{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "nickel-aluminium-bronze-c63000",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Nickel aluminium bronze C63000",
  "abbreviation": "NAB C63000",
  "role": "wear-resistant structural copper alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Nickel aluminium bronze C63000 (UNS C63000, AMS 4640) is a copper alloy with 9.0 to 11.0 % aluminium, 4.0 to 5.5 % nickel and 2.0 to 4.0 % iron. Its aerospace specification AMS 4640 sets a minimum tensile strength of 760 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 470 MPa at 0.5 % extension for rounds up to 1 in in the HR50 or TQ50 temper. The Concast physical-properties table gives a density of 7.58 g/cm3 at 20 °C.\n",
  "best_for": "Strong, tough copper alloy for aerospace landing gear, bearings and seawater hardware where wear and corrosion resistance matter",
  "weakest_at": "Electrical conduction: 7 %IACS at 68 °F, so it is a poor conductor compared with pure copper",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Copper-rich alloy of Cu with Al, Ni and Fe (wrought composition in story.recipe)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C63000",
        "source": "concast-c63000",
        "where": "Machinability table, 'Copper alloy UNS No.' row, value C63000"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4640",
        "source": "concast-c63000",
        "where": "Page title 'AMS 4640-C63000' and stocked alloy specs list"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B150",
        "note": "metric version B150M also listed",
        "source": "concast-c63000",
        "where": "Similar or equivalent specification table, ASTM column"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CW307G",
        "source": "smith-c63000",
        "where": "Related material specifications list"
      }
    ],
    "source": "nb-c63000",
    "where": "Chemical composition table, title line 'C63000 (Aluminum Bronze)'"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, C63000 (Concast physical-properties table)",
      "value": 7.58,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "grade": "C63000 (AMS 4640)",
        "unit_in_source": "printed 'gm/cm 3'; same row prints 0.274 lb/in3 at 68 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer physical-properties table (figures provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Density, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, liquidus",
      "value": 1054,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "unit_in_source": "1930 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer physical-properties table (figures provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Melting point - liquidus, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, solidus",
      "value": 1035,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C63000",
        "unit_in_source": "1895 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer physical-properties table (figures provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Melting point - solidus, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C63000 (National Bronze)",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "68 °F",
        "temper": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "%IACS @ 68 F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nb-c63000",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Electrical Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet",
        "id": "PDF, file C63000.pdf (undated)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, metric (Concast physical-properties table)",
      "value": 0.041,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MegaSiemens/cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.041 MegaSiemens/cm at 20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer physical-properties table (figures provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Electrical conductivity, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, C63000 (National Bronze)",
      "value": 22.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Btu·ft/(hr·ft2·F)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "68 °F",
        "unit_in_source": "printed '22.60 Btu · ft/(hr · ft2· F) at 68F'"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nb-c63000",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet",
        "id": "PDF, file C63000.pdf (undated)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, C63000 (National Bronze)",
      "value": 0.09,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Btu/(lb·F)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "68 °F",
        "unit_in_source": "printed '0.090 Btu/lb/ F at 68 F'"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nb-c63000",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Specific Heat Capacity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet",
        "id": "PDF, file C63000.pdf (undated)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension",
      "value": 120650,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the table",
        "unit_in_source": "17500 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer physical-properties table (figures provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Modulus of elasticity in tension, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of rigidity (shear modulus)",
      "value": 44127,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the table",
        "unit_in_source": "6400 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer physical-properties table (figures provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Modulus of rigidity, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (AMS 4640 specification)",
      "value": 760,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HR50 drawn and stress relieved, or TQ50 temper annealed",
        "size": "rounds, hexagons and octogons up to 1 in",
        "unit_in_source": "110 ksi",
        "basis": "minimum specification value, room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the AMS 4640 mechanical-properties table on the manufacturer page; a specification minimum, not a typical value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "AMS 4640-C63000 mechanical properties, size range up to 1 in, Tensile strength min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 0.5 % extension under load, minimum (AMS 4640)",
      "value": 470,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HR50 drawn and stress relieved, or TQ50 temper annealed",
        "size": "rounds, hexagons and octogons up to 1 in",
        "unit_in_source": "68 ksi",
        "basis": "minimum specification value, room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the AMS 4640 mechanical-properties table on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "AMS 4640-C63000 mechanical properties, size range up to 1 in, Yield strength min at 0.5% extension",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation in 4D, minimum (AMS 4640)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HR50 drawn and stress relieved, or TQ50 temper annealed",
        "size": "rounds, hexagons and octogons up to 1 in"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the AMS 4640 mechanical-properties table on the manufacturer page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "AMS 4640-C63000 mechanical properties, size range up to 1 in, Elongation in 4D min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
        "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
        "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, Smith Metal datasheet",
      "value": 760,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "size": "25 mm and under",
        "basis": "datasheet value; whether it is a minimum or typical is not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, UTS, diameter 25mm and under",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, C63000 technical datasheet (bronze alloy)",
        "id": "datasheet, copyright 2023",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2 % proof strength, Smith Metal datasheet",
      "value": 470,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "size": "25 mm and under",
        "basis": "datasheet value; whether it is a minimum or typical is not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Uses a 0.2 % offset, while the AMS 4640 minimum above uses 0.5 % extension under load; the two should not be compared directly.",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Proof Strength, diameter 25mm and under",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, C63000 technical datasheet (bronze alloy)",
        "id": "datasheet, copyright 2023",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical, HR50 rod 3 in (76 mm)",
      "value": 772,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HR50",
        "section": "3 in (76 mm) rod",
        "temperature": "68 °F (20 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "112 ksi",
        "basis": "typical (TYP) value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier mechanical-properties table; not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nb-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Rod, HR50, section 3 in (76 mm), TYP row, metric columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet",
        "id": "PDF, file C63000.pdf (undated)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 0.5 % extension under load, typical, HR50 rod 3 in (76 mm)",
      "value": 427,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HR50",
        "section": "3 in (76 mm) rod",
        "temperature": "68 °F (20 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "62 ksi",
        "basis": "typical (TYP) value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier mechanical-properties table; not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nb-c63000",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Rod, HR50, section 3 in (76 mm), TYP row, Yield Strength 0.5% ext under load, metric columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet",
        "id": "PDF, file C63000.pdf (undated)",
        "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater, including welded areas, crevices and biofouled surfaces (nickel aluminium bronze family, not C63000 by name)",
      "headline": "In seawater tests, welded nickel aluminium bronze lost its beta-prime phase at the weld heat-affected zone and corroded in crevices under biofouling and stress.",
      "effect": "A 2024 study of plasma-welded nickel aluminium bronze in laboratory and marine seawater tests found selective phase corrosion of the retained beta-prime phase in the heat-affected zone. It also found crevice corrosion, linked to selective corrosion of the kappa-III phase, at biofouled and stressed areas of the parent metal. The authors say these real-world factors severely impact the alloy's corrosion resistance. The study covers nickel aluminium bronze in general and does not name C63000.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "plasma-welded nickel aluminium bronze",
        "test": "laboratory and marine seawater exposure, with biofouling and residual stress considered",
        "basis": "abstract read; the full text was not read"
      },
      "source": "tecnalia-nab-2024",
      "where": "Abstract of the repository record (hdl.handle.net/11556/10291)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion resistance of C63000 (datasheet statement, no exposure test given)",
      "headline": "The supplier datasheet rates C63000 corrosion resistance as Excellent, but gives no corrosion rate or exposure test.",
      "effect": "Smith Metal's datasheet rates C63000 corrosion resistance as Excellent and lists high corrosion resistance among its key features. It gives no corrosion rate, exposure time, medium or test method, so the rating cannot be compared with a measured value.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative datasheet rating only"
      },
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance box and Key features list"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Concast safety data sheet for the aluminium bronze alloy family (SDS 1, revision 25 March 2022; the sheet covers product codes including AMS-4640 but does not name C63000): signal word Danger. Hazard statements: may form combustible dust concentrations in air; may cause an allergic skin reaction; may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled; may cause cancer; may damage fertility; causes damage to lungs through prolonged or repeated exposure by inhalation.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "concast-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazard(s) identification, health and physical hazards, label elements"
      },
      {
        "text": "In a fire, nickel may form nickel carbonyl, which the Concast safety data sheet calls a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "concast-sds",
        "where": "Section 5, fire-fighting measures, combustion products"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Selective phase corrosion in the weld heat-affected zone",
        "trigger": "Plasma welding, then exposure to seawater; the retained beta-prime phase in the heat-affected zone is attacked",
        "consequence": "In seawater tests on plasma-welded nickel aluminium bronze, the retained beta-prime phase in the heat-affected zone experienced selective phase corrosion (abstract; C63000 not named).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "tecnalia-nab-2024",
        "where": "Abstract"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Crevice corrosion at biofouled and stressed areas",
        "trigger": "Biofouling and residual stress on the parent metal in seawater",
        "consequence": "Crevice corrosion associated with selective phase corrosion of the kappa-III phase; the authors say these factors severely impact corrosion resistance (abstract; C63000 not named).",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "tecnalia-nab-2024",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Elevated temperatures or mechanical action can form dust and fumes that may be irritating (Concast safety data sheet, family sheet that lists AMS-4640).",
        "affects": "Operators, through the airways and skin",
        "source": "concast-sds",
        "where": "Section 4, most important symptoms and effects"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Prevent dust accumulation to minimise the explosion hazard from combustible dust; keep away from heat, sparks, open flames and hot surfaces; ground and bond containers and receiving equipment (Concast safety data sheet, family sheet).",
        "source": "concast-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, precautionary statements, prevention"
      },
      {
        "text": "Store locked up; keep the container tightly closed; do not breathe dust; wear protective gloves, clothing and eye protection (Concast safety data sheet, family sheet).",
        "source": "concast-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, precautionary statements, prevention and storage"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aerospace landing gear",
      "example": "Smith Metal lists aerospace landing gear first among the typical applications of C63000 and says the grade was developed to the AMS4640 aerospace specification.",
      "source": "smith-c63000",
      "where": "Typical Applications list; Product Description"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Bearings, bushings, gears, cams and valve seats",
      "example": "Concast lists bearings, bushings, cams, gears, valve seats and hydraulic bushings for earth-moving equipment among the typical industrial uses of AMS 4640-C63000.",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Extruded and drawn section, Typical uses, Industrial"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Ship propellers, marine bolts and nuts",
      "example": "Concast lists ship propellers, bolts and nuts among the marine uses of AMS 4640-C63000.",
      "source": "concast-c63000",
      "where": "Extruded and drawn section, Typical uses, Marine"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Copper (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, per USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: old (post-consumer) scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and about 760,000 tons were recovered from new (manufacturing) scrap; brass and wire-rod mills accounted for approximately 80% of the total.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Critical minerals and Recycling paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Aluminum (smelter production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.6 million tons in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum",
      "where": "World Smelter Production and Capacity table, Smelter production 2025e (world total 74,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: most secondary nickel was nickel content of stainless-steel scrap; in 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet, PDF",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, C63000 technical datasheet (bronze alloy)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Wieland Concast safety data sheet, Aluminum Bronze Alloys (SDS 1, US English)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.concast.com/files/SDS-1%20Aluminum%20Bronze%20Alloys%20US%20English.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "Corrosion mechanisms of plasma welded nickel aluminium bronze immersed in seawater (repository record)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11556/10291",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No space, vacuum, radiation, outgassing or thermal-vacuum result for C63000 was found in any source read; the profile does not cover flight use.",
    "Coefficient of thermal expansion is printed only in exponent form (9 x 10^-6 per F in National Bronze; 15.5 x 10^-6 per C in Concast), so it is left out.",
    "Concast prints thermal conductivity (39.1) and specific heat (377.1) in metric with an incomplete unit (W/m and J/kg), so those metric values are left out; the National Bronze Btu values are recorded.",
    "The 2024 corrosion study was read from its abstract only; its full text was not read. It studies nickel aluminium bronze in general, not C63000 specifically.",
    "No C63000-specific corrosion rate, exposure time or cavitation result was found in a source read. Two search-result records on NAB seawater corrosion (Wharton et al. 2005 and a cavitation study) were seen only as titles and not read, so no value from them is used.",
    "The Concast safety data sheet covers the aluminium bronze family (product codes include AMS-4640 but not C63000 by name). Its hazards are recorded as family-level, not grade-specific.",
    "No C63000 safety data sheet was found; no GHS hazard codes were printed in the sheets read.",
    "Critical-mineral status of nickel and aluminium was not printed in the USGS chapters read, so those lists are left empty.",
    "Brinell hardness (201 to 248 HB, AMS 4640 and Smith Metal) is printed but is not a canonical property in this collection, so it is not recorded as a property row.",
    "The SAE, Federal and CDA designation columns on the Concast page are not aligned clearly to C63000, so those codes are left out; the EN name (CuAl10Ni5 style) is not printed for C63000 in a source read."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Nickel aluminium bronze C63000 is a copper alloy designed for strength, toughness and wear resistance. Smith Metal calls it the most commonly used grade of nickel aluminium bronze in America and says it was developed to the AMS4640 aerospace specification. It combines high strength with toughness and keeps much of its strength at elevated temperatures, according to the datasheet. Its mechanical properties are specified in AMS 4640, which sets minimum values that the profile records as lower bounds.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Aerospace landing gear",
        "line": "Smith Metal lists aerospace landing gear first among the typical applications of C63000, and says the grade was developed to the AMS4640 aerospace specification."
      },
      {
        "where": "Bearings, bushings and gears",
        "line": "Concast lists bearings, bushings, cams, gears, valve seats and hydraulic bushings for earth-moving equipment among the typical industrial uses of AMS 4640-C63000."
      },
      {
        "where": "Marine propellers and fasteners",
        "line": "Concast lists ship propellers, bolts and nuts among the marine uses of AMS 4640-C63000, and Smith Metal lists marine fasteners among its typical applications."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "The AMS 4640 specification requires a minimum tensile strength of 760 MPa for rounds up to 1 in in the HR50 or TQ50 temper.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "760 MPa minimum (AMS 4640)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield",
        "line": "The same specification requires a minimum yield strength of 470 MPa at 0.5 % extension under load, for the same sizes.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "470 MPa minimum at 0.5 % extension"
      },
      {
        "label": "Typical strength",
        "line": "A National Bronze typical value for an HR50 rod of 3 in (76 mm) is 772 MPa tensile strength and 427 MPa yield strength at 0.5 % extension.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "772 MPa typical (HR50 rod, 3 in)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "The Concast physical-properties table gives a density of 7.58 g/cm3 at 20 °C.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.58 g/cm3 at 20 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical conduction",
        "line": "National Bronze gives an electrical conductivity of 7 %IACS at 68 °F, so the alloy is a poor conductor compared with pure copper.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7 %IACS at 68 °F"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "C63000 is a stronger, harder copper alloy than the soft copper profiled in this collection, but it conducts electricity far less well. The gap comes from the aluminium and nickel dissolved in the copper matrix. The datasheet says that C63000 keeps much of its strength at elevated temperatures, and the specification sets its minimum strength for rounds up to 1 in. The table compares C63000 with other profiled metals on density, tensile strength and electrical conductivity.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical conductivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Store the material locked up with the container tightly closed (Concast safety data sheet, family sheet).",
      "Prevent dust accumulation and keep it away from heat, sparks and open flames to limit the explosion risk from combustible dust.",
      "Do not breathe dust or fume; wear gloves, eye protection and respiratory protection where ventilation is poor."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Strength in a copper alloy: the AMS 4640 minimum tensile strength is 760 MPa.",
      "Seawater hardware: the Smith Metal datasheet rates corrosion resistance as Excellent."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Welds and crevices in seawater: selective phase corrosion was seen in welded and biofouled nickel aluminium bronze (2024 study, abstract only).",
      "Dust and fume carry cancer and allergy warnings in the family safety data sheet, so ventilation and respiratory protection matter.",
      "Low electrical conductivity: 7 %IACS at 68 °F."
    ],
    "verdict": "C63000 is a strong, wear-resistant copper alloy for aerospace and seawater hardware. It needs careful handling of dust and fume, and its weld zones and crevices need design attention in seawater. Its space performance is not covered by any source read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Nickel aluminium bronze C63000 is a copper-rich alloy in which aluminium, nickel and iron are the main added elements. Manganese, silicon, tin and zinc are minor elements, each limited by the composition table. Wrought rod and bar are supplied in the HR50 (drawn and stress relieved) or TQ50 (temper annealed) temper under AMS 4640.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "The matrix metal that makes up most of the alloy.",
          "share_note": "remainder (Cu includes Ag)",
          "source": "nb-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, Cu column: Rem.; footnote Cu value includes Ag"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "The main alloying metal in aluminium bronze, as Concast states.",
          "share_percent": 9,
          "share_high": 11,
          "source": "nb-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, Al column, min 9.0 and max 11.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Alloying element in the AMS 4640 composition; the Ni value includes Co.",
          "share_percent": 4,
          "share_high": 5.5,
          "source": "nb-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, Ni column, min 4.0 and max 5.5; footnote Ni value includes Co"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Alloying element named by Concast as one often added to aluminium bronze.",
          "share_percent": 2,
          "share_high": 4,
          "source": "nb-c63000",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, Fe column, min 2.0 and max 4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The supplier safety data sheet for the aluminium bronze family classifies it with the signal word Danger. The sheet does not name C63000, so these are family-level warnings.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust and fume",
            "line": "Elevated temperatures or mechanical action can form dust and fumes that may be irritating. The sheet says the product may form combustible dust concentrations in air."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cancer and allergy",
            "line": "The hazard statements include May cause cancer, May cause an allergic skin reaction, and May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled."
          },
          {
            "label": "In a fire",
            "line": "In a fire, nickel may form nickel carbonyl, which the sheet calls a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Dust and fume: cancer and allergy warnings"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the alloy corrodes in service",
        "lead": "These results come from a 2024 seawater study of welded nickel aluminium bronze, read from its abstract. They are not C63000 service records.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Weld zone",
            "line": "The retained beta-prime phase in the heat-affected zone of plasma welds underwent selective phase corrosion in seawater tests."
          },
          {
            "label": "Biofouling and stress",
            "line": "Crevice corrosion linked to selective corrosion of the kappa-III phase occurred at biofouled and stressed areas of the parent metal."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Welds and crevices corrode in seawater"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "The sheet says to store the material locked up with the container tightly closed, and to ground and bond containers and receiving equipment."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and ignition",
            "line": "Prevent dust accumulation to limit the explosion hazard, and keep the material away from heat, sparks, open flames and hot surfaces."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 16,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the National Bronze PDF, Concast and Smith Metal pages, the Concast SDS, the USGS 2026 chapters and the 2024 abstract. Caveats: Smith Metal strengths do not state min or typical; the 0.2 % proof value is not comparable with the 0.5 % extension value; the corrosion study is on NAB in general and was read from its abstract."
  },
  "sources": {
    "nb-c63000": {
      "title": "National Bronze and Metals, C63000 (Aluminum Bronze) product data sheet",
      "id": "PDF, file C63000.pdf (undated)",
      "url": "https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/C63000.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "concast-c63000": {
      "title": "Wieland Concast, C63000 (C630) nickel-aluminum bronze, AMS 4640-C63000 product page",
      "id": "AMS 4640-C63000 product page (page copyright 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.concast.com/c63000.php",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "smith-c63000": {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, C63000 technical datasheet (bronze alloy)",
      "id": "datasheet, copyright 2023",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/bronze/c63000.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "concast-sds": {
      "title": "Wieland Concast, Safety Data Sheet: Aluminum Bronze Alloys (SDS 1, version 06)",
      "id": "SDS number 1; revision 25 March 2022",
      "url": "https://www.concast.com/files/SDS-1%20Aluminum%20Bronze%20Alloys%20US%20English.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "tecnalia-nab-2024": {
      "title": "Corrosion mechanisms of plasma welded nickel aluminium bronze immersed in seawater (Corrosion Science, repository record; abstract read)",
      "id": "doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112004; handle 11556/10291",
      "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11556/10291",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "repository record; abstract only"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Aluminum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/nickel-aluminium-bronze-c63000/"
}