{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "nimonic-90",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Nimonic 90",
  "abbreviation": "UNS N07090 (W. Nr. 2.4632)",
  "role": "age-hardened creep-resisting superalloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Nimonic 90 is a wrought, age-hardened nickel-chromium-cobalt superalloy with titanium and aluminium additions, designed for creep-resistant service up to 920 °C. In the Special Metals datasheet, extruded bar in its heat-treated condition has a 0.2 % proof stress of 752 MPa and a tensile strength of 1175 MPa at 20 °C, and still 532 MPa proof stress at 800 °C. It is used for turbine blades, discs, forgings and ring sections. Its density is 8.18 g/cm3, and it oxidises at 10.40 mg/cm2 per 100 h at 1000 °C. No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use was found in the sources read.\n",
  "best_for": "High-temperature strength and creep resistance up to about 920 °C, for turbine blades, discs, forgings and ring sections",
  "weakest_at": "Weight (8.18 g/cm3), hard machining (250 to 350 HV when fully heat treated), and oxide spalling under cyclic heating (onset after 250 h at 990 °C)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium-cobalt superalloy, balance Ni, with Cr 18.0 to 21.0, Co 15.0 to 21.0, Ti 2.0 to 3.0, Al 1.0 to 2.0, Fe 1.5 max, Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, C 0.13 max (wt %, Special Metals datasheet)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N07090",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Title line, NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4632",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Title line and Available Products and Specifications, Werkstoff Number 2.4632"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5829",
        "source": "fw-nimonic90",
        "where": "Chemical composition table, column heading AMS 5829 and UNS N07090"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "HR2",
        "note": "bar, billet and forging stock",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Available Products and Specifications, Rod, Bar, Wire and Forging Stock"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Nimonic 90",
        "source": "acm90",
        "where": "Page title, Nickel Alloy 90 / Nimonic 90 (UNS N07090)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "sm90",
    "where": "Composition table, Special Metals publication SMC-080; the same limits are printed in the Fort Wayne Metals table for AMS 5829 and UNS N07090"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "high-temperature-creep",
      "oxidation-and-sulphur-dioxide"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, extruded bar",
      "value": 8.18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded bar, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "Mg/m3 (0.296 lb/in3)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet, determined on the stated heat-treated material",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Physical Properties, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Liquidus temperature",
      "value": 1370,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2500 °F"
      },
      "method": "Printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Melting Range, Liquidus temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Solidus temperature",
      "value": 1310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2390 °F"
      },
      "method": "Printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Melting Range, Solidus temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 11.47,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m·°C (80.46 Btu·in/ft2·h·°F)"
      },
      "method": "Value in a manufacturer datasheet; the table footnote says it is calculated from electrical resistance measurements",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 2 Thermal Conductivity, row 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 1000 °C",
      "value": 27.88,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m·°C (195.58 Btu·in/ft2·h·°F)"
      },
      "method": "Value in a manufacturer datasheet; the table footnote says it is calculated from electrical resistance measurements",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 2 Thermal Conductivity, row 1000 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat at 20 °C",
      "value": 446,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "J/kg·°C (0.11 Btu/lb·°F)"
      },
      "method": "Value in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 1 Specific Heat, row 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 1.18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "µohm·m (710 ohm·circ·mil/ft)"
      },
      "method": "Value in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 4 Electrical Properties, line Electrical Resistivity at 20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C",
      "value": 12.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "µm/m °C (7.1 in/in °F x 10-6)"
      },
      "method": "Mean value in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 3 Mean Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, row 20-100 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 800 °C",
      "value": 16.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 800 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "µm/m °C (9.0 in/in °F x 10-6)"
      },
      "method": "Mean value in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 3 Mean Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, row 20-800 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic Young's modulus, extruded bar, 20 °C",
      "value": 204,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "extruded bar (8 casts), heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "unit_in_source": "GPa (30 x 10^3 ksi)"
      },
      "method": "Dynamic modulus printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 6 Dynamic Young's Modulus of Extruded Bar, column Extruded Bar 1, row 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2 % proof stress, extruded bar, 20 °C",
      "value": 752,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "extruded bar, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "measure": "0.2 % proof stress",
        "unit_in_source": "109 ksi",
        "basis": "average of 9 casts"
      },
      "method": "Average result printed in a manufacturer datasheet; strain rate 0.005/min to proof stress at room temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 8 Tensile Properties of Extruded Bar, row 20 °C, column 0.2% Proof Stress",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, extruded bar, 20 °C",
      "value": 1175,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "extruded bar, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "unit_in_source": "170 ksi",
        "basis": "average of 9 casts"
      },
      "method": "Average result printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 8 Tensile Properties of Extruded Bar, row 20 °C, column Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, extruded bar, 20 °C",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "extruded bar, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "gauge_length": "5.65 √So"
      },
      "method": "Average result printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 8 Tensile Properties of Extruded Bar, row 20 °C, column Elongation on 5.65 √So",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2 % proof stress, extruded bar, 800 °C",
      "value": 532,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "form": "extruded bar, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "measure": "0.2 % proof stress",
        "unit_in_source": "77 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Average result printed in a manufacturer datasheet; strain rate 0.002/min to proof stress at elevated temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 8 Tensile Properties of Extruded Bar, row 800 °C, column 0.2% Proof Stress",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, extruded bar, 800 °C",
      "value": 657,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "form": "extruded bar, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "unit_in_source": "95 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Average result printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 8 Tensile Properties of Extruded Bar, row 800 °C, column Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_rupture_stress_1000h",
      "label": "Stress to produce rupture in 1000 h at 750 °C, extruded bar subsequently forged",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "750 °C (1382 °F)",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "form": "extruded bar, subsequently forged, heat treated 8 h at 1080 °C AC + 16 h at 700 °C AC",
        "unit_in_source": "40 ksi",
        "basis": "average of 15 casts, Graham and Walles analysis"
      },
      "method": "Average result printed in a manufacturer datasheet; the datasheet says these are typical values",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Benchmark creep_rupture_stress_1000h is not in the property canon; see gaps.",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Table 13 Creep Rupture Properties of Extruded Bar Subsequently Forged, row 750 °C, GW line, column 1000 h",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_weight_loss_100h",
      "label": "Descaled weight loss after 100 h in air, 800 °C",
      "value": 0.46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mg/cm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "time": "100 h",
        "exposure": "continuous heating in air, descaled specimen"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Benchmark oxidation_weight_loss_100h is not in the property canon; see gaps.",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Oxidation in Air (continuous heating), column 800 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_weight_loss_100h",
      "label": "Descaled weight loss after 100 h in air, 1000 °C",
      "value": 10.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mg/cm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °C",
        "time": "100 h",
        "exposure": "continuous heating in air, descaled specimen"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Benchmark oxidation_weight_loss_100h is not in the property canon; see gaps.",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Oxidation in Air (continuous heating), column 1000 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_hv",
      "label": "Hardness, fully heat-treated condition",
      "value": 250,
      "value_high": 350,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "fully heat-treated, the condition used for machining",
        "unit_in_source": "HV"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet in the machining note",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Benchmark hardness_hv is not in the property canon; see gaps.",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Machining section, high material hardness in this condition, 250-350 HV",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2 % proof stress, cold-formed sheet, annealed",
      "value": 461,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet 0.6 to 2.0 mm, annealed 2 to 3 min at 1150 °C FBQ",
        "measure": "0.2 % proof stress",
        "unit_in_source": "67 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Average value printed in a manufacturer datasheet for cold forming operations",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Cold Working section, row 0.2% proof stress",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, cold-formed sheet, annealed",
      "value": 865,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet 0.6 to 2.0 mm, annealed 2 to 3 min at 1150 °C FBQ",
        "unit_in_source": "125 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Average value printed in a manufacturer datasheet for cold forming operations",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Cold Working section, row Tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
        "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
        "year": 2004,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air, continuous heating",
      "headline": "Descaled weight loss in air rises from 0.46 mg/cm2 at 800 °C to 10.40 mg/cm2 at 1000 °C in 100 h.",
      "effect": "Weight loss after 100 h of continuous heating: 0.46 at 800 °C, 2.52 at 900 °C, 5.50 at 950 °C, 10.40 at 1000 °C and 11.23 mg/cm2 at 1100 °C.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "100 h continuous heating in air",
        "specimen": "descaled"
      },
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance table, Oxidation in Air (continuous heating)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air, cyclic heating (15 min in furnace, 5 min outside)",
      "headline": "Scale spalls after 250 h at 990 °C and after 75 h at 1110 °C, while 890 °C and 910 °C show no spalling within 1000 h.",
      "effect": "Time to onset of spalling: more than 1000 h at 890 and 910 °C (weight gains of 2.95 and 5.52 mg/cm2 in 1000 h), 250 h at 990 °C (rate 0.304 mg/cm2/h, weight change -214 mg/cm2 in 1000 h), 100 h at 1090 °C and 75 h at 1110 °C (rate 1.268 mg/cm2/h, weight change -1107 mg/cm2 in 1000 h).",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "cycle": "15 min in furnace, 5 min outside",
        "time": "up to 1000 h"
      },
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance table, Cyclic Heating (15 min in furnace, 5 min outside)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sulphur dioxide atmospheres, 3 % SO2",
      "headline": "Weight loss in 3 % SO2 is largest at 700 °C in air (8.1 mg/cm2) and at 800 °C in argon (40.0 mg/cm2), after 1000 h.",
      "effect": "After 1000 h: in 3 % SO2 in air, 4.5 mg/cm2 at 600 °C, 8.1 at 700 °C, 1.4 at 800 °C and 2.0 at 900 °C; in 3 % SO2 in argon, 3.7 at 600 °C, 18.0 at 700 °C and 40.0 at 800 °C.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "1000 h",
        "specimen": "descaled"
      },
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance table, Resistance to Atmospheres Containing SO2"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem record for nickel (CID 935), aggregated from ECHA C&L notifications, Signal word Danger. Nickel is the largest element in this alloy, so these codes describe the constituent. Codes with share of notifications: H317 (99.9 %) may cause an allergic skin reaction; H351 (72.9 %) suspected of causing cancer; H350 (22.5 %) may cause cancer; H372 (99.7 %) causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H334 (10.3 %) may cause allergy or asthma symptoms if inhaled; H341 (13.5 %) suspected of causing genetic defects; H360F (18 %) may damage fertility; H412 (47.2 %) harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H341",
          "H350",
          "H351",
          "H360F",
          "H372",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ni",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications for nickel (CID 935)"
      },
      {
        "text": "No safety data sheet for Nimonic 90 itself was read in this run. Cobalt (15.0 to 21.0 %) is also a major constituent and its hazard codes were not read.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Composition table (constituents named)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Creep rupture under long load at 750 °C",
        "trigger": "Sustained stress at 750 °C for 1000 h or longer",
        "consequence": "The average stress to rupture in 1000 h at 750 °C is 275 MPa for extruded bar subsequently forged. The same table gives 1000 h values at 700, 815 and 870 °C, which were not entered (see gaps).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Table 13, row 750 °C, GW line"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of proof strength at high temperature",
        "trigger": "Service at 800 °C and above in the heat-treated condition",
        "consequence": "0.2 % proof stress of extruded bar falls from 752 MPa at 20 °C to 532 MPa at 800 °C and 306 MPa at 900 °C.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Table 8, rows 20 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C, column 0.2% Proof Stress"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Oxide scale spalling under cyclic heating",
        "trigger": "Repeated heating and cooling in air at 990 °C or above",
        "consequence": "Scale spalls after 250 h at 990 °C and after 75 h at 1110 °C in the datasheet cyclic test, with weight loss of 214 to 1107 mg/cm2 in 1000 h.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance table, Cyclic Heating"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Microfissuring in fusion welds above about 5 mm",
        "trigger": "Fusion welding (TIG or MIG) of sections thicker than about 5 mm",
        "consequence": "The datasheet says microfissuring may occur in both the weld and the heat-affected zone.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Welding section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Density is 8.18 g/cm3, so the weight of parts is high for the strength they carry in the heat-treated state.",
        "affects": "Mass of turbine parts and rotating components",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Physical Properties, row Density"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Machine only in the fully heat-treated condition, where hardness is 250 to 350 HV and stringent machining is needed.",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Machining section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Hot work in the range 1050 to 1200 °C. Interstage anneal sheet at 1040 °C, then water quench or air cool.",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Working Instructions, Hot Working and Annealing"
      },
      {
        "text": "Weld solution-treated material only, and give post-weld heat treatment to recover properties.",
        "source": "sm90",
        "where": "Welding section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Gas turbine blades and discs",
      "example": "The datasheet lists turbine blades and discs as uses. Wikipedia says Nimonic 90 was used on the Bristol Proteus aviation gas turbine, and Smiths lists gas turbine blades as its traditional use.",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Opening paragraph (turbine blades, discs); see also wiki-nimonic (Uses) and smiths-nimonic90 (Applications)"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "High-temperature springs",
      "example": "Aircraft Materials lists high-temperature springs among the typical applications, and BS HR501 cold-drawn wire is specified for springs. Smiths also lists high temperature springs.",
      "source": "acm90",
      "where": "Description paragraph and Specifications list (BS HR501)"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Forgings and ring sections",
      "example": "The datasheet lists forgings and ring sections as uses, and gives forging stock and extruded section as standard product forms.",
      "source": "sm90",
      "where": "Opening paragraph and Available Products and Specifications"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "High performance engine valves and turbocharger parts",
      "example": "Smiths lists engine components, high performance engine valves and turbocharger applications, and says the alloy is popular in motorsport and automotive.",
      "source": "smiths-nimonic90",
      "where": "Applications line on the product page"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production, 2025 estimate)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 % of apparent U.S. consumption in 2025, and most recycled nickel went into new alloys and stainless steel. Stainless and alloy steel plus nickel-containing alloys were more than 85 % of U.S. consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels substitute for austenitic grades; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-ni",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Indonesia 2,600,000, Philippines 270,000, Russia 200,000, New Caledonia 140,000 and Canada 140,000 t); Domestic Production and Use; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Cobalt (about 15 to 21 % of the alloy, mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 73,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 the cobalt content of purchased scrap was 25 % of estimated U.S. cobalt consumption; secondary cobalt was 2,000 tons.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: depending on application, substitution for cobalt could lose product performance; nickel-base alloys or ceramics are cited as substitutes in jet engines."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-co",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues (Congo (Kinshasa) 73 % and Indonesia 14 % of world mined cobalt); Domestic Production and Use (51 % of U.S. cobalt in superalloys, mainly aircraft gas turbine engines); Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Special Metals technical bulletin NIMONIC alloy 90, publication SMC-080 (2004)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "title": "Fort Wayne Metals, Nimonic alloy 90 product page (composition and physical properties)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/nimonic-alloy-90"
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths High Performance, Nimonic 90 product page (applications)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/nimonic-90.htm"
    },
    {
      "title": "Aircraft Materials, Nickel Alloy 90 / Nimonic 90 (UNS N07090)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/nimonic90.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Nimonic (history, Bristol Proteus use)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimonic"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for nickel (CID 935), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No spacecraft, rocket, satellite or launch-vehicle use of Nimonic 90 was found in the pages read. The search results gave gas turbine, jet engine, motorsport and automotive uses only, and the Goodfellow page's 'Space Technology' label is a generic marketing category, so it was not used. The uses section therefore has no space entry.",
    "No space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation, thermal cycling in vacuum) were looked up for Nimonic 90.",
    "The safety data sheet for Nimonic 90 itself was not read. The hazard codes come from the PubChem nickel record, which describes the nickel constituent, not the alloy. Cobalt hazard codes were not read.",
    "Benchmarks creep_rupture_stress_1000h, oxidation_weight_loss_100h and hardness_hv are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and are used as short snake_case names. The canon file should be checked before import.",
    "Only one 1000 h creep rupture value (750 °C, Graham and Walles) is recorded. The 815 °C, 870 °C and 700 °C rows and the sheet creep table (Table 14) were read but not entered, to keep one form and one method per row.",
    "Atmospheric and seawater corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking and hydrogen effects were not found in the pages read.",
    "Electrical resistivity from the Fort Wayne Metals page (118 µohm·cm, 22 °C) was not entered, because the Special Metals value (1.18 µohm·m at 20 °C) is the one from the datasheet.",
    "The Fort Wayne Metals cold-worked table (0 %, 15 %, 60 %, 80 % cold work) was not used: the page text does not separate the columns cleanly, and the annealing condition for the 0 % row is not stated.",
    "The Alloys International page gives an iron content of 58.5 % in its chemistry table, which is a mislabelled nickel figure. It was not used, and its melting point and density figures were not entered because they were not read from its table in this run.",
    "No ASTM, DIN or EN name (for example X-series or 1.xxxx material name) for Nimonic 90 was printed in a page read in this run, so only the designations listed above are recorded. ASTM B637 and B463 were named in search snippets but not read on a fetched page.",
    "Modulus of elasticity in tension (not dynamic) and the room-temperature hardness of extruded bar were not found. The sheet hardness of 243 HV in the datasheet was not entered because its condition is annealed sheet, not the bar condition used for the other values.",
    "Grain size, microstructure (gamma-prime volume) and the effect of cold work on creep were not read.",
    "USGS critical-mineral list membership for nickel and cobalt was not confirmed in the chapter text read, so critical_lists is empty for both. The nickel chapter cites Executive Order 14285 and nickel as an example of critical minerals in its text, which is recorded only as context.",
    "Cobalt and nickel supply shares are 2025 estimates from USGS. The nickel country shares are calculated from printed tonnages; the cobalt shares are printed in the text."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Nimonic 90 was built to keep strength at high temperature. The Special Metals bulletin describes it as a wrought, age-hardened nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy with titanium and aluminium additions, for creep-resisting service up to 920 °C. Wikipedia says the Nimonic family was first developed at Wiggin Works in Hereford, England, to support the Whittle jet engine. Its density is 8.18 g/cm3, and in the heat-treated bar it still has a 0.2 % proof stress of 532 MPa at 800 °C.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Gas turbine parts",
        "line": "The datasheet lists turbine blades and discs. Wikipedia says Nimonic 90 was used on the Bristol Proteus aviation gas turbine."
      },
      {
        "where": "Springs and engine parts",
        "line": "Aircraft Materials lists high-temperature springs. Smiths lists high performance engine valves and turbocharger parts."
      },
      {
        "where": "Forgings and rings",
        "line": "The datasheet lists forgings and ring sections, supplied as forging stock and extruded section."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stay strong when hot",
        "line": "The 0.2 % proof stress of heat-treated extruded bar is 752 MPa at 20 °C and 532 MPa at 800 °C.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "532 MPa at 800 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry long loads at 750 °C",
        "line": "The average stress to rupture in 1000 h at 750 °C is 275 MPa for extruded bar subsequently forged.",
        "benchmark": "creep_rupture_stress_1000h",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "275 MPa for 1000 h"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 8.18 g/cm3 in the datasheet and in the Fort Wayne Metals page.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.18 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The solidus is 1310 °C and the liquidus is 1370 °C in the datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1310 to 1370 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "line": "The mean coefficient of linear expansion from 20 to 100 °C is 12.7 µm/(m·K), rising to 16.2 µm/(m·K) for 20 to 800 °C.",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "12.7 µm/(m·K)"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Compared with the other nickel superalloys on this site, Nimonic 90 is a wrought alloy rated to about 920 °C, with the datasheet giving proof and creep values from one manufacturer's bulletin. Read the rows below as examples of the same measures, not as a ranking, because the heat treatments and test methods differ between alloys.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the heat treatment: 8 h at 1080 °C air cool plus 16 h at 700 °C air cool for bar.",
      "Machine only in the fully heat-treated condition, expecting 250 to 350 HV.",
      "Hot work in the range 1050 to 1200 °C.",
      "Weld solution-treated material and give post-weld heat treatment."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High-temperature parts: 532 MPa proof stress at 800 °C in heat-treated extruded bar.",
      "Long-term load at 750 °C: 275 MPa for 1000 h, average of 15 casts.",
      "Gas turbine blades, discs, forgings and springs, as listed in the sources."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Weight: 8.18 g/cm3, high for a thermal-structural part.",
      "Scale spalls after 250 h at 990 °C under cyclic heating in the datasheet test.",
      "Fusion welds thicker than about 5 mm can microfissure.",
      "No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use was found in the sources, so this profile makes no space claim."
    ],
    "verdict": "Nimonic 90 is a heat-treated wrought superalloy for turbine and forged parts up to about 920 °C, with 752 MPa proof stress at 20 °C and 532 MPa at 800 °C in the datasheet. It is heavy, hard to machine in its heat-treated state, and creep-limited at 750 °C over long times. The sources read contain no space use, outgassing or radiation data for it.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Wrought nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy, age-hardened with titanium and aluminium. Bar is heat treated at 1080 °C for 8 h, air cooled, then at 700 °C for 16 h, air cooled (Special Metals). Composition in weight percent, AMS 5829 and UNS N07090 limits (Special Metals and Fort Wayne Metals).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Matrix, face-centred cubic austenite that the age-hardening phases strengthen."
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Oxidation and corrosion resistance through the chromia scale."
        },
        {
          "name": "Cobalt",
          "symbol": "Co",
          "role": "Solid-solution strengthening and high-temperature stability."
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Age-hardening addition with aluminium, forming gamma-prime precipitates."
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Age-hardening addition with titanium, forming gamma-prime precipitates."
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron, manganese, silicon, carbon, copper and others",
          "symbol": "Fe, Mn, Si, C, Cu",
          "role": "Impurity and trace limits in the specification; carbon is limited as printed in the composition table."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard codes in the sources describe nickel, the largest constituent. No safety data sheet for the alloy itself was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel as a constituent",
            "line": "PubChem's aggregated record for nickel lists H317 (allergic skin reaction, 99.9 % of notifications), H351 (suspected cancer, 72.9 %) and H372 (organ damage with prolonged exposure, 99.7 %). The signal word is Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cobalt as a constituent",
            "line": "Cobalt makes up 15 to 21 % of the alloy. Its hazard codes were not read in this run."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel codes apply"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These failure routes come from the datasheet tests and the welding notes. None of them is a space result.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Creep at 750 °C",
            "line": "The 1000 h rupture stress at 750 °C is 275 MPa for extruded bar subsequently forged."
          },
          {
            "label": "Softening at 800 °C and above",
            "line": "0.2 % proof stress falls from 752 MPa at 20 °C to 532 MPa at 800 °C and 306 MPa at 900 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Scale spalling",
            "line": "In a cyclic heating test, scale spalls after 250 h at 990 °C and after 75 h at 1110 °C."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Machine it soft or hard on purpose",
            "line": "Machine only in the fully heat-treated condition, where hardness is 250 to 350 HV."
          },
          {
            "label": "Weld with care",
            "line": "Fusion welds above about 5 mm can microfissure. Weld solution-treated material and give post-weld heat treatment."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. The datasheet values are typical values from one manufacturer's bulletin (2004). Strength rows are averages of named casts and forms, not minimum specifications. The creep, oxidation and hardness rows use snake_case benchmarks outside the canon. The hazard codes describe nickel, not the alloy. No space use was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "sm90": {
      "title": "NIMONIC alloy 90 (UNS N07090/W. Nr. 2.4632), Special Metals technical bulletin SMC-080",
      "id": "Special Metals publication SMC-080, copyright 2004",
      "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/nimonic-alloy-90.pdf",
      "year": 2004,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer technical bulletin (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "fw-nimonic90": {
      "title": "Nimonic alloy 90, Fort Wayne Metals product page (chemical composition and physical properties)",
      "id": "AMS 5829, UNS N07090",
      "url": "https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/nimonic-alloy-90",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "smiths-nimonic90": {
      "title": "Nimonic 90, Smiths High Performance product page (applications)",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/nimonic-90.htm",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "acm90": {
      "title": "Nickel Alloy 90 / Nimonic 90 (UNS N07090), Aircraft Materials",
      "id": "UNS N07090, Werkstoff Nr. 2.4632, AMS 5829, BS HR2, HR501",
      "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/nimonic90.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-nimonic": {
      "title": "Nimonic (Wikipedia): history, Wiggin Works and Bristol Proteus use",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimonic",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-ni": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-co": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-ni": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for nickel (CID 935), GHS classification from ECHA C&L Inventory",
      "id": "CID 935, CAS 7440-02-0",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; ECHA data as attributed by PubChem"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/nimonic-90/"
}