{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "nichrome",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "resistance-and-thermocouple-alloys",
  "name": "Nichrome",
  "abbreviation": "NiCr 80/20",
  "role": "resistance heating alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Nichrome is the nickel-chromium resistance alloy with about 80 % nickel and 20 % chromium, sold as NiCr 80/20 (UNS N06003, material 2.4869). Its electrical resistivity is 1.09 Ohm mm2/m at 20 °C, its melting point is about 1400 °C, and Kanthal gives a maximum continuous operating temperature in air of 1200 °C. It is soft and ductile at room temperature in fine wire (810 MPa tensile strength and 30 % elongation for 1.0 mm wire), but its strength falls quickly with temperature: 15 MPa gives 1 % creep in 1000 h at 800 °C.\n",
  "best_for": "Carrying current as a heater: 1.09 Ohm mm2/m resistivity with a continuous limit of 1200 °C in air, and a chromium oxide scale that resists oxidation",
  "weakest_at": "Strength at temperature: 15 MPa for 1 % creep in 1000 h at 800 °C and 4 MPa at 1000 °C, and a thermal conductivity of only 15 W/(m·K)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium alloy, about 80 % Ni and 20 % Cr by mass; Kanthal Nikrothal 80 composition: Ni balance, Cr 19.0 to 21.0 %, Si 1.0 to 1.7 %, Mn up to 1.0 %, C up to 0.10 %",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N06003",
        "source": "studersa-24869",
        "where": "Page title and Description section, '2.4869 - Resistance alloy / NiCr 80-20 / N06003'"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4869",
        "source": "studersa-24869",
        "where": "Page title and Description section, 'Material 2.4869'"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "NiCr 80-20",
        "source": "studersa-24869",
        "where": "Page title and Description section, 'also known as NiCr 80-20'"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B344",
        "source": "bobmartin-8020",
        "where": "Specification line of the 80/20 Nichrome Wire product page, printed as ASTM-B-344"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "17470",
        "note": "DIN 17470:1984-10, heating conductor alloys",
        "source": "wikipedia-nichrome",
        "where": "Designations section, DIN 17470:1984-10"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Nichrome",
        "note": "family name used for the 80/20 grade",
        "source": "wikipedia-nichrome",
        "where": "Page title; the article describes nichrome as a family of nickel-chromium alloys"
      }
    ],
    "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
    "where": "Chemical composition table of the Kanthal Nikrothal 80 wire datasheet (Ni Bal., Cr 19.0 to 21.0, Si 1.0 to 1.7, Mn 1.0 max, C 0.10 max). The composition of the 80/20 grade is also given as 80 % nickel and 20 % chromium in the Goodfellow and Wikipedia pages."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Nikrothal 80 wire",
      "value": 8.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "form": "wire; the datasheet does not state a diameter for the physical values"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Ni80/Cr20 wire (approximate)",
      "value": 8.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ni80/Cr20",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Approximate value printed on a supplier material information page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Goodfellow prints approximately 8.4 g/cm3, about 1 % above the 8.30 g/cm3 that Kanthal prints for Nikrothal 80. Both are kept; the Kanthal value is the datasheet figure.",
      "source": "goodfellow-nicr80",
      "where": "Material Overview section, density sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nickel/Chromium Ni80/Cr20 Wire: material information (Goodfellow)",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/nickel-chromium-ni80-cr20-wire-material-information/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 1400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Melting point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 1.09,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω mm2/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "wire; the datasheet does not state a diameter for this value"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Electrical resistivity at 20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, Ni80/Cr20 at room temperature",
      "value": 1.08,
      "value_high": 1.12,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "µΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ni80/Cr20",
        "temperature": "room temperature (not stated more precisely)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on a supplier material information page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Wikipedia prints about 1.12 µΩ·m for the 80/20 alloy and a family range of 1.0 to 1.5 µΩ·m. Kanthal's 1.09 Ohm mm2/m (1.09 µΩ·m) sits inside the Goodfellow range.",
      "source": "goodfellow-nicr80",
      "where": "Material Overview section, electrical resistivity sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nickel/Chromium Ni80/Cr20 Wire: material information (Goodfellow)",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/nickel-chromium-ni80-cr20-wire-material-information/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum continuous operating temperature in air, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 1200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "environment": "air, continuous operation",
        "form": "wire"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Max continuous operating temperature in air",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Oxidation resistance limit, Ni80/Cr20 wire",
      "value": 1150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ni80/Cr20",
        "environment": "air, high-temperature oxidation"
      },
      "method": "Limit printed on a supplier material information page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same Goodfellow page gives continuous-duty applications up to 1100 °C, below the 1150 °C oxidation limit, and Kanthal sets 1200 °C as the continuous limit. The three limits are not the same test.",
      "source": "goodfellow-nicr80",
      "where": "Material Overview section, oxidation resistance sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nickel/Chromium Ni80/Cr20 Wire: material information (Goodfellow)",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/nickel-chromium-ni80-cr20-wire-material-information/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table, column Temp 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 0.46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "kJ kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Specific heat capacity table, column Temp 20",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 250 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 14.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 to 250 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Coefficient of thermal expansion section, row 20 to 250 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 1000 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 17.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 to 1000 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Coefficient of thermal expansion section, row 20 to 1000 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature",
      "value": 420,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 1.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, row 1.0 mm, column Yield Rp0.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, 4.0 mm wire, room temperature",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 4.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, row 4.0 mm, column Yield Rp0.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature",
      "value": 810,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 1.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, row 1.0 mm, column Tensile Rm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, 4.0 mm wire, room temperature",
      "value": 725,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 4.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, row 4.0 mm, column Tensile Rm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 900 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "900 °C",
        "deformation_rate": "6.2 x 10-2/min",
        "form": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature section, Ultimate tensile strength at 900 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 1.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, row 1.0 mm, column Elongation A",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_vickers",
      "label": "Hardness Hv, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 1.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name; hardness_vickers is not in the canonical property file.",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, row 1.0 mm, column Hardness (Hv)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_strength_1pct_1000h",
      "label": "Creep strength for 1 % elongation in 1000 h at 800 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "criterion": "1 % elongation"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name; the datasheet gives it under the elevated temperature mechanical properties section.",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature section, Creep strength, 1 % elongation in 1000 h, 800 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_strength_1pct_1000h",
      "label": "Creep strength for 1 % elongation in 1000 h at 1000 °C, Nikrothal 80",
      "value": 4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "1000 °C",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "criterion": "1 % elongation"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name.",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature section, Creep strength, 1 % elongation in 1000 h, 1000 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "emissivity",
      "label": "Emissivity, fully oxidized material",
      "value": 0.88,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Nikrothal 80 (Kanthal)",
        "surface": "fully oxidized"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name. The datasheet gives this for fully oxidized material only.",
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Emissivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air at high temperature",
      "headline": "A chromium oxide scale protects the alloy from oxidation up to about 1150 °C.",
      "effect": "Goodfellow attributes the high-temperature oxidation resistance to a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) scale and gives the limit as up to 1150 °C. The page gives no oxidation rate or weight gain.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air",
        "basis": "supplier material information page; no test duration stated"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-nicr80",
      "where": "Material Overview section, oxidation resistance sentence"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air, continuous operation at elevated temperature",
      "headline": "Kanthal rates the wire for continuous use in air up to 1200 °C.",
      "effect": "The datasheet gives 1200 °C as the maximum continuous operating temperature in air and describes the alloy as having good oxidation resistance and very good form stability. No mass loss or scale thickness is given.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air",
        "form": "wire"
      },
      "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Max continuous operating temperature in air; description paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Airgas nickel wire and rod safety data sheet (approval 2-1-2016): GHS Hazard Classification is 'Not Classified' and the label has no symbol or signal word. This sheet covers a nickel wire and rod product whose list includes 80/20 nickel-chromium; the sheet does not name Ni80/Cr20 as a product of its own.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, GHS Hazard Classification line; header block with approval date"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same Airgas sheet lists nickel (listed 10-1-1989) and hexavalent chromium compounds (listed 2-27-1987) under California Proposition 65 carcinogens.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Regulatory information section, California Proposition 65 line"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation above the service limit",
        "trigger": "Operation above 1200 °C continuous in air (Kanthal), or above the 1150 °C oxidation limit (Goodfellow)",
        "consequence": "Both sources give a temperature limit. Neither gives an oxidation rate, so the time to failure above the limit cannot be taken from these sources.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
        "where": "Physical properties section, Max continuous operating temperature in air; see also goodfellow-nicr80 Material Overview"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Creep sag under sustained load at high temperature",
        "trigger": "A sustained stress at 800 °C or above, for example a wire carrying a tension load in a furnace",
        "consequence": "The datasheet gives 15 MPa for 1 % elongation in 1000 h at 800 °C and 4 MPa at 1000 °C, so the allowable sustained stress falls sharply with temperature.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
        "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature section, Creep strength rows"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Nickel and chromium make up nearly all of the alloy, so the sources classify its raw materials, not the finished wire, as the hazard. Airgas lists nickel and hexavalent chromium compounds on Proposition 65.",
        "affects": "Handling of dust and fume from grinding or welding",
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Regulatory information section, California Proposition 65 line"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The datasheet gives a maximum continuous operating temperature of 1200 °C in air. Use a lower limit for loaded wires, since creep strength at 800 °C is only 15 MPa for 1 % elongation in 1000 h.",
        "source": "kanthal-nikrothal80",
        "where": "Physical properties section; Mechanical properties at elevated temperature section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Resistance heating elements",
      "example": "Goodfellow lists heating elements in electric furnaces, kilns, toasters, hair dryers and industrial heating equipment. Wikipedia lists hair dryers, heat guns, toasters, kettles and space heaters.",
      "source": "goodfellow-nicr80",
      "where": "Applications and Advantages section, Heating elements; Wikipedia Uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Precision wire-wound resistors",
      "example": "Goodfellow lists precision wire-wound resistors for power electronics and load banks.",
      "source": "goodfellow-nicr80",
      "where": "Applications and Advantages section, Resistors"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Burn-wire release actuator for a CubeSat tie-down",
      "example": "A JPL tie-down and release mechanism uses 30 AWG (.010 in diameter) Nichrome wire carrying a 1.6-amp current for about 5 to 10 seconds to cut a Vectran tie-off cable. The brief is dated June 1, 2016.",
      "source": "jpl-cubesat-tiedown",
      "where": "Description and Nichrome wire size paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Solar panel deployment mechanism",
      "example": "Wikipedia says nichrome is used in the solar panel deployment mechanism of spacecraft, citing LightSail-A.",
      "source": "wikipedia-nichrome",
      "where": "Uses section, Space paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025. Most secondary nickel is stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels replace austenitic grades in some uses; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that printed total); Recycling; Substitutes; Domestic Production and Use (stainless and alloy steel and nickel-containing alloys are more than 85 % of U.S. consumption)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21 % of supply in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that printed total; Kazakhstan value is estimated by USGS); Recycling; Substitutes; Net import reliance 79 % of apparent consumption in 2025e"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Bob Martin Co.: 80/20 Nichrome Wire product page (ASTM-B-344, UNS N06003)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.bobmartinco.com/product/nichromenichrome-and-resistance-alloys/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Kanthal Nikrothal 80 wire datasheet (updated 2024-09-05)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow: Nickel/Chromium Ni80/Cr20 wire material information",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/nickel-chromium-ni80-cr20-wire-material-information/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Nichrome",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome"
    },
    {
      "title": "Studer SA: 2.4869 Resistance alloy NiCr 80-20 / N06003",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.studersa.com/en/materials/24869-resistance-alloy-nicr-80-20-n06003;144"
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA JPL: Launch Tie-Down and Release Mechanism for CubeSat Spacecraft (Tech Briefs NPO-49969, June 1, 2016)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/24810-npo-49969",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Airgas Nickel Wire and Rod safety data sheet, SDS number 011-Ni Wire and Rod (approval 2-1-2016)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.airgas.com/msds/005727.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Hardness, emissivity and creep strength are listed under non-canonical names (hardness_vickers, emissivity, creep_strength_1pct_1000h) because the canonical property file has no entry for them.",
    "Strength values are for wire of 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm diameter as the datasheet prints them; the temper or condition of the wire is not stated.",
    "No CAS number was recorded for the alloy. The search results gave 11106-97-1 for a nickel-chromium product, but no fetched page printed it for this alloy.",
    "Hazard classification: Fisher Scientific and Thomas Scientific listings of 80/20 nickel-chromium wire carry H317 and H351 in search snippets, but the Fisher page did not load, so these codes are not recorded. The Airgas sheet classifies its nickel wire as Not Classified. PubChem could not be read in this run.",
    "Critical-mineral list status for nickel and chromium: the USGS 2026 nickel and chromium summaries were read and do not name a critical-minerals list in the text extracted, so no list entry is recorded.",
    "Corrosion: no sulphur, chloride, humidity or vacuum attack data were found. No corrosion rate in micrometres per year was found.",
    "Outgassing, atomic-oxygen and radiation effects on NiCr wire were not looked up, and no NASA outgassing value was found.",
    "Reliable mechanical values for the annealed or as-drawn temper were not found, because the Bob Martin and Ulbrich pages gave no property values and the Ulbrich PDF did not load.",
    "The Ulbrich and NiWire datasheets (cloud-hosted PDFs) could not be read in this run.",
    "Fe content: the Kanthal page prints an iron limit of Fe 1.0 max on request in one place and a table value of 2.0 max elsewhere, so the iron limit is left out of the composition.",
    "Atomic weights of nickel and chromium were not read from a fetched page, so the recipe parts carry shares only."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Nichrome is a heating alloy. It combines high electrical resistance with a protective chromium oxide scale, so it can carry current and turn it into heat in air at high temperature. Kanthal's Nikrothal 80 wire has a resistivity of 1.09 Ohm mm2/m at 20 °C, a melting point of 1400 °C and a continuous limit of 1200 °C in air. It is found in heating elements, in precision resistors, and in burn-wire release mechanisms on CubeSats. Its weak points are its low thermal conductivity, 15 W/(m·K) at 20 °C, and its loss of strength at temperature.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Heating elements",
        "line": "Heating elements are the main use. Goodfellow lists electric furnaces, kilns, toasters, hair dryers and industrial heating equipment, and Wikipedia adds kettles, heat guns and space heaters."
      },
      {
        "where": "Burn-wire releases in CubeSats",
        "line": "A JPL tie-down and release mechanism uses 30 AWG nichrome wire to cut a Vectran cable. The source gives a current of 1.6 A applied for about 5 to 10 seconds."
      },
      {
        "where": "Solar panel deployment",
        "line": "Wikipedia says nichrome is used in the solar panel deployment mechanism of spacecraft, citing LightSail-A."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry current as a heater",
        "line": "The electrical resistivity of Nikrothal 80 is 1.09 Ohm mm2/m at 20 °C, and the Goodfellow range is 1.08 to 1.12 µΩ·m at room temperature.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.09 Ohm mm2/m"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay solid when hot",
        "line": "The melting point is 1400 °C. The continuous operating limit in air is 1200 °C.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1400 °C melting point"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay light",
        "line": "Density is 8.30 g/cm3 in the Kanthal datasheet, and about 8.4 g/cm3 in the Goodfellow page.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.30 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength in fine wire",
        "line": "In 1.0 mm wire the datasheet gives 810 MPa tensile strength, 420 MPa yield and 30 % elongation at room temperature.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "810 MPa tensile"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "This profile has no second heating alloy read in the same run, so the compare rows use nichrome's own figures: resistivity, continuous temperature limit and thermal conductivity. Read them as nichrome's values, not as a ranking against another metal.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Max continuous temperature",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep continuous service at or below 1200 °C in air (Kanthal).",
      "Derate for tension at temperature: 15 MPa gives 1 % creep in 1000 h at 800 °C.",
      "Treat dust and fume from grinding or welding as containing nickel and chromium compounds (Airgas Proposition 65 listing)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Heating elements: 1.09 Ohm mm2/m resistivity and a continuous limit of 1200 °C in air (Kanthal).",
      "Oxidation resistance: a chromium oxide scale resists oxidation up to about 1150 °C (Goodfellow).",
      "Fine wire at room temperature: 810 MPa tensile strength and 30 % elongation for 1.0 mm wire (Kanthal)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Creep: 15 MPa for 1 % elongation in 1000 h at 800 °C, and 4 MPa at 1000 °C.",
      "Low thermal conductivity: 15 W/(m·K) at 20 °C.",
      "Hazard classification varies by supplier: Airgas classifies its nickel wire as Not Classified.",
      "No corrosion rate, outgassing or radiation data were found."
    ],
    "verdict": "Nichrome 80/20 is the standard heating alloy, with a resistivity of 1.09 Ohm mm2/m, a 1400 °C melting point and a 1200 °C continuous limit in air. It is a good choice for a heater, but its strength falls sharply at 800 °C and above, and the profile has no corrosion-rate, outgassing or radiation values.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Nichrome is a two-element alloy of nickel and chromium, about 80 % nickel and 20 % chromium by mass (Wikipedia, Goodfellow and Studer SA). Kanthal's datasheet gives the chromium range as 19.0 to 21.0 %, with nickel as the balance.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy. The balance of the Kanthal composition is nickel.",
          "share_percent": 80
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms the protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) scale that resists oxidation in air (Goodfellow).",
          "share_percent": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy is about 80 % nickel and 20 % chromium. The sources do not agree on its hazard classification, so the raw materials are the better guide.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Supplier classification",
            "line": "The Airgas nickel wire and rod sheet is classified as Not Classified under GHS and has no signal word. Other suppliers' listings of 80/20 nickel-chromium wire, seen only in search snippets, carry H317 and H351."
          },
          {
            "label": "Proposition 65",
            "line": "The same Airgas sheet lists nickel and hexavalent chromium compounds as carcinogens under California Proposition 65."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed classification"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are temperature and load. The datasheet gives limits but no failure rates.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Overheating",
            "line": "Kanthal gives 1200 °C as the continuous limit in air. Goodfellow gives an oxidation limit of 1150 °C. Neither source gives a time to failure above these limits."
          },
          {
            "label": "Creep",
            "line": "At 800 °C the datasheet gives 15 MPa for 1 % elongation in 1000 h, and at 1000 °C it gives 4 MPa."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep it below the limit",
            "line": "Kanthal gives 1200 °C as the maximum continuous operating temperature in air. Keep loaded wires below that and well below it when they carry tension."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. Kanthal values are from the manufacturer datasheet for Nikrothal 80. Goodfellow values are approximate and are stated as approximate on the page. Unreachable in this run: PubChem, the Fisher Scientific product page, the Ulbrich PDF and the NiWire PDF. Caveats: the strength values are from wire of two diameters with no temper stated; the 8.4 g/cm3 density and 1.08 to 1.12 µΩ·m resistivity range are approximate supplier values; the nickel and chromium shares are calculated from printed world totals; the Airgas sheet is for a nickel wire and rod product, not the alloy itself."
  },
  "sources": {
    "bobmartin-8020": {
      "title": "80/20 Nichrome Wire and Nichrome and resistance alloys (Bob Martin Co.)",
      "url": "https://www.bobmartinco.com/product/nichromenichrome-and-resistance-alloys/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kanthal-nikrothal80": {
      "title": "Nikrothal 80 wire material datasheet (Kanthal), updated 2024-09-05",
      "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/nikrothal-80",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "goodfellow-nicr80": {
      "title": "Nickel/Chromium Ni80/Cr20 Wire: material information (Goodfellow)",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/nickel-chromium-ni80-cr20-wire-material-information/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-nichrome": {
      "title": "Nichrome (Wikipedia)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "studersa-24869": {
      "title": "2.4869 Resistance alloy NiCr 80-20 / N06003 (Studer SA)",
      "url": "https://www.studersa.com/en/materials/24869-resistance-alloy-nicr-80-20-n06003;144",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "jpl-cubesat-tiedown": {
      "title": "Launch Tie-Down and Release Mechanism for CubeSat Spacecraft (NASA JPL, Tech Briefs NPO-49969)",
      "url": "https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/24810-npo-49969",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA JPL tech brief reprinted by Tech Briefs (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "airgas-nickel-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Nickel Wire and Rod, SDS number 011-Ni Wire and Rod (Airgas)",
      "url": "https://www.airgas.com/msds/005727.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/nichrome/"
}