, PA46-GF50, 50 % glass fibre, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-1/-2",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (print date 2026-01-27), ISO 527-1/-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "envalior-tw241f10-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile modulus row, DRY / COND column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, PA46-GF50, Envalior",
        "id": "Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (copy on plasticker.de), print date 2026-01-27",
        "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/1845_1770288239.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Stanyl TW241F10, 50 % glass fibre (conditioned)",
      "value": 10000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW241F10, PA46-GF50, 50 % glass fibre, heat stabilised, lubricated",
        "test": "ISO 527-1/-2",
        "state": "conditioned"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (print date 2026-01-27), ISO 527-1/-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "envalior-tw241f10-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile modulus row, DRY / COND column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, PA46-GF50, Envalior",
        "id": "Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (copy on plasticker.de), print date 2026-01-27",
        "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/1845_1770288239.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Temperature of deflection under load at 1.80 MPa, Stanyl TW241F10, 50 % glass fibre (dry)",
      "value": 290,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Stanyl TW241F10, PA46-GF50, 50 % glass fibre",
        "load": "1.80 MPa",
        "test": "ISO 75-1/-2",
        "state": "dry"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (print date 2026-01-27), ISO 75-1/-2 as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "envalior-tw241f10-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties, Temp. of deflection under load (1.80 MPa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, PA46-GF50, Envalior",
        "id": "Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (copy on plasticker.de), print date 2026-01-27",
        "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/1845_1770288239.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, nylon 46 rod, as listed by Goodfellow",
      "value": 55,
      "value_high": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylon 46 rod, as listed on the Goodfellow page",
        "test": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page; the page gives no test standard or conditioning",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
        "id": "goodfellow.com, nylon 46 rod group",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa, nylon 46 rod, as listed by Goodfellow",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylon 46 rod, as listed on the Goodfellow page",
        "load": "0.45 MPa",
        "test": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page; the page gives no test standard",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Heat-deflection temperature - 0.45MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
        "id": "goodfellow.com, nylon 46 rod group",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, nylon 46 rod, as listed by Goodfellow",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylon 46 rod, as listed on the Goodfellow page",
        "test": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page; the page gives no test standard",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Dielectric strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
        "id": "goodfellow.com, nylon 46 rod group",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Upper working temperature range, nylon 46 rod, as listed by Goodfellow",
      "value": 100,
      "value_high": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nylon 46 rod, as listed on the Goodfellow page",
        "state": "upper working temperature"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page; no test or duration is stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Upper working temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
        "id": "goodfellow.com, nylon 46 rod group",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat in air, unfilled Stanyl TW341 (IEC 60216)",
      "headline": "The TW341 thermal index is 152 °C at 5000 h, for 50 % loss of tensile strength as the IEC 60216 basis.",
      "effect": "The IDES copy of the DSM datasheet prints a thermal index of 306 °F (152 °C) at 5000 hr (its note 5). This is a life limit, not a single maximum temperature, so long-life parts need a lower service temperature than the deflection temperature.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Stanyl TW341 unfilled grade, IEC 60216 index as printed",
        "reference": "DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, Thermal table"
      },
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal table, Thermal Index row, note 5 (5000 hr)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat in air, 50 % glass-filled Stanyl TW241F10",
      "headline": "The filled TW241F10 grade has a thermal index of 177 °C at 5000 hrs, higher than the unfilled TW341 value of 152 °C.",
      "effect": "Envalior prints a thermal index of 177 °C at 5000 hrs (IEC 60216 and ISO 527-1/-2) for TW241F10. The value belongs to the glass-filled grade and is not a test of unfilled PA 46.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Stanyl TW241F10, PA46-GF50, 50 % glass fibre",
        "reference": "Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, Other properties"
      },
      "source": "envalior-tw241f10-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties, Thermal Index 5000 hrs row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Continuous service in air, unreinforced Nylatron 4.6",
      "headline": "Nylatron 4.6 gives a maximum service temperature in air of 149 °C for continuous use.",
      "effect": "The Nylatron 4.6 sheet prints 149 °C (300 °F) as the continuous maximum service temperature in air, lower than its 160 °C deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa. The deflection value is a short load test, not a service life.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46, continuous use in air",
        "reference": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM data sheet, Thermal Properties"
      },
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Maximum Service Temperature, Air row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humid air and water, from 23 °C and 50 % RH to conditioned state (Stanyl TW341)",
      "headline": "Moisture is the largest change: TW341 tensile modulus falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned, and yield stress from 100 MPa to 55.0 MPa.",
      "effect": "Water uptake to equilibrium lowers stiffness and strength. The filled TW241F10 grade shows a smaller fall: its tensile modulus goes from 16000 MPa dry to 10000 MPa conditioned, and Envalior prints a humidity absorption of 1.85 % for it (simulated to ISO 62).",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Stanyl TW341 unfilled and Stanyl TW241F10 50 % glass-filled, dry against conditioned as printed",
        "reference": "DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, Mechanical table; Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, Mechanical and Other properties"
      },
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus and Tensile Stress Yield rows, Dry and Conditioned columns"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sunlight, hot water or steam, and strong acids or alkalis (Nylatron 4.6 chemical resistance table)",
      "headline": "Nylatron 4.6 rates continuous sunlight and hot water or steam as Limited, and strong acids and strong alkalis as Unacceptable.",
      "effect": "The Nylatron 4.6 table gives a chemical resistance rating of Limited for continuous sunlight and for hot water or steam, and Unacceptable for strong acids at pH 1 to 3 and strong alkalis at pH 11 to 14. Weak acids, alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons are rated Limited or Acceptable. No UV exposure test values for PA 46 were read.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Nylatron 4.6, unreinforced nylon 46, qualitative ratings as printed",
        "reference": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM data sheet, Chemical Resistance Properties table"
      },
      "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
      "where": "Chemical Resistance Properties table, Continuous Sunlight, Hot Water / Steam, Acids Strong and Alkalies Strong rows"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ionising radiation (Goodfellow listing for nylon 46 rod)",
      "headline": "Goodfellow rates radiation resistance of nylon 46 rod as Fair, with no dose value.",
      "effect": "The Goodfellow page gives a qualitative radiation resistance of Fair and no dose figure. It cannot be used as a dose limit for a space part.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Nylon 46 rod, as listed on the Goodfellow page",
        "reference": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page, Physical Properties"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-nylon46-rod",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Radiation resistance row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit",
      "headline": "NASA's erosion table lists polyamide 6 and polyamide 66 but no polyamide 46 row.",
      "effect": "NASA TM-2008-215490 Table I gives erosion yields for PA 6 and PA 66 from MISSE flight samples, and no PA 46 row was found in the report, so no atomic-oxygen value is recorded for PA 46 here.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 erosion yield table, polymers listed as printed",
        "reference": "Banks, de Groh and Backus, NASA/TM-2008-215490"
      },
      "source": "nasa-tm-2008-215490",
      "where": "Table I, polyamide rows (PA 6 and PA 66 only)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine, CID 1045, molar mass 88.15 g/mol): PubChem aggregates 247 company reports to the ECHA C&L Inventory. H302 appears in 89.5 % of notifications that give hazard codes, H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage) in 88.7 %, H330 (fatal if inhaled) in 83.4 %, H311 (toxic in contact with skin) and H318 (causes serious eye damage) each in 68 %, H226 (flammable liquid and vapour) in 29.1 %, and H412 in 42.9 %. The signal word is Danger.",
        "ghs": [
          "H226",
          "H290",
          "H302",
          "H311",
          "H314",
          "H318",
          "H330",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-putrescine",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 1045)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Adipic acid (CID 196, molar mass 146.14 g/mol): PubChem aggregates 5531 company reports to the ECHA C&L Inventory. H319 (causes serious eye irritation) appears in 95.6 % of notifications that give hazard codes, with the signal word Warning.",
        "ghs": [
          "H319"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-adipic-acid",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 196)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Water uptake",
        "trigger": "Use of the unfilled grade in humid air or water",
        "consequence": "Moisture of 3.7 % at 50 % RH (TW341) and 7.0 % at saturation (Nylatron 4.6) lowers the tensile modulus from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned in TW341",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
        "where": "Physical table, Water Absorption row; Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Long-term heat",
        "trigger": "Continuous service at elevated temperature in air",
        "consequence": "A thermal index of 152 °C at 5000 hrs for unfilled TW341, and a continuous maximum service temperature in air of 149 °C for Nylatron 4.6",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
        "where": "Thermal table, Thermal Index row, note 5"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Strong acids and alkalis",
        "trigger": "Contact with strong acids at pH 1 to 3, or strong alkalis at pH 11 to 14",
        "consequence": "Nylatron 4.6 is rated Unacceptable for these media, so the part can degrade in service",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nylatron-46-pdf",
        "where": "Chemical Resistance Properties table, Acids Strong and Alkalies Strong rows"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Dry the pellets before moulding. TW341 prints a suggested maximum moisture of 0.050 % before injection moulding.",
        "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
        "where": "Injection table, Suggested Max Moisture row"
      },
      {
        "text": "Melt at 300 to 320 °C and set the mould at 80.0 to 120 °C, as TW341 prints for injection moulding.",
        "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
        "where": "Injection table, Processing (Melt) Temp and Mold Temperature rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Pick the grade for the state you need. The glass-filled TW241F10 grade has a different moisture and stiffness profile from the unfilled TW341 grade.",
        "source": "envalior-tw241f10-pdf",
        "where": "Thermal and Other properties, filled grade values"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Electronic foot throttle assemblies",
      "example": "The TW341 sheet lists Deere parts that use this grade, including AL162509 FOOT THROTTLE ASSY., ELECTR., AUTO PO and a plastic clip, with AKO-Kunststoffe as the molder.",
      "source": "stanyl-tw341-pdf",
      "where": "Deere Information, Molder Name and Part Number + Description rows"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Gears and structural parts (50 % glass fibre)",
      "example": "Envalior states that TW241F10 has an excellent track record in gear applications and structural parts.",
      "source": "envalior-tw241f10-pdf",
      "where": "Opening paragraph of the property data sheet"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Under-the-hood engine and transmission parts",
      "example": "Wikipedia says nylon 46 is used in automotive under-the-hood applications, including engine and transmission, engine-management, air-inlet, brake and air-cooling systems.",
      "source": "wikipedia-nylon46",
      "where": "Uses section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Commercial PA 46 resin (Stanyl)",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-nylon46",
      "where": "Chemical Reaction, Producer and History sections"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46 datasheet, DSM Engineering Plastics, IDES copy (copyright 2011)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, PA46-GF50, Envalior (print date 2026-01-27)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/1845_1770288239.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group"
    },
    {
      "title": "Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 1045, 1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1045"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem CID 196, adipic acid, GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No atomic-oxygen erosion yield for PA 46: NASA TM-2008-215490 Table I lists PA 6 and PA 66 only.",
    "No hydrolysis data and no UV exposure test values for PA 46. UV is limited to the qualitative Nylatron 4.6 rating (continuous sunlight: Limited).",
    "No outgassing, thermal-cycling or vacuum data for PA 46 were read.",
    "The TW341 sheet is an IDES copy with a 2011 copyright line. The current Envalior datasheet for the unfilled grade was not found as a readable page, so TW341 values may be out of date.",
    "The TW241F10 values are for a 50 % glass-filled grade and are labelled as such. They are not unfilled PA 46 values.",
    "Differences between grades and test methods are kept as separate rows: melting point 295 °C (TW341, ISO 11357-3) and 290 °C (Nylatron 4.6, ASTM D3418); deflection temperature 190 °C (TW341, ISO 75-2/A) and 160 °C (Nylatron 4.6, ASTM D648) and 220 °C at 0.45 MPa (Goodfellow); saturation moisture 7.0 % (Nylatron 4.6) against 3.7 % at 50 % RH (TW341).",
    "The Goodfellow page prints the formula (C12H22N2)n, which does not match the nylon 46 repeat unit. The formula in identity is written from the monomers instead, and the CAS number 50327-22-5 is taken from the same page.",
    "No polymer SDS or GHS record for PA 46 itself was read. The hazard entries are for the monomers 1,4-diaminobutane and adipic acid.",
    "No producer list or country shares for PA 46 were found. Wikipedia names Envalior as the only commercial supplier, with no volume.",
    "No producers, country shares or supply data for 1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine) were found.",
    "No electronics application is claimed. Wikipedia mentions electronics markets without specifics.",
    "Glass transition temperature for TW341 is not recorded: the test standard on the printed sheet is cut off.",
    "Yield stress is recorded only for TW341 (unfilled, IDES copy) and not for Nylatron 4.6, whose sheet prints no yield value.",
    "Search snippets for other Stanyl grades (TW241F3, F6, F8, F12 and TW376) were not read as pages, so no values from them are used.",
    "Notched Izod, Charpy and volume resistivity of Nylatron 4.6 are not recorded, because their names are not in the property canon or they need a unit conversion that was not checked.",
    "TW341 volume resistivity (printed 1.0E+13 and 1.0E+7 ohm·m, IEC 60093) was read but left out: the printed exponent form does not match the value check, so these two rows are not in the file until the check accepts that form."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Polyamide 46 is a semicrystalline aliphatic polyamide that Envalior sells as Stanyl. The unfilled TW341 grade has a melting temperature of 295 °C, a deflection temperature of 190 °C at 1.8 MPa and a dry tensile modulus of 3300 MPa. The gap between dry and conditioned is the main thing to read in the table: conditioned TW341 falls to 1000 MPa. Envalior's glass-filled TW241F10 grade is much stiffer, at 16000 MPa dry.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electronic foot throttle assemblies",
        "line": "The TW341 sheet lists Deere foot throttle assembly parts that use this grade, moulded by AKO-Kunststoffe."
      },
      {
        "where": "Gears and structural parts",
        "line": "Envalior says the glass-filled TW241F10 has a track record in gear applications and structural parts. This is a 50 % glass-fibre composite, not the unfilled grade."
      },
      {
        "where": "Under-the-hood parts",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists automotive under-the-hood use for nylon 46, including engine, transmission, brake and air-cooling systems."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Heat under load",
        "line": "The unfilled TW341 grade has a deflection temperature of 190 °C at 1.8 MPa (ISO 75-2/A), and Nylatron 4.6 gives 160 °C (ASTM D648).",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "190 °C at 1.8 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiff when dry",
        "line": "Glass-filled TW241F10 has a dry tensile modulus of 16000 MPa and 10000 MPa conditioned, as printed by Envalior (ISO 527-1/-2).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "16000 MPa tensile modulus"
      },
      {
        "label": "Long heat life",
        "line": "TW341 has a thermal index of 152 °C at 5000 hrs (IEC 60216), and the filled TW241F10 grade has 177 °C at 5000 hrs.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "152 °C thermal index"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The TW341 dry and conditioned rows are one grade in two states, so they show what moisture changes: the modulus falls from 3300 MPa to 1000 MPa. Nylatron 4.6 is a different unreinforced grade and gives 3.24 GPa tensile modulus, 290 °C melting point and 7.0 % water at saturation, so its values are read as examples, not as a ranking. The filled TW241F10 grade shows what 50 % glass fibre does: 16000 MPa dry and 1.85 % humidity absorption. The Goodfellow rod rows give ranges with no test standard printed, so they are kept as examples only.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile modulus, dry",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Water absorption at equilibrium",
        "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify dry or conditioned. The tensile modulus of TW341 falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned.",
      "Dry the pellets before moulding to 0.050 % moisture or less, as TW341 prints for injection moulding.",
      "Treat the datasheet values as typical values, as each sheet states, and not as specification limits."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Stiff, heat-resistant moulded parts in the dry state: 3300 MPa tensile modulus and 190 °C deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa for TW341.",
      "Filled gear and structural parts: TW241F10 at 16000 MPa dry and 290 °C at 1.80 MPa (Envalior).",
      "Known heat life: thermal index 152 °C at 5000 hrs for unfilled TW341, and 177 °C for TW241F10."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Water: TW341 modulus falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned. Keep the dry state in the design or allow for the loss.",
      "Strong acids and alkalis are rated Unacceptable for Nylatron 4.6, and sunlight is rated Limited.",
      "No atomic-oxygen erosion value for PA 46 was found, so exterior use in low Earth orbit needs its own test.",
      "The monomer hazards are the ones PubChem reports for the diamine and the acid, not for the polymer."
    ],
    "verdict": "Polyamide 46 is a high-heat engineering thermoplastic. Unfilled TW341 has a melting temperature of 295 °C, a deflection temperature of 190 °C at 1.8 MPa and a thermal index of 152 °C at 5000 hrs. Water is the main limit: the TW341 tensile modulus falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned. No atomic-oxygen erosion value or UV test value for PA 46 was found, so space use needs a test.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Nylon 46 is made by polycondensation of 1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine) and adipic acid, which gives the 4-6 name (Wikipedia). Its repeat unit is -[NH(CH2)4NH-CO(CH2)4CO]-, with four CH2 groups from each monomer.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine)",
          "symbol": "C4H12N2",
          "role": "Diamine monomer. Its amine groups react with the acid groups of adipic acid (PubChem CID 1045)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Adipic acid",
          "symbol": "C6H10O4",
          "role": "Diacid monomer that forms the amide links with the diamine (PubChem CID 196)."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The monomers are the hazard to watch. The polymer SDS was not read, and PubChem's aggregate for 1,4-diaminobutane includes severe skin burns and fatal inhalation.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Handling",
            "line": "TW341 prints a suggested maximum moisture of 0.050 % before injection moulding."
          },
          {
            "label": "Monomers",
            "line": "1,4-diaminobutane carries Danger with H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage) in 88.7 % of PubChem notifications, and H330 (fatal if inhaled) in 83.4 %. Adipic acid carries Warning with H319 (serious eye irritation)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dry before processing; treat the diamine as toxic"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in these sources are water uptake, long-term heat and strong acids and alkalis.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Water",
            "line": "TW341 takes up 3.7 % moisture at 50 % RH, and its tensile modulus falls from 3300 MPa dry to 1000 MPa conditioned."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heat",
            "line": "TW341 has a thermal index of 152 °C at 5000 hrs (IEC 60216). Nylatron 4.6 is rated for 149 °C continuous service in air."
          },
          {
            "label": "Chemicals",
            "line": "Nylatron 4.6 rates strong acids and strong alkalis as Unacceptable."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 37,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 14,
    "note": "New profile written on 2026-10-26 by an AI assistant from pages read in this run: the IDES copy of the Stanyl TW341 datasheet, the Nylatron 4.6 ASTM data sheet, the Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (copy on plasticker.de), the Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page, NASA TM-2008-215490 (PA 46 not listed), Wikipedia Nylon 46, and PubChem CIDs 1045 and 196 (REST API). Values are as printed. The TW241F10 values are for a 50 % glass-filled grade. Not verified by verify-values in this run."
  },
  "sources": {
    "stanyl-tw341-pdf": {
      "title": "Stanyl TW341 Polyamide 46, DSM Engineering Plastics datasheet, IDES copy",
      "id": "IDES (The Plastics Web) copy of the DSM Stanyl TW341 datasheet, copyright 2011",
      "url": "https://protolabs.com/media/zkljkqyq/stanyl-tw341.pdf",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nylatron-46-pdf": {
      "title": "Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials",
      "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Nylatron 4.6 ASTM product data sheet",
      "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_MitsubishiChemicalAdvancedMaterials_DataSheet-Nylatron-4.6.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "envalior-tw241f10-pdf": {
      "title": "Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet, PA46-GF50, Envalior",
      "id": "Envalior Stanyl TW241F10 property data sheet (copy on plasticker.de), print date 2026-01-27",
      "url": "https://plasticker.de/docs/recybase/1845_1770288239.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "goodfellow-nylon46-rod": {
      "title": "Goodfellow nylon 46 rod page",
      "id": "goodfellow.com, nylon 46 rod group",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/nylon-46-rod-group",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-tm-2008-215490": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus, 2008), NTRS 20090011780",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "wikipedia-nylon46": {
      "title": "Nylon 46, Wikipedia",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org, Nylon 46",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_46",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC-BY-SA, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-putrescine": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 1045, 1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), GHS classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 1045",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1045",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-adipic-acid": {
      "title": "PubChem CID 196, hexanedioic acid (adipic acid), GHS classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 196",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/pa-46/"
}