{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "mycelium-composite",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "mycelium",
  "name": "Mycelium-bound composite",
  "abbreviation": "MBC",
  "role": "building insulation and habitat panel material",
  "category": "living",
  "type": "bio-grown-building-materials",
  "summary": "A mycelium composite is agricultural fibre (straw, hemp, flax, sugarcane bagasse and similar) bound into a solid block by fungal hyphae, then heat-killed so the material is inert. Lab papers report densities of about 60 to 320 kg/m3 and thermal conductivities of about 0.04 to 0.085 W/m K, which is insulation-grade. Compressive strengths range from about 1 kPa to 0.44 MPa across studies, and flexural strength reported so far is 0.85 MPa. NASA Ames has proposed growing habitat structures on the Moon and Mars from this material, but every value here comes from ground lab samples. The field is young and the data are sparse.\n",
  "best_for": "Lightweight, low-conductivity interior panels and insulation grown from local waste, where low load and low mass matter more than strength",
  "weakest_at": "Strength and moisture resistance: compressive strength is in the kPa to sub-MPa range, and water uptake of 24 to 57 percent is reported after soaking",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fungal mycelium (hyphal network of a basidiomycete such as Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus or Ganoderma lucidum) grown through an agricultural-waste substrate such as hemp, flax, straw, sugarcane bagasse or wheat grain",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "elsacker2019",
    "where": "Introduction and Table 1 (substrates and fungal species); Waskar 2026 abstract (P. ostreatus on bagasse); Jones 2018 Methods (T. versicolor on wheat grain)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "lunar-day",
      "mars-surface"
    ],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "habitats-and-suits"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Dry density, mycelium-hemp composite (chopped hemp)",
      "value": 99,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped hemp",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "grade": "lab sample; growth time not stated in extracted text"
      },
      "method": "Dry density of grown composite, reported in Table 3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 3 (composite densities)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Dry density, mycelium-flax composite (chopped flax)",
      "value": 135,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped flax",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "grade": "lab sample"
      },
      "method": "Dry density of grown composite, reported in Table 3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 3 (composite densities)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Dry density, mycelium-straw composite (chopped straw)",
      "value": 94,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped wheat straw",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "grade": "lab sample"
      },
      "method": "Dry density of grown composite, reported in Table 3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 3 (composite densities)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Ganoderma lucidum formulation F2 (30% Arboloco pith, 70% kikuyu grass)",
      "value": 60.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "Arboloco pith and kikuyu grass fibre",
        "fungus": "Ganoderma lucidum",
        "formulation": "F2",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 4.5 kg/m3"
      },
      "method": "Reported in the abstract of a 2025 open-access paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
        "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
        "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density of mycelium blocks from sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran",
      "value": 0.2,
      "value_high": 0.32,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "sugarcane bagasse fibres (1 to 5 mm) with 5 to 10 wt% wheat bran",
        "fungus": "Pleurotus ostreatus"
      },
      "method": "Range stated in the abstract of a 2026 journal article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "waskar2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis of Fungal Mycelium Composite Blocks for Green Material Engineering",
        "id": "Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures (Semnan University)",
        "url": "https://macs.semnan.ac.ir/article_10939.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "journal terms (abstract read)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Dry density of aged mycelium composite (control, hemp hurds)",
      "value": 0.14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "hemp hurds (per supplier)",
        "fungus": "undisclosed strain",
        "condition": "control before simulated weathering"
      },
      "method": "Table 5, density by condition",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "schultz2024",
      "where": "Table 5 (control row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Characterization of Mycelium Biocomposites under Simulated Weathering Conditions",
        "id": "ACS Applied Bio Materials 7(12), 8408-8422",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11653254",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (PMC)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Maximum compressive strength, P. ostreatus on bagasse with wheat bran",
      "value": 0.25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "sugarcane bagasse with 5 to 10 wt% wheat bran",
        "fungus": "Pleurotus ostreatus",
        "test": "not stated in abstract"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value reported in the abstract of a 2026 journal article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "waskar2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis of Fungal Mycelium Composite Blocks for Green Material Engineering",
        "id": "Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures (Semnan University)",
        "url": "https://macs.semnan.ac.ir/article_10939.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "journal terms (abstract read)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compressive strength at 50 percent deformation, Ganoderma F2",
      "value": 0.1686,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "Arboloco pith and kikuyu grass fibre (F2)",
        "fungus": "Ganoderma lucidum",
        "deformation": "50%"
      },
      "method": "Reported in the abstract of a 2025 open-access paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
        "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
        "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Mean compressive strength across 35 studies (pooled)",
      "value": 0.44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "pooled mean from a systematic review and meta-analysis",
        "fungi_and_substrates": "mixed"
      },
      "method": "Pooled mean stated in the record abstract",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Second-hand pooled figure from a 2026 journal article in a journal we could not verify as peer-reviewed; treat as indicative only.",
      "source": "afridi2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Sustainable Mycelium Biocomposites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Strain, Substrate, and Processing Effects on Material Properties",
        "id": "ISRG Journal of Engineering and Technology (ISSN 3107-5894), Zenodo record 21308073",
        "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/21308073",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "not stated"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compressive strength range across mycelium composites (thesis)",
      "value": 0.001,
      "value_high": 1.1,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "range stated in a 2020 honours thesis abstract (printed as 1kPa to 1.1MPa)",
        "substrates": "walnut shells, rice hulls, commercial Ecovative mix"
      },
      "method": "Range stated in the thesis abstract",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Undergraduate thesis abstract; the full thesis was not read, so the specimen types behind the range are unknown.",
      "source": "yang2020",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Investigations of Mycelium as a Low-carbon Building Material (ENGS 88 Honors Thesis)",
        "id": "Dartmouth College, Spring 2020",
        "url": "https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/engs88/21/",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "not stated"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, mycelium block (P. ostreatus on bagasse)",
      "value": 0.85,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "sugarcane bagasse fibres with wheat bran",
        "fungus": "Pleurotus ostreatus"
      },
      "method": "Reported in the abstract of a 2026 journal article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "waskar2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis of Fungal Mycelium Composite Blocks for Green Material Engineering",
        "id": "Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures (Semnan University)",
        "url": "https://macs.semnan.ac.ir/article_10939.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "journal terms (abstract read)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, mycelium block (P. ostreatus on bagasse)",
      "value": 0.42,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "sugarcane bagasse fibres with wheat bran",
        "fungus": "Pleurotus ostreatus"
      },
      "method": "Reported in the abstract of a 2026 journal article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "waskar2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis of Fungal Mycelium Composite Blocks for Green Material Engineering",
        "id": "Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures (Semnan University)",
        "url": "https://macs.semnan.ac.ir/article_10939.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "journal terms (abstract read)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Compressive Young's modulus, loose hemp (uncompressed)",
      "value": 0.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "loose hemp",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "test": "compression"
      },
      "method": "Stated in the text of the Results section (paper calls it compressive stiffness)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Results, Mechanical behaviour (text)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Compressive Young's modulus, chopped flax",
      "value": 1.18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped flax",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "test": "compression"
      },
      "method": "Stated in the text of the Results section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Results, Mechanical behaviour (text)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, mycelium-hemp composite (chopped)",
      "value": 0.0404,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped hemp",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 0.001"
      },
      "method": "Measured value in Table 3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, mycelium-flax composite (chopped)",
      "value": 0.0578,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped flax",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 0.002"
      },
      "method": "Measured value in Table 3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, mycelium-straw composite (chopped)",
      "value": 0.0419,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped wheat straw",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 0.0002"
      },
      "method": "Measured value in Table 3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Ganoderma F1 and F2 average",
      "value": 0.047,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "Arboloco pith and kikuyu grass fibre",
        "fungus": "Ganoderma lucidum",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 0.002"
      },
      "method": "Average reported in the abstract of a 2025 open-access paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
        "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
        "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, P. ostreatus on bagasse with wheat bran",
      "value": 0.078,
      "value_high": 0.085,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "sugarcane bagasse with wheat bran",
        "fungus": "Pleurotus ostreatus"
      },
      "method": "Range stated in the abstract of a 2026 journal article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "waskar2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis of Fungal Mycelium Composite Blocks for Green Material Engineering",
        "id": "Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures (Semnan University)",
        "url": "https://macs.semnan.ac.ir/article_10939.html",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "journal terms (abstract read)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, pooled mean across 35 studies",
      "value": 0.042,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "pooled from a systematic review and meta-analysis"
      },
      "method": "Pooled value stated in the record abstract",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Second-hand pooled figure; see the compressive strength entry for the caveat about this source.",
      "source": "afridi2026",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Sustainable Mycelium Biocomposites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Strain, Substrate, and Processing Effects on Material Properties",
        "id": "ISRG Journal of Engineering and Technology (ISSN 3107-5894), Zenodo record 21308073",
        "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/21308073",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "not stated"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, Ganoderma F1 and F2 average",
      "value": 1714,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "Arboloco pith and kikuyu grass fibre",
        "fungus": "Ganoderma lucidum",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 105"
      },
      "method": "Average reported in the abstract of a 2025 open-access paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
        "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
        "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorbed after 24 h immersion, chopped hemp composite",
      "value": 24.45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped hemp",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "test": "immersion for 24 h",
        "sorptivity": "0.0073 mm/s^1/2"
      },
      "method": "Table 4 (chopped samples only)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 4",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorbed after 24 h immersion, chopped flax composite",
      "value": 30.28,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped flax",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "test": "immersion for 24 h",
        "sorptivity": "0.0113 mm/s^1/2"
      },
      "method": "Table 4 (chopped samples only)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 4",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorbed after 24 h immersion, chopped straw composite",
      "value": 26.78,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "chopped wheat straw",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "test": "immersion for 24 h",
        "sorptivity": "0.0147 mm/s^1/2"
      },
      "method": "Table 4 (chopped samples only)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Table 4",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
        "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, Ganoderma F2",
      "value": 56.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "Arboloco pith and kikuyu grass fibre (F2)",
        "fungus": "Ganoderma lucidum",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 18.4"
      },
      "method": "Reported in the abstract of a 2025 open-access paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
        "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
        "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shrinkage",
      "label": "Shrinkage during drying (maximum across formulations)",
      "value": 53.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "substrate": "Arboloco pith and kikuyu grass fibre",
        "fungus": "Ganoderma lucidum",
        "basis": "up to, across formulations"
      },
      "method": "Reported in the abstract of a 2025 open-access paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
        "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
        "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "peak_heat_release_rate",
      "label": "Peak heat release rate, mycelium-wheat grain composite, day 0",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kW/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "cone calorimetry (ISO 5660), 50 kW/m2 heat flux",
        "substrate": "wheat grains",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "incubation": "0 days"
      },
      "method": "Value in text of the Cone Calorimetry section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jones2018",
      "where": "Cone calorimetry section (text)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium-Biomass Composite Materials",
        "id": "Scientific Reports 8, 17583 (PMC6279784)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6279784",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "peak_heat_release_rate",
      "label": "Peak heat release rate, mycelium-wheat grain composite, 6 to 18 days",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kW/m2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "cone calorimetry (ISO 5660), 50 kW/m2 heat flux",
        "substrate": "wheat grains",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "incubation": "6, 12 and 18 days"
      },
      "method": "Value in text of the Cone Calorimetry section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jones2018",
      "where": "Cone calorimetry section (text)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium-Biomass Composite Materials",
        "id": "Scientific Reports 8, 17583 (PMC6279784)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6279784",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "char_yield",
      "label": "Char yield, mycelium-wheat grain composite (PCFC)",
      "value": 23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (ASTM D7309)",
        "substrate": "wheat grains",
        "fungus": "Trametes versicolor",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 1"
      },
      "method": "Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jones2018",
      "where": "Table 2; Results (TGA gives 23 plus or minus 0.6 wt% at 600 degC)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium-Biomass Composite Materials",
        "id": "Scientific Reports 8, 17583 (PMC6279784)",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6279784",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Hot and humid conditions, 7 days at 50 degC in a humidity chamber (hot-humid)",
      "headline": "Humid heat changed the surface and cut the hardness of the fibre layer.",
      "effect": "The mycelium layer became darker and thinner with an uneven coating, and SEM showed cracking of the cellulose substrate. Shore D hardness fell from 9.7 (control) to 7.2 under hot-humid conditions.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "7 days at 50 degC with a salt-bath humidity source",
        "material": "commercially available mycelium biocomposite on a hemp substrate",
        "test": "Shore D hardness and SEM after exposure"
      },
      "source": "schultz2024",
      "where": "Table 5 (control and hot-humid rows); Results, appearance and SEM section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Cold and humid conditions, 7 days at -19 degC sealed in plastic and foil (cold-humid)",
      "headline": "Cold, humid exposure gave the largest moisture uptake and the largest hardness loss.",
      "effect": "The authors report significant moisture absorption with low temperature and humidity, and hardness nearly halved, to 4.8 Shore D. Impact strength of the whole block was unchanged. Cold-humid was the only condition without SEM cracking of the cellulose.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "7 days at -19 degC, sealed in plastic wrap and foil",
        "material": "commercially available mycelium biocomposite on a hemp substrate"
      },
      "source": "schultz2024",
      "where": "Abstract; Table 5 (cold-humid row); SEM section (Figure 10)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Cold dry, 7 days at -19 degC (cold-dry) and hot dry, 7 days at 50 degC (hot-dry)",
      "headline": "Heat degraded the substrate; thermal stability fell under hot-dry exposure.",
      "effect": "All conditions except cold-humid showed cracking or other damage to the cellulose substrate. Under hot-dry exposure the onset of thermal degradation of the brown substrate fell by nearly 20 degC.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "7 days at -19 degC or 50 degC, dry",
        "material": "commercially available mycelium biocomposite on a hemp substrate"
      },
      "source": "schultz2024",
      "where": "SEM section (Figure 10 and text); TGA section (brown component)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Biological contamination during growth (lab, not an in-service test)",
      "headline": "Some fibre types grew slowly and were overrun by contaminants during growth.",
      "effect": "Trametes versicolor grew poorly on flax dust, straw dust, pine softwood and straw after 10 days. Flax dust and straw dust showed slow growth and systematic contamination, so those samples were not tested further. The fibres were autoclaved at 121 degC for 20 minutes before inoculation.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "inoculation and growth, lab scale",
        "material": "Trametes versicolor on several agricultural fibres"
      },
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Results, growth observations (text); Materials and methods, autoclaving"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Jones et al. report that mycelium is less prone to ignition and flaming than PMMA or PLA. Peak heat release rate in pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry was 67 W/g, against 446 W/g for PMMA and 375 W/g for PLA, and char yield was 23 wt%. The time to ignition is not given as a number.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "jones2018",
        "where": "Results, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (text and Table 2)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Fuel load in a fire",
        "trigger": "Fire exposure of mycelium composite",
        "consequence": "The authors state that large quantities of organic matter can act as a fuel source and may escalate fire risk, but say these effects have not been quantified. Char formation reduced peak heat release in the lab test.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "jones2018",
        "where": "Discussion (fuel-load statement)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Moisture and swelling",
        "trigger": "Hot and humid exposure over a simulated weathering cycle",
        "consequence": "Humid conditions gave the largest moisture uptake and the largest hardness drop in the white fibres (hardness fell from 9.7 to 7.2 in hot-humid and to 4.8 in cold-humid, Shore D).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "schultz2024",
        "where": "Table 5; Results (weathering)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Jones et al. dried the grown material at 50 degC for 48 h after incubation. Heat-killing and its effect on growth were not separately verified in the sources read.",
        "source": "jones2018",
        "where": "Methods (incubation and drying)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Insulation panel from grown mycelium composite",
      "example": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (2025) describe a Ganoderma lucidum composite on agricultural waste as an insulating material, with thermal conductivity of 0.047 W/m K.",
      "source": "jimenez2025",
      "where": "Abstract"
    },
    {
      "application": "habitats-and-suits",
      "device": "Habitat structures for the Moon and Mars, grown in place",
      "example": "NASA Ames Phase II report describes a prototype that fills a porous scaffold with mycelia, tested in a planetary simulator. It is a concept study, not a flight system.",
      "source": "nasa-phase2-2024",
      "where": "Sections 4.5 and 4.6; Introduction summary"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Agricultural by-product fibres (flax, hemp, wheat straw, flax waste, pine softwood shavings)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Belgium"
        },
        {
          "country": "Belgium"
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "elsacker2019",
      "where": "Materials and methods, Natural fibres (supplier names); Table 1"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Fungal inoculum (Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "not stated"
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "jones2018",
      "where": "Methods, Mycelium Composite Preparation (supplier name truncated in the text read)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Mycelium composite materials (commercial)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "United States"
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "ecovative-web",
      "where": "Homepage, paragraphs on first materials and AirMycelium (read 2026-10-19)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Mycotecture Off Planet, NIAC Phase II Final Report (NTRS 20250001059)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250001059",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates (PLoS ONE)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium-Biomass Composite Materials (Scientific Reports)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6279784",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "Characterization of Mycelium Biocomposites under Simulated Weathering Conditions (ACS Applied Bio Materials)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11653254",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Supply volumes and prices: no source read gives agricultural-waste volumes or mycelium composite prices. Ecovative homepage production figures were still loading when read. Feedstock suppliers are named (Elsacker 2019) but without volumes.",
    "No spore, allergen or safety data sheet was read. A web search for basidiomycete spore allergenicity returned only snippets, not fetched pages, so no value is taken from it. Hazards for people remain unverified.",
    "Mould growth in service: no quantitative mould-growth result was read. The Wildman 2026 mould dataset (University of Bath Research Data Archive) was located but the file could not be opened in this run. A Wildman 2026 journal paper on mould susceptibility was found but not fetched.",
    "UV and direct sunlight exposure were not tested in the sources read. Schultz et al. say the material is not meant for direct sunlight, so UV ageing is unknown.",
    "Flexural strength was reported for one material only. The Ecovative spec sheet was not reachable (HTTP 403 and an error page), so its flexural, fire and vapour-retarder values are not used.",
    "Flame spread and full-scale fire rating were not found in the sources read. Jones et al. give cone heat release only. An EI 15 full-scale panel rating was mentioned in a review but not read.",
    "Fire and ignition times are not stated numerically in Jones et al. Time to ignition is not reported as a number.",
    "Water absorption for the NASA and Waskar materials is not given numerically.",
    "NASA Phase II report gives compressive results in a figure (Figure 39) that could not be read as text; only qualitative ordering is used.",
    "The NTRS 2021 IAC abstract (Lipinska et al.) calls the composites fire-resistant and insulating, but gives no numbers, so it is cited only in the narrative.",
    "Properties char_yield, shrinkage and peak_heat_release_rate are not in the canonical property list and are written as snake_case names.",
    "Density, compressive and thermal values come from different fungi, substrates and test methods, and are not directly comparable. Two values (afridi2026 and yang2020) rest on second-hand or thesis abstracts.",
    "No lunar or Martian environmental test result (vacuum, UV, radiation, thermal cycling) was read beyond the qualitative NASA statements. No flight result exists.",
    "Media (photographs or diagrams with licence) not added in this run."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Mycelium composites are grown rather than manufactured. Hyphae from a fungus bind a farm-waste substrate into a light block, which is then dried or baked. The appeal for space is that the raw material can be local, and the process needs water, warmth and time rather than energy-heavy manufacture. NASA Ames has proposed this route for habitats on the Moon and Mars. The material is still at the laboratory stage.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Insulation panels",
        "line": "Lab measurements put the thermal conductivity of several grown composites between about 0.04 and 0.085 W/m K, which is in the range of insulation materials. Jimenez-Obando et al. describe their Ganoderma material as an insulating material."
      },
      {
        "where": "Habitat concepts for the Moon and Mars",
        "line": "NASA Ames (Rothschild and team) proposed growing habitat structures in place from fungal composites on the Moon and Mars. The Phase II report describes a prototype that fills a porous scaffold with mycelia and tests it in a planetary simulator. The work is a concept study, not a flight demonstration."
      },
      {
        "where": "Emergency housing and furniture on Earth",
        "line": "The NASA Phase II report says the approach could also be used for terrestrial emergency housing and furniture. This is a suggestion in the report, not a tested product."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Insulation",
        "line": "Grown composites measured 0.0404 to 0.0578 W/m K in one controlled study of hemp, flax and straw, with a Ganoderma formulation at 0.047 W/m K. These are lab samples at small scale.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Compression",
        "line": "Compressive strengths in the sources run from about 1 kPa to 0.44 MPa. Compacting the material raised strength in the NASA tests, and a 30-day growth period gave the highest ultimate compressive strength.",
        "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Low density",
        "line": "Densities of 60 to 320 kg/m3 were measured. That is light enough to be handled by hand at block scale.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Mycelium composites sit at the light, insulating and low-strength end of the building materials. Their conductivity is in the same range as many insulation products, but their compressive strength is far below structural materials, and their water uptake is high in the lab. Few direct comparisons with fibreglass or foams exist in the sources read, so the table compares only the properties the sources report consistently.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Compressive strength",
        "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Water absorbed after 24 h",
        "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep the material dry in service. Moisture is the main recorded weakness.",
      "No handling or dust guidance from a safety data sheet was read, so treat spore exposure as unknown.",
      "Mycelium material can burn and add fuel to a fire, though char slows heat release."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Insulation and interior panels. Measured thermal conductivity of 0.0404 to 0.0578 W/m K for several grown composites.",
      "Using farm waste as the feedstock. The NASA Phase II report and the sources describe this as the main attraction."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Low strength. Compressive strengths run from about 1 kPa to 0.44 MPa in the sources.",
      "Water uptake. The lab recorded 24 to 30 percent after 24 hours of soaking, and 56.6 percent for one Ganoderma formulation.",
      "Shrinkage. One formulation shrank by up to 53.6 percent during drying.",
      "Data are sparse and from lab samples, with different fungi, substrates and test methods."
    ],
    "verdict": "Promising for low-load insulation and as a long-term habitat concept, but the evidence is early, mostly small lab samples, and the moisture and strength gaps are real.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "A fungal mycelium grows through a moist agricultural substrate in a mould, is dried or baked, and forms a solid block. Substrate and fungus can be varied; process details below come from the cited papers.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Agricultural fibre substrate",
          "role": "Provides the cellulose and lignin feedstock the hyphae grow through. Examples in the sources: hemp, flax, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, Arboloco pith with kikuyu grass, wheat grain, walnut shells, rice hulls.",
          "share_note": "atoms not applicable"
        },
        {
          "name": "Fungus (basidiomycete)",
          "role": "Hyphae bind the substrate particles into a network. Species used in these sources: Trametes versicolor (Elsacker 2019, Jones 2018), Pleurotus ostreatus (Waskar 2026, NASA Phase II), Ganoderma lucidum (Jimenez-Obando 2025, NASA Phase II).",
          "share_note": "atoms not applicable"
        },
        {
          "name": "Water and nutrients",
          "role": "The Jones et al. recipe adds 48 h soaking of wheat grain, autoclaving, then 25 wt% inoculum. The NASA Phase II work uses spawn with sand or regolith and a water and nutrient mix.",
          "share_note": "atoms not applicable"
        },
        {
          "name": "Heat and drying step",
          "role": "Jones et al. dry the grown material at 50 degC for 48 h. In NASA Phase II, some specimens were compressed and baked at a higher temperature. The purpose is to stop growth and stabilise the material.",
          "share_note": "atoms not applicable"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard profile for people is not established in the sources read. No safety data sheet, spore or allergen study was checked in this run.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Spores and dust",
            "line": "Fungal spores and dust from grown or cut material have not been assessed here. Treat as unknown until a source is read."
          },
          {
            "label": "In a fire",
            "line": "Mycelium composites burn and can add fuel to a fire. Char formation lowered peak heat release in one lab test, but the authors say fuel-load effects are not quantified."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not assessed from a primary safety source"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Moisture",
            "line": "Humid conditions gave the largest moisture uptake and hardness loss in the weathering study. Keep the material dry in service."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-19",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 29,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-19 from fetched pages and one NASA PDF. Ecovative spec sheet and mould dataset not reachable or not read. Pooled and thesis values are second-hand."
  },
  "sources": {
    "elsacker2019": {
      "title": "Mechanical, physical and chemical characterisation of mycelium-based composites with different types of lignocellulosic substrates",
      "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213954 (PLoS ONE 14(7): e0213954)",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645453/",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "waskar2026": {
      "title": "Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis of Fungal Mycelium Composite Blocks for Green Material Engineering",
      "id": "Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures (Semnan University)",
      "url": "https://macs.semnan.ac.ir/article_10939.html",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "journal terms (abstract read)"
    },
    "jimenez2025": {
      "title": "Development and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composite Using Agro-Industrial Waste and Ganoderma lucidum as Insulating Material",
      "id": "Jimenez-Obando et al. (journal not identified in the PDF)",
      "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jof/jof-11-00460/article_deploy/jof-11-00460.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access (per URL, not confirmed)"
    },
    "jones2018": {
      "title": "Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium-Biomass Composite Materials",
      "id": "Scientific Reports 8, 17583 (PMC6279784)",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6279784",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "schultz2024": {
      "title": "Characterization of Mycelium Biocomposites under Simulated Weathering Conditions",
      "id": "ACS Applied Bio Materials 7(12), 8408-8422",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11653254",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access (PMC)"
    },
    "afridi2026": {
      "title": "Sustainable Mycelium Biocomposites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Strain, Substrate, and Processing Effects on Material Properties",
      "id": "ISRG Journal of Engineering and Technology (ISSN 3107-5894), Zenodo record 21308073",
      "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/21308073",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "not stated"
    },
    "yang2020": {
      "title": "Investigations of Mycelium as a Low-carbon Building Material (ENGS 88 Honors Thesis)",
      "id": "Dartmouth College, Spring 2020",
      "url": "https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/engs88/21/",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "not stated"
    },
    "nasa-phase2-2024": {
      "title": "Mycotecture Off Planet, NIAC Phase II Final Report",
      "id": "NTRS 20250001059 (NASA Ames; dated March 2024, NTRS acquired January 2025)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250001059",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "lipinska2021": {
      "title": "Growth as an Alternative Approach to the Construction of Extra-Terrestrial Habitats (IAC 2021)",
      "id": "NTRS 20210021668",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210021668",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "ecovative-web": {
      "title": "Ecovative homepage (company statement on mycelium composites and AirMycelium)",
      "id": "Company website, no document identifier",
      "url": "https://ecovative.com/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "company website, terms not checked"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/mycelium-composite/"
}