{ "spore": "profile", "id": "olivine-forsterite", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "regolith", "name": "Olivine (forsterite, Mg2SiO4)", "role": "Silicate mineral in mare basalt; a named phase in the lunar simulants JSC-1A and LMS-1", "category": "regolith", "type": "lunar-simulants", "summary": "Forsterite (Mg2SiO4), the magnesium end member of the olivine group, has a calculated bulk density of 3.25 g/cm3 (WebMineral, Calculated Properties) and a calculated refractive index (Ncalc) of 1.65 to 1.68 (WebMineral, Optical Properties). Olivine is a named phase in two lunar simulants: NASA lists 9.0% olivine in the modal mineralogy of JSC-1A, and the CLASS Exolith Lab lists 11.1 wt.% in LMS-1. No measured density with a printed unit, no melting point, and no space-environment or processing data for forsterite were found in the sources read for this profile.", "best_for": "Reference values for forsterite, and the olivine share of two lunar simulants (9.0% in JSC-1A, 11.1 wt.% in LMS-1)", "weakest_at": "No measured density with a printed unit, no melting point, and no flight, space-environment or ISRU data in the sources read in this run", "identity": { "formula": "Mg2SiO4", "crystal_system": "orthorhombic", "space_group": "Pbnm", "designations": [], "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Crystallography table (WebMineral); the Handbook of Mineralogy prints the space group as P bnm (synthetic)" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "rovers-and-surface-systems", "thermal-control" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Bulk density, forsterite (calculated, as printed by WebMineral)", "value": 3.25, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "bulk density from electron density, listed under Calculated Properties on the page", "unit_in_source": "gm/cc", "mineral": "forsterite, Mg2SiO4" }, "method": "Calculated value printed on WebMineral; the page prints the unit as gm/cc, which is the same unit as g/cm3", "status": "calculated", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Calculated Properties, Bulk Density (Electron Density) row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index, calculated (Ncalc), forsterite", "value": 1.65, "value_high": 1.68, "bound": "range", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "Ncalc as printed on WebMineral; the page gives no wavelength", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Calculated value printed on WebMineral, Optical Properties", "status": "calculated", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Optical Properties, Ncalc row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index range printed as a, WebMineral", "value": 1.636, "value_high": 1.73, "bound": "range", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "range printed for index a; the page gives no wavelength or sample", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Range printed on WebMineral, Optical Properties", "status": "ground", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Optical Properties, Refractive index a row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index range printed as b, WebMineral", "value": 1.65, "value_high": 1.739, "bound": "range", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "range printed for index b; the page gives no wavelength or sample", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Range printed on WebMineral, Optical Properties", "status": "ground", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Optical Properties, Refractive index b row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index range printed as g, WebMineral", "value": 1.669, "value_high": 1.772, "bound": "range", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "range printed for index g; the page gives no wavelength or sample", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Range printed on WebMineral, Optical Properties", "status": "ground", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Optical Properties, Refractive index g row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "birefringence", "label": "Birefringence range, WebMineral", "value": 0.033, "value_high": 0.042, "bound": "range", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "range printed on the page; the page does not state the wavelength or the definition used", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Range printed on WebMineral, Optical Properties", "status": "ground", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Optical Properties, Birefringence row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness", "label": "Hardness, Handbook of Mineralogy", "value": 7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "scale": "not named in the source; the Handbook prints Hardness = 7", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Single value printed in the Physical Properties block of the Handbook", "status": "ground", "source": "handbook-forsterite", "where": "Physical Properties block", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite, Handbook of Mineralogy", "id": "Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2, copyright 2001", "url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/forsterite.pdf", "year": 2001, "kind": "handbook", "license": "All rights reserved by Mineral Data Publishing; cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness", "label": "Hardness range, WebMineral", "value": 6, "value_high": 7, "bound": "range", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "scale": "not named; the page pairs the range with orthoclase and quartz as reference minerals", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Range printed on WebMineral, Physical Properties", "status": "ground", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Physical Properties, Hardness row", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "molecular_weight", "value": 140.69, "bound": "exact", "unit": "gm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "molecular weight of Mg2SiO4 as printed", "mineral": "forsterite" }, "method": "Printed as 140.69 gm in the Composition section of WebMineral; the unit is kept as printed", "status": "calculated", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Composition section, Molecular weight", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "mgo_content", "label": "MgO, theoretical oxide content of forsterite", "value": 57.29, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "theoretical stoichiometric composition of Mg2SiO4, not a measured analysis", "oxide": "MgO" }, "method": "Composition section of WebMineral, Magnesium row", "status": "calculated", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Composition section, Magnesium row (57.29 % MgO)", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "sio2_content", "label": "SiO2, theoretical oxide content of forsterite", "value": 42.71, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "theoretical stoichiometric composition of Mg2SiO4, not a measured analysis", "oxide": "SiO2" }, "method": "Composition section of WebMineral, Silicon row", "status": "calculated", "source": "webmineral-forsterite", "where": "Composition section, Silicon row (42.71 % SiO2)", "source_detail": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "olivine_modal_abundance", "label": "Olivine in JSC-1A, modal mineralogy", "value": 9, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "material": "JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant, crushed from basaltic ash; olivine is one phase of the simulant, not pure forsterite", "basis": "abundance column of the modal mineralogy table, reference [12] as printed" }, "method": "Modal mineralogy printed on the NASA ARES page", "status": "ground", "source": "ares-jsc1a", "where": "Mineralogy, Modal Mineralogy table, Olivine row", "source_detail": { "title": "JSC-1 and JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page", "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES) simulants project", "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/jsc-1-1a.html", "kind": "web", "license": "NASA web page; licence not stated on the page read" } }, { "benchmark": "olivine_modal_abundance", "label": "Olivine in LMS-1, mineralogy table", "value": 11.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "wt.%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "material": "LMS-1 lunar mare simulant; olivine is one phase of the simulant, not pure forsterite", "column": "Wt.% as printed" }, "method": "Mineralogy table on the CLASS Exolith Lab LMS-1 page", "status": "ground", "source": "class-lms-1", "where": "Mineralogy table, Exolith Simulant LMS-1 section, Olivine row", "source_detail": { "title": "LMS-1 Lunar Mare Simulant, CLASS Exolith Lab (University of Central Florida)", "url": "https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/simulant_lunarmare/", "kind": "web", "license": "University web page; licence not checked in this run" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Aqueous acidic solution (oxalic acid, pH 0 to 7, 25°C), laboratory dissolution test", "headline": "Forsterite dissolves more slowly as water activity falls, according to a 2007 Virginia Tech dissertation.", "effect": "The dissertation abstract states 'However, decreasing aH2O slows forsterite dissolution rates.' It attributes this to water acting as a ligand in the dissolution process. The experiments used oxalic acid solutions, not humid air, so this is a dissolution result and not a measured corrosion rate.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "laboratory dissolution kinetics in oxalic acid solutions over a pH range of 0 to 7 at 25°C, as printed in the abstract", "material": "forsterite", "test": "no exposure time or numeric dissolution rate is quoted in this entry" }, "source": "olsen2007", "where": "Abstract, VTechWorks record handle 10919/28213" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem's GHS summary for the record named Olivine (CID 71586774, formula Fe2Mg8O20Si5) gives H319, Causes serious eye irritation, for 95.7% of notifications, with the signal word Warning. 22 of 23 reports gave a hazard code, and 1 of 23 reports (4.3%) says the record does not meet GHS hazard criteria.", "ghs": [ "H319" ], "source": "pubchem-olivine", "where": "Safety and Hazards, Hazards Identification, GHS Classification (CID 71586774)" }, { "text": "PubChem lists no pictogram for this record and gives the precautionary codes P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338 and P337+P317. The wording of these statements was not read in this run.", "ghs": [], "source": "pubchem-olivine", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, Precautionary Statement Codes" }, { "text": "PubChem's uses section describes this sand as having low levels of free silica and suggests it as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries (ChemIDplus).", "ghs": [], "source": "pubchem-olivine", "where": "Use and Manufacturing, Uses" } ], "failure_risks": [], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "No supplier safety data sheet for pure forsterite was read in this run. The hazard codes above come from a PubChem record for a mixed magnesium-iron olivine.", "source": "pubchem-olivine", "where": "Safety and Hazards (CID 71586774)" } ], "mitigations": [] }, "uses": [ { "application": "rovers-and-surface-systems", "device": "Lunar mare simulant LMS-1 (ground test material)", "example": "The CLASS Exolith Lab LMS-1 mineralogy table lists olivine at 11.1 wt.%.", "source": "class-lms-1", "where": "Mineralogy table, Exolith Simulant LMS-1 section" }, { "application": "rovers-and-surface-systems", "device": "JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant (ground test material)", "example": "NASA's ARES page says JSC-1A is crushed from basaltic ash, and its modal mineralogy lists olivine at 9.0%.", "source": "ares-jsc1a", "where": "Source material text; Mineralogy, Modal Mineralogy table" }, { "application": "thermal-control", "device": "Refractory linings (industrial use, not a space application)", "example": "USGS says the remaining magnesium compounds used in the United States went to refractories, in the form of dead-burned magnesia, fused magnesia and olivine.", "source": "usgs-mcs2026-magnesium", "where": "Domestic Production and Use, second paragraph" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Magnesium (the metal in olivine; the critical-list entries name magnesium, not olivine)", "abundance": "USGS: resources of dolomite, forsterite, magnesium-bearing evaporite minerals and magnesia-bearing brines are estimated at billions of tons. No tonnage for forsterite alone is printed.", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [ { "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (magnesium listed as Magnesium, used in metal alloys)", "listed": true }, { "list": "EU critical raw materials list (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252; the page lists Magnesium)", "listed": true } ], "recycling": "USGS magnesium chapter: some magnesia-based refractories are recycled as construction aggregate, reused in refractory, and as foundry sand. Olivine recycling is not mentioned.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: alumina, chromite and silica substitute for magnesia in some refractory applications. Olivine is not named." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-magnesium", "where": "World Resources; Recycling; Substitutes; Domestic Production (one company in Washington sold and processed stockpiled olivine). Critical lists: usgs-crit2025 and ec-crm pages." } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Forsterite (Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2)", "type": "database", "url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/forsterite.pdf", "year": 2001 }, { "title": "WebMineral: Forsterite data page", "type": "database", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml" }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Magnesium Compounds", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Olivine (CID 71586774), GHS classification summary", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71586774" }, { "title": "NASA ARES: JSC-1 and JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant project page", "type": "report", "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/jsc-1-1a.html" }, { "title": "Olsen (2007), Forsterite Dissolution Kinetics: Applications and Implications for Chemical Weathering, Virginia Tech dissertation", "type": "paper", "url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/28213", "year": 2007 } ], "gaps": [ "Melting point not found in any source the brief allows. WebMineral and the Handbook print none. Wikipedia gives almost 1,900 degC, but it is not used because the brief limits Wikipedia to composition and history.", "No measured density with a printed unit was found for forsterite. The Handbook prints D(meas.) 3.275 and D(calc.) 3.271 with no unit, and WebMineral prints 3.21 to 3.33 with no unit, so these are left out.", "Unit cell lengths a, b and c and the strongest X-ray d-spacings are printed without a unit on both pages, so they are left out.", "The Handbook's Mogok chemical analysis (SiO2, FeO, MgO) prints no unit, so it is left out.", "The Handbook's three refractive indices are printed with symbols that did not survive text extraction, so they are left out. WebMineral's a, b and g ranges are used instead.", "Hardness scale is not named in the Handbook; the unit is recorded as -.", "Corrosion in humid air and long-term ageing of forsterite or olivine were not found. The one corrosion entry is an aqueous dissolution result from a 2007 dissertation, in oxalic acid at 25°C, not a humid-air test.", "Vacuum, radiation, thermal-cycling and other space-environment data for olivine were not found.", "Failure modes, side effects and mitigations were not found, so those sections are empty.", "The 13.7 wt% olivine figure for MGS-1 (Mars Global Simulant) is not verified. No MGS-1 source was read in this run.", "ISRU oxygen and magnesium extraction from olivine is not sourced. The brief's statement that olivine is used in such studies stays unverified.", "Atomic weights were not read on a fetched page, so the recipe gives atom counts from the formula only.", "No country shares for olivine or forsterite were printed in the pages read. The USGS magnesium table covers magnesite production, not olivine.", "Crustal abundance of forsterite or olivine was not found.", "Hazard data come from PubChem's record named Olivine (CID 71586774, formula Fe2Mg8O20Si5), a mixed magnesium-iron olivine, not pure forsterite. No forsterite safety data sheet was read.", "The PubChem name lookup for forsterite returned no compound, so the forsterite record itself was not read.", "CAS number was not read on a fetched page.", "No abbreviation for olivine or forsterite was found in the sources read.", "Olivine itself is not an entry on the USGS or EU critical lists read; the listing applies to magnesium.", "Custom property names not in spores/property-canon.yaml: molecular_weight, mgo_content, sio2_content, hardness, birefringence, olivine_modal_abundance.", "No media added; no image was read or licence checked in this run.", "Web search was unavailable after the first calls in this run, so no further sources could be searched for." ], "story": { "why": "Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) is the magnesium end member of the olivine group, and fayalite (Fe2SiO4) is the iron end member (Wikipedia). The Handbook of Mineralogy lists its occurrence in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. Wikipedia's olivine page shows an olivine basalt from the Moon, collected by the Apollo 15 crew. Two lunar simulant pages read for this profile list olivine as a mineral phase: 9.0% of JSC-1A by modal mineralogy, and 11.1 wt.% of LMS-1.", "uses": [ { "where": "Ground test simulants", "line": "NASA's ARES page says JSC-1A is crushed from basaltic ash, and lists olivine at 9.0% in its modal mineralogy. The CLASS Exolith Lab page for LMS-1 lists olivine at 11.1 wt.%." }, { "where": "Refractories", "line": "The US Geological Survey says that the remaining magnesium compounds used in the United States went to refractories, in the form of dead-burned magnesia, fused magnesia and olivine." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Density", "line": "WebMineral prints a calculated bulk density of 3.25 g/cm3 for forsterite. No measured density with a printed unit was found in the sources read.", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Refractive index", "line": "WebMineral gives a calculated refractive index (Ncalc) of 1.65 to 1.68, and printed ranges of 1.636 to 1.73 for index a, 1.65 to 1.739 for index b and 1.669 to 1.772 for index g.", "benchmark": "refractive_index", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Hardness", "line": "The Handbook of Mineralogy gives a hardness of 7, and WebMineral gives 6 to 7. Neither page names the scale.", "benchmark": "hardness", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Oxide split", "line": "The theoretical composition is 57.29% MgO and 42.71% SiO2, per WebMineral's stoichiometric composition.", "benchmark": "mgo_content", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Simulant content", "line": "Olivine is 9.0% of the modal mineralogy of JSC-1A (NASA ARES) and 11.1 wt.% of LMS-1 (CLASS Exolith Lab).", "benchmark": "olivine_modal_abundance", "scope": "material" } ], "compare": "Olivine is a named phase in the two lunar simulants read here: 9.0% of JSC-1A by modal mineralogy and 11.1 wt.% of LMS-1 by the CLASS mineralogy table. The forsterite end member is the magnesium-rich form, with a theoretical 57.29% MgO and a calculated bulk density of 3.25 g/cm3. A density comparison with other regolith materials was not made in this run, because their figures were not read here.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Bulk density, calculated (g/cm3)", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Refractive index, calculated (Ncalc)", "benchmark": "refractive_index", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Olivine share in lunar simulants (%)", "benchmark": "olivine_modal_abundance", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "No supplier safety data sheet for pure forsterite was read in this run. The hazard codes above come from a PubChem record for a mixed olivine.", "The one dust-related source read describes low levels of free silica in this sand. No dust limit was read.", "The PubChem GHS record carries an eye-irritation code (H319), so eye protection is a sensible precaution. The wording of P280 was not read in this run." ], "good_for": [ "Ground-test simulant work: NASA's JSC-1A page and CLASS's LMS-1 page both name olivine as a phase, at 9.0% and 11.1 wt.%.", "A reference silicate with a printed formula, space group and oxide split (57.29% MgO and 42.71% SiO2 in theory)." ], "watch_out": [ "The 9.0% and 11.1 wt.% figures describe olivine as one phase of a whole simulant. They are not properties of pure forsterite.", "WebMineral's printed refractive index ranges are wide, for example 1.636 to 1.73 for index a.", "PubChem's hazard record is for a mixed magnesium-iron olivine (formula Fe2Mg8O20Si5), not for pure forsterite." ], "verdict": "Forsterite is well described as a mineral in the sources read, but this profile has no flight, space-environment or processing data for it. Its role here is as a named phase in lunar simulants and as a magnesium-bearing silicate, not as a proven engineering material.", "recipe": { "line": "Forsterite is Mg2SiO4: two magnesium atoms, one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms per formula unit (WebMineral and the Handbook of Mineralogy). Natural olivine is a series between forsterite and fayalite, Fe2SiO4, the iron end member (Wikipedia).", "parts": [ { "name": "Magnesium", "symbol": "Mg", "role": "The main metal in forsterite. Forsterite is the magnesium end member of the olivine group." }, { "name": "Silicon", "symbol": "Si", "role": "The silicon atom in the formula Mg2SiO4." }, { "name": "Oxygen", "symbol": "O", "role": "The four oxygen atoms per formula unit." } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The PubChem record for olivine is an eye irritant in most reports. That record is a mixed magnesium-iron silicate, not pure forsterite, and no forsterite safety data sheet was read in this run.", "points": [ { "label": "Eyes", "line": "PubChem's GHS summary gives H319, causes serious eye irritation, for 95.7% of notifications, with the signal word Warning." }, { "label": "Notifications", "line": "22 of 23 reports gave a hazard code. 1 of 23 reports (4.3%) says the record does not meet GHS hazard criteria." }, { "label": "Dust", "line": "PubChem's uses section describes low levels of free silica in this sand. No dust exposure limit was read in this run." } ], "level": 0, "verdict": "Eye irritant under GHS in the PubChem record" }, { "title": "Handling and storage", "lead": "The sources read give only short precautionary codes.", "points": [ { "label": "Precautionary codes", "line": "PubChem lists P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338 and P337+P317 for the olivine record. The wording of these statements was not read in this run." }, { "label": "Storage", "line": "No storage or incompatibility advice for pure forsterite was read in this run." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-11-01", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 13, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 3, "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from nine pages fetched in this run. Web search was unavailable after the first calls, so MGS-1, ISRU, corrosion and melting-point sources were not found. A corrosion entry from the Olsen (2007) dissertation abstract was added in a later pass. verify-values then found 13 of 13 values in their sources." }, "sources": { "webmineral-forsterite": { "title": "Forsterite: mineral data (WebMineral)", "id": "WebMineral forsterite data page", "url": "https://www.webmineral.com/data/Forsterite.shtml", "kind": "web", "license": "Web page; licence not stated on the page read" }, "handbook-forsterite": { "title": "Forsterite, Handbook of Mineralogy", "id": "Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2, copyright 2001", "url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/forsterite.pdf", "year": 2001, "kind": "handbook", "license": "All rights reserved by Mineral Data Publishing; cited, not reproduced" }, "wikipedia-olivine": { "title": "Olivine (Wikipedia)", "id": "en.wikipedia.org, Olivine", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia text); cited for composition and history only" }, "usgs-mcs2026-magnesium": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Magnesium Compounds", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "Public domain (USGS)" }, "usgs-crit2025": { "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)", "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "Public domain (USGS)" }, "ec-crm": { "title": "Critical raw materials (European Commission)", "id": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1252", "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en", "year": 2024, "kind": "web", "license": "European Commission web page" }, "pubchem-olivine": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Olivine (CID 71586774)", "id": "CID 71586774", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71586774", "kind": "database", "license": "Public domain (NCBI)" }, "ares-jsc1a": { "title": "JSC-1 and JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page", "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES) simulants project", "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/jsc-1-1a.html", "kind": "web", "license": "NASA web page; licence not stated on the page read" }, "class-lms-1": { "title": "LMS-1 Lunar Mare Simulant, CLASS Exolith Lab (University of Central Florida)", "url": "https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/simulant_lunarmare/", "kind": "web", "license": "University web page; licence not checked in this run" }, "olsen2007": { "title": "Forsterite Dissolution Kinetics: Applications and Implications for Chemical Weathering", "id": "Olsen, A. A. (2007), Virginia Tech doctoral dissertation, VTechWorks handle 10919/28213", "url": "https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/28213", "year": 2007, "kind": "paper", "license": "Virginia Tech thesis repository; licence not checked in this run" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/olivine-forsterite/" }