{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "nickel-minor-alloys",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Minor nickel alloys (nickel-iron soft-magnetic and nickel-manganese grades)",
  "abbreviation": "Ni-alloys",
  "role": "soft-magnetic strip alloy and low-manganese nickel wire",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Two nickel-base families have sourced data in this file. Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys with about 48 percent nickel (VDM Magnifer 50 and IMPHY Supra 50) have a saturation induction of 1.50 to 1.55 T, a Curie temperature of 450 degC and a density of 8.2 g/cm3 for Supra 50. Nickel 212 (UNS N02212, DIN 2.4110) is a nickel-manganese wire and strip grade with at least 97.0 percent nickel and 1.5 to 2.20 percent manganese, density 8.86 g/cm3 and electrical resistivity 11 uOhm.cm at 20 degC. No sourced values were found for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium or nickel-boron, and no true 50/50 nickel-iron datasheet was read.\n",
  "best_for": "Soft-magnetic strip that needs high saturation induction, and low-manganese nickel wire for lead-in and lead wire parts",
  "weakest_at": "Almost no data for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron in this record, no corrosion or space-environment test data, and no hazard data read for these grades",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys (about 48 percent Ni, balance Fe) and nickel-manganese wire (Ni 212: at least 97.0 percent Ni, 1.5 to 2.20 percent Mn)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N02212",
        "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
        "where": "Specifications table, UNS designation column (Ni 212 row)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4110",
        "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
        "where": "Specifications table, Werkstoff Nr column (Ni 212 row)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
    "where": "Nominal Chemical Composition table (Ni 212 row); IMPHY Chemical composition table (Ni typical value 48, Fe bal)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, IMPHY Supra 50 (about 48 % Ni)",
      "value": 8.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50 / Supra 50SP, cold rolled strip",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Density column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 1425,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50",
        "note": "the same table prints 2597 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Melting T column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50",
        "note": "the same table prints 842 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Curie T column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Thermal expansion, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50",
        "temperature_range": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 8 in the 10-6.K-1 column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Thermal expansion column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "µΩ.cm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Resistivity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conduction, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "W/°Km"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Thermal conduction column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "J.Kg-1.°K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Specific heat column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
      "label": "Saturation induction, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 1.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, 0.35 mm strip",
        "field": "10 Oe (about 800 A/m)",
        "measurement": "direct current, typical value on rings",
        "heat_treatment": "1150 °C in pure dry hydrogen, cooled at 50 to 100 °C per hour"
      },
      "method": "Typical magnetic value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet; the table prints 15000 G and 1,50 T",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, Direct Current row, Saturation induction column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "permeability_max",
      "label": "Maximum permeability, IMPHY Supra 50",
      "value": 200000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, 0.35 mm strip",
        "measurement": "direct current, typical value on rings",
        "heat_treatment": "1150 °C in pure dry hydrogen"
      },
      "method": "Typical magnetic value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (mu max column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Magnetic properties table, Direct Current row, Permeability column (mu max 200000)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper",
        "grain_size": "ASTM 9",
        "testing": "typical values, tested to NF EN 10002"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 500 MPa (72 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Tensile strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed",
      "value": 280,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 280 MPa (41 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Yield strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_vickers",
      "label": "Hardness, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Hardness HV column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper",
      "value": 900,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 900 MPa (130 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Tensile strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper",
      "value": 1030,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 1030 MPa (149 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Yield strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_vickers",
      "label": "Hardness, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper",
      "value": 250,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Hardness HV column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
        "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
        "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
      "label": "Saturation induction, Magnifer 50 (about 48 % Ni)",
      "value": 1.55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "VDM Magnifer 50, all three variants (RG, TG, T)",
        "note": "a general statement in the data sheet text, not tied to one variant or test"
      },
      "method": "Value stated in the VDM Material Data Sheet No. 9002 (August 2002) text, with the claim that it is the highest saturation induction obtainable with a nickel-iron alloy",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer50",
      "where": "Page 2, introduction paragraph (Magnifer 50 is a soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloy with about 48 percent Ni)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals Material Data Sheet No. 9002: Magnifer 50 soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloy",
        "id": "VDM Material Data Sheet No. 9002, August 2002 edition",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_50.pdf",
        "year": 2002,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "VDM datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "final_anneal_temperature",
      "label": "Final annealing temperature, Magnifer 50 RG and TG",
      "value": 1050,
      "value_high": 1250,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Magnifer 50 RG and TG",
        "time": "2 to 8 hours",
        "atmosphere": "dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia, dew point below -40 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the VDM data sheet, Heat treatment section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer50",
      "where": "Page 4, Final annealing for obtaining optimum magnetic properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "VDM Metals Material Data Sheet No. 9002: Magnifer 50 soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloy",
        "id": "VDM Material Data Sheet No. 9002, August 2002 edition",
        "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_50.pdf",
        "year": 2002,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "VDM datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Nickel 211 (for comparison with Ni 212)",
      "value": 8.72,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 211, UNS N02211, Mn 4.5 to 5.50 %",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Ni 211 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Nickel 212",
      "value": 8.86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 212, UNS N02212, Ni min 97.0 %, Mn 1.5 to 2.20 %",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Ni 212 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Nickel 212",
      "value": 44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 212",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Ni 212 row, Thermal Conductivity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, Nickel 212 at 20 degC",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 212",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "µΩ-cm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Ni 212 row, Electrical Resistivity at 20 C column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, Nickel 212, 20 to 95 degC",
      "value": 12.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 212",
        "temperature_range": "20 to 95 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Ni 212 row, Linear Expansion Coeff. column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Nickel 212 cold-drawn annealed wire",
      "value": 450,
      "value_high": 550,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 212, cold drawn annealed wire",
        "basis": "min and max printed as N/mm2, equal to MPa"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Mechanical Properties table, Ni 212 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Ni 212 row, Tensile strength Min and Max",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, Nickel 212 cold-drawn annealed wire",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 30,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nickel 212, cold drawn annealed wire",
        "gauge_length": "100 mm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Mechanical Properties table, Ni 212 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Ni 212 row, Elongation Min and Max at L0 = 100 mm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
        "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
        "year": 2016,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Cyclic damp heat (Magnifer 50 MH-BSo variant)",
      "headline": "No corrosion rate or test result was read for any grade here; the datasheet only says one variant resists damp heat better.",
      "effect": "VDM says the Magnifer 50 MH-BSo variant has increased corrosion resistance in a cyclic damp heat test and is used for stamped parts thicker than 0.5 mm. No measured value or test duration is printed in the text read.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "Magnifer 50 MH-BSo",
        "basis": "qualitative statement in the datasheet"
      },
      "source": "vdm-magnifer50",
      "where": "Page 2, Magnifer 50 MH-BSo paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of magnetic properties after final annealing",
        "trigger": "Plastic deformation of Magnifer 50 parts after the final heat treatment",
        "consequence": "VDM says any plastic deformation after the final heat treatment causes a considerable loss of magnetic properties, so parts cannot be bent or pressed after final annealing.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer50",
        "where": "Page 4, Heat treatment section (final paragraph)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "VDM says Magnifer 50 must be final-annealed in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia (dew point below -40 °C), and that intermediate soft annealing at 800 to 1000 °C is best done in hydrogen, cracked ammonia or a clean inert gas. No supplier safety data sheet for any of these grades was opened.",
        "source": "vdm-magnifer50",
        "where": "Page 4, Heat treatment section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Soft-magnetic laminations, relay parts and stepping-motor parts (Magnifer 50 and Supra 50)",
      "example": "VDM lists rotor and stator laminations, relay parts, stepping motors and magnetic valves as typical applications of Magnifer 50. IMPHY lists relays, sensors and shielding for Supra 50.",
      "source": "vdm-magnifer50",
      "where": "Page 1, Typical applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Lead-in-wire fuses and lead wires in electrical components (Nickel 212)",
      "example": "JLC Electromet says Nickel 212 is used as fuses for lead-in-wire components in light bulbs and as lead wires in electrical components, and as electrodes in glow discharge lamps.",
      "source": "jlc-ni211-212",
      "where": "Applications column, Ni 212 entry"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys and Nickel 212, producers and shares",
      "abundance": "No producer, country-share, critical-mineral or feedstock data was read for these grades in this run.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not read.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "imphy-supra50",
      "where": "Not read; the Aperam and JLC datasheets name the producer but give no market data."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "VDM Metals Material Data Sheet No. 9002: Magnifer 50 (copy hosted on alloy59.de)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_50.pdf",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys (Ni 211 and Ni 212) data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Only three manufacturer datasheets were read and fully checked in this run (IMPHY Supra 50, VDM Magnifer 50 and JLC Electromet Ni 211/212). The brief asked for 8 or more sources, so this file falls short; it is the three cited sources only.",
    "No sourced data for nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co). A search gave only a Goodfellow Ni50/Co50 overview with an unverified Curie temperature near 1000 °C, a density near 8.8 g/cm3 and resistivity 20 to 25 µΩ·cm, with references not shown. Those numbers were not read from a fetched page and are not entered.",
    "No sourced data for nickel-silicon (Ni-Si). The only silicon-bearing braze found was AWS BNi-5, which is a nickel-chromium-silicon filler, not a binary Ni-Si alloy. Its solidus, liquidus and composition were seen only in a search snippet and are not entered.",
    "No sourced data for nickel-vanadium (Ni-V). Melting point ranges and a Ni93/V7 figure came from supplier and reseller pages (American Elements, Stanford Advanced Materials, Goodfellow) that were not fetched, so none are entered.",
    "No sourced data for nickel-boron (Ni-B). The nickel boride pages (American Elements) show melting points and densities as N/A. The ASTM B607 coating standard gives electroless Ni-B hardness and says the coatings are microporous, but that standard was not fetched in this run, so no value is entered. The commercial brazing alloys BNi-7 (phosphorus-bearing) and BNi-9 (boron-bearing) are not binary alloys; their compositions were seen only in a MakeItFrom search summary and are not entered.",
    "No true 50/50 nickel-iron permalloy datasheet was read. The two nickel-iron grades here are about 48 percent Ni. ASTM A904 and SAE 50Ni-50Fe pages are paywalled; Goodfellow Fe50Ni50 powder and foil listings (density 8.39 g/cm3, Curie 530 °C) were not fetched as datasheets and are not entered.",
    "Magnifer 50 composition table (Mn, Si, C, Fe limits) and the grade-by-grade permeability and coercive-force table were partly cut in the text extract, so only the 48 percent nickel figure and the 1.55 T saturation statement are entered for Magnifer 50.",
    "Hardness scale for Nickel 212 and Magnifer 50 was not printed; only the IMPHY Supra 50 hardness values in HV are entered.",
    "No hazard data (GHS, SDS, workplace limits) was read for any grade in this file. The nickel.yaml profile carries the hazards for nickel metal, and the nickel-iron and Ni 212 hazards are not separately known.",
    "No supply data was read: producers, country shares and critical-mineral status for these grades are not recorded.",
    "No corrosion test values were read. The Magnifer 50 MH-BSo variant is said to resist damp heat better, with no number.",
    "No space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation, UV, flight results) was found for any grade here.",
    "Standard names in the datasheets (ASTM A753, DIN 17405, IEC 404, JIS C 2531 for IMPHY; DIN 41301 and DIN 17405 for Magnifer 50) are printed, but no designation is entered for a grade unless its source prints the code for that grade.",
    "Permeability and saturation values from the Magnifer 50 grade table (MF 13, MF 16, MG 16 and others) were not all entered, because the text extract did not give all columns reliably. The Supra 50 permeability value is the datasheet's typical value on rings, not a specification minimum.",
    "The canonical property names for hardness (HV), saturation induction, permeability and final annealing temperature are not in spores/property-canon.yaml. Those properties use short snake_case names, as the brief allows."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "These are nickel alloys in two families. The nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys (VDM Magnifer 50 and IMPHY Supra 50, both about 48 percent nickel) are chosen for the highest saturation induction a nickel-iron alloy can reach: 1.55 T for Magnifer 50 and 1.50 T for Supra 50 at 10 Oe. Their Curie temperature is 450 °C. The nickel-manganese grade Nickel 212 (UNS N02212) is pure nickel with a small manganese addition, at least 97.0 percent nickel and 1.5 to 2.20 percent manganese, and is made for wire and strip. Pure nickel is covered in nickel.yaml, and nickel-base superalloys are in the other profiles in this family. Nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron are named in the brief but have no sourced values here.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Relays, stepping motors and laminations",
        "line": "VDM lists rotor and stator laminations, relay parts, stepping motors, chokes and magnetic valves as typical uses of Magnifer 50. IMPHY lists relays, sensors and shielding for Supra 50."
      },
      {
        "where": "Lead wires and fuses",
        "line": "JLC Electromet says Nickel 212 is used as fuses for lead-in-wire components in light bulbs, as lead wires in electrical components, and as electrodes in glow discharge lamps."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Magnetic strength",
        "line": "Magnifer 50 has a saturation induction of 1.55 T. Supra 50 reaches 1.50 T at 10 Oe and has a maximum permeability of 200000 in direct current.",
        "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.55 T saturation"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "Supra 50 loses its magnetism above 450 °C, and melts at 1425 °C.",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "Curie point 450 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Supra 50 has a density of 8.2 g/cm3. Nickel 212 has 8.86 g/cm3, against 8.72 g/cm3 for Nickel 211.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.2 g/cm3 (Supra 50) and 8.86 g/cm3 (Ni 212)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength annealed",
        "line": "Annealed Supra 50 has tensile strength 500 MPa, yield 280 MPa and elongation 35 percent. Hard temper gives 900 MPa tensile and 1030 MPa yield, with only 3 percent elongation.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "500 MPa tensile (Supra 50)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Nickel 212 wire",
        "line": "Cold-drawn annealed Nickel 212 wire has tensile strength 450 to 550 MPa and elongation 20 to 30 percent at a 100 mm gauge length.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "450 to 550 MPa tensile"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The sources give no direct comparison between these grades and other nickel alloys. Among the two families, Supra 50 is the softer and heavier of the two nickel-iron grades (8.2 g/cm3 against no density printed for Magnifer 50), while Nickel 212 is the denser and more conductive nickel product, at 8.86 g/cm3 and 44 W/(m·K). Nothing here ranks the grades for any space use.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Final-anneal nickel-iron parts in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia with a dew point below -40 °C, as VDM says.",
      "Do not deform Magnifer 50 parts after the final heat treatment; plastic strain causes a considerable loss of magnetic properties.",
      "Read the producer safety data sheet for the nickel product before handling dust or powder; none was read for these grades."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High saturation induction in a strip alloy: 1.55 T for Magnifer 50 and 1.50 T for Supra 50.",
      "Lightweight, electrically conductive nickel wire for lead-in and lead components, with 11 µΩ·cm resistivity for Nickel 212."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Almost no sourced data for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium or nickel-boron in this file.",
      "Only three datasheets and about 48 percent nickel grades; no true 50/50 permalloy datasheet was read.",
      "No corrosion test values, hazard data or space-environment data for any grade here."
    ],
    "verdict": "The nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys (about 48 percent Ni) have sourced magnetic and mechanical values from two manufacturers, and Nickel 212 wire has sourced density, conductivity and tensile values from one. The four named binary systems (Ni-Co, Ni-Si, Ni-V, Ni-B) are unsourced here, and no space-environment or hazard data was found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys contain about 48 percent Ni with iron as the balance (IMPHY and VDM). Magnifer 50 is final-annealed at 1050 to 1250 °C in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia (VDM). Nickel 212 is at least 97.0 percent Ni with 1.5 to 2.20 percent Mn, and its other elements are maximum limits only (JLC). Process steps beyond heat treatment are not in these sources.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Base metal of the nickel-iron alloy, and the main element of Nickel 212"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Balance element in the soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloys"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Small addition to raise the strength of Nickel 212 (JLC: improves strength)"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No safety data sheet or hazard statement was read for the nickel-iron or Ni 212 grades in this run. The nickel metal hazards are in nickel.yaml, not repeated here.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Handling",
            "line": "VDM gives annealing atmosphere rules and no health statement for Magnifer 50."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "No hazard data read for these grades"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The main failure route read in these datasheets is mechanical, not chemical.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Plastic deformation",
            "line": "VDM says any plastic deformation after final heat treatment causes a considerable loss of magnetic properties, so parts cannot be worked after final annealing."
          },
          {
            "label": "Wrong anneal atmosphere",
            "line": "VDM says final annealing must be done in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia at a dew point below -40 °C."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Bending after final anneal destroys soft magnetism"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 27,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26. Values were read in text extracted from the three datasheets (pdftotext). Nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron have no sourced values; they are listed in gaps. Only three sources, so the brief's 8-source minimum was not met. The Magnifer 50 grade table is partly unreadable in the extract. No hazard, supply or corrosion test data was read."
  },
  "sources": {
    "vdm-magnifer50": {
      "title": "VDM Metals Material Data Sheet No. 9002: Magnifer 50 soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloy",
      "id": "VDM Material Data Sheet No. 9002, August 2002 edition",
      "url": "https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_50.pdf",
      "year": 2002,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "VDM datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "imphy-supra50": {
      "title": "Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet",
      "id": "IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025",
      "url": "https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "jlc-ni211-212": {
      "title": "JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet",
      "id": "JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016",
      "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/nickel-minor-alloys/"
}