{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "monel-k500",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Monel K-500",
  "abbreviation": "K-500",
  "role": "age-hardenable corrosion-resistant nickel-copper alloy for springs, fasteners and pump parts",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Monel K-500 (UNS N05500) is a precipitation-hardening nickel-copper alloy with about 63 % nickel, 27 to 33 % copper, and small additions of aluminium and titanium that let it be age-hardened. Its density is 8.45 g/cm3 (ATI). Annealed rod and bar has a nominal tensile strength of 621 to 758 MPa, which rises to 896 to 1138 MPa when aged (Smiths Metal Centres). It is virtually non-magnetic and its corrosion resistance is close to that of Monel 400, but the age-hardened condition is more prone to stress corrosion cracking.\n",
  "best_for": "Springs, fasteners and pump parts that need much higher strength than Monel 400 with similar corrosion resistance, in a virtually non-magnetic alloy",
  "weakest_at": "Stress corrosion cracking in the age-hardened condition, which is the condition that gives the high strength",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Ni 63.0 % min (with Co), Cu 27 to 33 %, Al 2.30 to 3.15 %, Ti 0.35 to 0.85 %, Fe 2.0 % max, Mn 1.5 % max, Si 0.5 % max, C 0.18 % max, S 0.01 % max; age-hardened by Ni3(Ti,Al) particles",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N05500",
        "source": "ati-k500",
        "where": "Page heading 'ATI K-500 Nickel-Based Alloy; UNS N05500'"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4375",
        "source": "aircraftmaterials-k500",
        "where": "Other row of the Specifications table, 'W.Nr. 2.4375'"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "NA18",
        "note": "BS3072 NA18 for sheet, plate and strip; BS3076 NA18 for bar and wire",
        "source": "aircraftmaterials-k500",
        "where": "Specifications table, Sheet and Bar rows"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4676",
        "source": "ati-k500",
        "where": "Product specifications list, AMS 4676"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B865",
        "source": "austral-wright",
        "where": "Chemical composition table heading 'ASTM B865 - Bar, rod, wire, forgings & forging stock'"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Monel K-500",
        "source": "austral-wright",
        "where": "Page heading 'Monel K-500 UNS-N05500'"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ati-k500",
    "where": "Composition table, bar and billet section of the ATI product page (Ni min 63.0, Cu 27-33, Al 2.30-3.15, Ti 0.35-0.85, Fe max 2.0, Mn max 1.5, Si max 0.50, C max 0.18, S max 0.01). Ni3(Ti,Al) particles from the Monel article on Wikipedia."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, bar and billet",
      "value": 8.45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "section": "bar and billet",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.306 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-k500",
      "where": "Physical properties, Density row, bar and billet section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI K-500 Nickel-Based Alloy, product page (composition, density, bar and plate mechanical properties)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-k-500",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density at 20 °C, metric table",
      "value": 8440,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "8,440 kg/m³ @ 20°C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (metric), Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, stockist listing",
      "value": 8.44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.305 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a stockist's product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "bibus-k500",
      "where": "Density heading",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel Alloy K-500, Bibus Metals product page",
        "url": "https://metals.bibus.com/ch-en/products/itm/nickel-alloy-K-500",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, metric table",
      "value": 1315,
      "value_high": 1350,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "1315-1350°C"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Melting Range row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, imperial table",
      "value": 2400,
      "value_high": 2460,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a distributor's physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-k500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Melting Range row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 Technical Data, High Temp Metals (copyright 2015)",
        "url": "https://hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempMonelK500data.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier technical page (cited, not reproduced); no test standard is cited on the page"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, tension, 20 °C",
      "value": 179,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity (tension) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, tension, imperial table",
      "value": 26,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10^6 psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor's physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-k500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Modulus of Elasticity, Tension",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 Technical Data, High Temp Metals (copyright 2015)",
        "url": "https://hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempMonelK500data.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier technical page (cited, not reproduced); no test standard is cited on the page"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of rigidity (torsion), 20 °C",
      "value": 65.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Rigidity (torsion) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poisson_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio",
      "value": 0.32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Poisson's Ratio row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, metric",
      "value": 17.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m °C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m. °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 70 °F, annealed",
      "value": 121,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Btu-in/(hr·ft²·°F)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "70 °F",
        "condition": "annealed before test (table footnote a)",
        "unit_in_source": "Btu-in-hr-sq ft-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor's thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-k500",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row 70, column Thermal Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 Technical Data, High Temp Metals (copyright 2015)",
        "url": "https://hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempMonelK500data.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier technical page (cited, not reproduced); no test standard is cited on the page"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 °C",
      "value": 13.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "13.7 x 10-6 / °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean linear expansion at 200 °F, annealed",
      "value": 7.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "in/in-°F x 10^-6",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "200 °F",
        "condition": "annealed before test (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor's thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-k500",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row 200, column Mean Linear Expansion",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 Technical Data, High Temp Metals (copyright 2015)",
        "url": "https://hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempMonelK500data.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier technical page (cited, not reproduced); no test standard is cited on the page"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat at 20 °C",
      "value": 419,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg °C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Capacity (Specific Heat) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 0.615,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "microhm.m"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature",
      "value": -65,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist's metric properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Curie Temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
        "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
        "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, rod and bar, hot-finished and annealed",
      "value": 621,
      "value_high": 758,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rod and bar",
        "temper": "hot-finished, annealed",
        "basis": "nominal range for product sizes"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hot-Finished, Annealed, column Tensile Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, rod and bar, hot-finished, annealed and aged",
      "value": 896,
      "value_high": 1138,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rod and bar",
        "temper": "hot-finished, annealed and age-hardened",
        "basis": "nominal range for product sizes"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hot-Finished, Annealed and Aged, column Tensile Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, rod and bar, hot-finished and aged for maximum properties",
      "value": 965,
      "value_high": 1310,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rod and bar",
        "temper": "hot-finished and age-hardened",
        "basis": "nominal properties for material age-hardened to produce maximum properties (table footnote)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hot-Finished, Aged, column Tensile Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, rod and bar, hot-finished and annealed",
      "value": 276,
      "value_high": 414,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rod and bar",
        "temper": "hot-finished, annealed",
        "basis": "nominal range for product sizes"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hot-Finished, Annealed, column Yield Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, rod and bar, hot-finished, annealed and aged",
      "value": 586,
      "value_high": 827,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rod and bar",
        "temper": "hot-finished, annealed and age-hardened",
        "basis": "nominal range for product sizes"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hot-Finished, Annealed and Aged, column Yield Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, rod and bar, hot-finished, annealed and aged",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 35,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rod and bar",
        "temper": "hot-finished, annealed and age-hardened",
        "basis": "nominal range, printed as 35-20"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hot-Finished, Annealed and Aged, column Elongation %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Temperature up to which high tensile properties hold after age-hardening",
      "value": 650,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "after age-hardening",
        "basis": "product statement, not a test result",
        "unit_in_source": "1200 °F"
      },
      "method": "Temperature stated in the introduction of a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph, 'high tensile properties up to 650°C (1200°F) after age-hardening'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
        "id": "UNS N05500",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater",
      "headline": "Low corrosion rates in seawater, with pitting possible in stagnant or slow-moving water.",
      "effect": "A supplier page calls the corrosion rate in seawater low and says pitting may occur in stagnant or low-velocity seawater, but that the pitting rate eventually slows after the first attack. No rate, temperature or time is given.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement on a supplier page"
      },
      "source": "corrosionmaterials-k500",
      "where": "Resistance to Corrosion section, seawater sentences"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sour gas containing hydrogen sulphide",
      "headline": "Resists hydrogen sulphide, and is certified for sour service.",
      "effect": "A supplier page says resistance to hydrogen sulphide makes the alloy useful in sour gas, with no concentration or temperature given. Langley Alloys says its K-500 is certified to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-3, and a test of age-hardened sheet in saturated H2S is reported by another supplier but not entered here.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement; hardness limits of the standard not read"
      },
      "source": "corrosionmaterials-k500",
      "where": "Resistance to Corrosion section, H2S sentence"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Age-hardened condition in some environments",
      "headline": "The age-hardened condition is more prone to stress corrosion cracking than Monel 400.",
      "effect": "The Monel article on Wikipedia says age-hardened K-500 has a greater tendency toward stress corrosion cracking than alloy 400 in some environments. The supplier page says the age-hardened alloy can experience stress corrosion cracking in certain environments and names none. Corrosion resistance otherwise matches Monel 400.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "age-hardened",
        "basis": "literature and supplier statements; no test rate given"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-monel",
      "where": "Monel article, Monel K-500 paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Special Metals' safety data sheet for wrought nickel alloys, which lists Monel among its products, says the alloys in massive form have no known toxicological properties other than allergic reactions in people sensitive to the metals. Fume or dust released during melting, grinding, cutting or welding carries the classified hazards.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H335",
          "H350",
          "H361d",
          "H372",
          "H373"
        ],
        "source": "special-metals-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.1 Classification (CLP), list of codes; the sheet is a general sheet and does not name K-500"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same sheet's exposure-limit list gives nickel as Category 1 (causes cancer in man) and a respiratory and skin sensitizer on the German DFG list.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "special-metals-sds",
        "where": "Exposure limits section, Germany DFG list, Nickel row"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Stress corrosion cracking of age-hardened material",
        "trigger": "Use of the age-hardened (highest-strength) condition in some environments",
        "consequence": "Cracking under stress in environments where the age-hardened alloy is more susceptible than Monel 400. The sources give no threshold.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wikipedia-monel",
        "where": "Monel article, Monel K-500 paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Pitting in stagnant or slow seawater",
        "trigger": "Stagnant or low-velocity seawater",
        "consequence": "Localised pits. The supplier says the pitting rate slows after the initial attack.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "corrosionmaterials-k500",
        "where": "Resistance to Corrosion section, seawater sentences"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Strength depends strongly on the condition: the nominal tensile range is 621 to 758 MPa when hot-finished and annealed, and 896 to 1138 MPa when hot-finished, annealed and aged.",
        "affects": "Strength and choice of heat treatment",
        "source": "smith-datasheet",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the condition (annealed, cold-drawn, or age-hardened), because the nominal tensile and yield ranges are higher in the aged rows of the datasheet than in the annealed rows.",
        "source": "smith-datasheet",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep fume and dust out of the breathing zone during melting, grinding, cutting and welding, since the Special Metals sheet names these as the hazard source.",
        "source": "special-metals-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.1 Classification (CLP), note on fume and dust"
      },
      {
        "text": "For sour service, use material certified to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-3 (Langley Alloys says its K-500 is certified) and check the hardness limits in the standard before use.",
        "source": "langley-k500",
        "where": "Opening paragraph, certification sentence"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Springs, fasteners and valve parts",
      "example": "Smiths Metal Centres lists fasteners and springs, pump and valve components, oil well drill collars, impellers and marine engineering applications as uses of Monel K500.",
      "source": "smith-datasheet",
      "where": "Key Features and Applications section"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Pump shafts, impellers and drill collars",
      "example": "The Monel article on Wikipedia lists pump shafts and impellers, oil-well drill collars, steam-turbine blades, condenser tubes and marine hardware as typical K-500 uses.",
      "source": "wikipedia-monel",
      "where": "Monel article, Monel K-500 paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for about 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel was stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Indonesia 2,600,000, Philippines 270,000 and Russia 200,000); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper (mine production, the second element at 27 to 33 %)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Chile 5,300, Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200 and Peru 2,700)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ATI K-500 Nickel-Based Alloy, product page (composition, density, mechanical properties)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-k-500"
    },
    {
      "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (nominal mechanical property ranges)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Monel Alloy K-500 product page, Bibus Metals (density)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://metals.bibus.com/ch-en/products/itm/nickel-alloy-K-500"
    },
    {
      "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data (metric physical properties, equivalent specifications)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Nickel Alloy K-500 / Monel K-500, Aircraft Materials (specifications)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/K-500.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Monel K-500 Technical Data, High Temp Metals (physical properties, thermal table, magnetic characteristics)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempMonelK500data.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Special Metals wrought nickel alloys including Monel (EU CLP, revised 2016)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/msds.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "Monel, Wikipedia (K-500 paragraph)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monel"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloy K-500, Corrosion Materials (resistance to corrosion)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://corrosionmaterials.com/alloys/alloy-k-500/"
    },
    {
      "title": "What is 2.4375, Langley Alloys technical resources (Monel K-500)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/technical-resources/what-is-2-4375/"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use of Monel K-500 was found. The NASA 1967 cryogenic spring report (NTRS 19670000349) was read and does not mention K-500, and the other searches returned only vendor pages for Monel in general.",
    "The Special Metals product page and K-500 datasheet could not be reached (404, 503 and an HTML page instead of a PDF). The Ulbrich wire datasheet redirected to a file that returned an XML error, and MatWeb, MakeItFrom, Ulprospector and the ASM Alloy Digest returned 403 or paywall pages, so none of them is used. Values come from ATI, Smiths, Austral Wright, High Temp Metals and Bibus instead.",
    "Composition conflicts between sources: carbon is 0.18 % max in ATI, Smiths and Austral Wright but 0.25 % max in Aircraft Materials, H.P. Alloys and Bibus; manganese is 0.20 % max on the Titanium.com table against 1.5 % max elsewhere; the Titanium.com table also prints sulphur as 01 %. The ATI values are used.",
    "The EN chemical name NiCu30Al and the AFNOR designation NU30AT were seen only in search summaries, not on a page read in this run, so they are not listed. The BS 3076 entry is not listed separately from BS 3072.",
    "Electrical conductivity (2.8 %IACS, Austral Wright) and magnetic permeability (1.0018, High Temp Metals) are not entered because their benchmark names are not in the canonical list. Hardness (Brinell and Rockwell, Smiths) is also not entered for the same reason.",
    "Physical constants from the two distributor tables are not checked against the manufacturer's own datasheet, which was not reachable. Imperial values are kept in the units printed.",
    "Corrosion rates in millimetres or micrometres per year were not found. The supplier page gives qualitative statements only, and the NACE MR0175 hardness limits were not read.",
    "Radiation, outgassing, atomic oxygen, cold welding and vacuum behaviour were not searched for this alloy.",
    "The hazard entries come from a general Special Metals sheet for wrought nickel alloys, not a K-500 sheet. Monel is one of its covered products, but K-500 is not named.",
    "Supply shares list only the top three producers for nickel and copper, and nickel's critical-mineral status was not confirmed from a list."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Monel K-500 is a nickel-copper alloy that is harder and stronger than Monel 400 because it can be age-hardened. It keeps the corrosion resistance of Monel 400, is virtually non-magnetic, and is used for springs, fasteners and pump parts. Its density is 8.45 g/cm3, and it conducts heat far less well than copper, at 17.5 W/m °C at 20 °C.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Springs and fasteners",
        "line": "Smiths Metal Centres lists fasteners and springs among the applications of Monel K500, alongside pump and valve components and marine engineering."
      },
      {
        "where": "Pumps, drilling and marine parts",
        "line": "Oil-well drill collars, pump shafts and impellers are typical uses named by Wikipedia."
      },
      {
        "where": "Space hardware",
        "line": "No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use of Monel K-500 was found in the sources read for this profile."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength when annealed",
        "line": "Hot-finished and annealed rod and bar has a nominal tensile strength of 621 to 758 MPa and a yield strength of 276 to 414 MPa (Smiths).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "621 to 758 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength when aged",
        "line": "Hot-finished, annealed and aged rod and bar has a nominal tensile strength of 896 to 1138 MPa and a yield strength of 586 to 827 MPa.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "896 to 1138 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "ATI prints a density of 8.45 g/cm3 for bar and billet, and Austral Wright prints 8,440 kg/m3 at 20 °C.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.45 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The stockist's metric table gives a melting range of 1315 to 1350 °C, and the imperial table gives 2400 to 2460 °F.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1315 to 1350 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The tension modulus is 179 GPa at 20 °C, and the imperial table gives 26 x 10^6 psi.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "179 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Magnetism",
        "line": "Smiths says the alloy is virtually non-magnetic. Austral Wright gives a Curie temperature of -65 °C.",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "virtually non-magnetic"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Monel K-500 gets its strength from age hardening, so its tensile range depends on the temper and the product form, far more than on the composition. Copper, the site's conductor profile, conducts heat and current far better, and the two alloys serve different roles, so read the table rows as examples, not a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [],
    "good_for": [
      "Springs, fasteners and pump parts that need high strength with Monel-type corrosion resistance.",
      "Virtually non-magnetic parts where a nickel-copper alloy is specified.",
      "Sour gas and seawater service, where the supplier reports low corrosion rates and resistance to hydrogen sulphide."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Age-hardened material is more prone to stress corrosion cracking than Monel 400 (Wikipedia).",
      "Strength depends strongly on the temper, so annealed and aged ranges differ by a wide margin.",
      "Fume and dust from melting, grinding, cutting and welding carry the classified hazards (Special Metals).",
      "No spacecraft use was found in the sources read, and the mechanical values are nominal ranges, not design minima."
    ],
    "verdict": "Monel K-500 is an age-hardenable nickel-copper alloy that keeps Monel-type corrosion resistance with much higher strength than Monel 400. Its density is 8.45 g/cm3 and it is virtually non-magnetic. The age-hardened state is more prone to stress corrosion cracking, and no spacecraft use was found in the sources read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Monel K-500 is an alloy, not a compound. It is nickel and copper with small additions of aluminium and titanium (ATI composition table), and it is age-hardened by Ni3(Ti,Al) particles that form on heat treatment (Wikipedia).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel plus cobalt",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The base metal of the alloy. The ATI table sets nickel with cobalt at a minimum of 63.0 %."
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Forms the nickel-copper matrix that gives the alloy its Monel corrosion behaviour."
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Combines with titanium to form the Ni3(Ti,Al) particles that harden the alloy on ageing."
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Part of the Ni3(Ti,Al) precipitate used for age hardening."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy in massive form is said to cause allergic reactions only in sensitive people. The classified hazard comes from fume and dust made while melting, grinding, cutting or welding.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "The Special Metals sheet says the alloys in massive form have no known toxicological properties other than allergy in people sensitive to the metals."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fume and dust",
            "line": "The same sheet classifies fume and dust with H317, H334, H335, H350, H361d, H372 and H373 codes. Nickel is a Category 1 carcinogen on the German DFG list."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Hazard in fume and dust"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The sources describe two failure routes for this alloy: stress corrosion cracking in the age-hardened state, and pitting in stagnant seawater.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Stress corrosion",
            "line": "Age-hardened K-500 has a greater tendency toward stress corrosion cracking than alloy 400 in some environments, according to Wikipedia."
          },
          {
            "label": "Seawater pits",
            "line": "Pitting can start in stagnant or slow seawater, but the supplier says the pitting rate slows after the first attack."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Temper",
            "line": "Choose the condition for the strength you need. The aged rows of the Smiths table sit well above the annealed rows."
          },
          {
            "label": "Sour service",
            "line": "Use material certified to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-3 for sour service. Langley Alloys says its K-500 is certified, and the hardness limits of the standard still apply."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 23,
    "unreachable": 6,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: the Special Metals K-500 datasheet, the Ulbrich wire datasheet, MatWeb, MakeItFrom, Ulprospector and the ASM Alloy Digest. Caveats: the physical constants are from stockists, not the manufacturer; the mechanical ranges are nominal; the Smiths and High Temp Metals tables give no test standard; no space use was found; corrosion is qualitative only."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ati-k500": {
      "title": "ATI K-500 Nickel-Based Alloy, product page (composition, density, bar and plate mechanical properties)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-k-500",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "smith-datasheet": {
      "title": "Monel K500 Product Datasheet, Smiths Metal Centres (2023), nickel-copper alloy UNS N05500",
      "id": "UNS N05500",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/nickel/monel-k500.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "bibus-k500": {
      "title": "Monel Alloy K-500, Bibus Metals product page",
      "url": "https://metals.bibus.com/ch-en/products/itm/nickel-alloy-K-500",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Stockist product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "austral-wright": {
      "title": "Monel K-500 UNS N05500, Austral Wright Metals technical data",
      "id": "UNS N05500; DIN 2.4375; BS NA18",
      "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/n05500-monel-k-500/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Stockist technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "aircraftmaterials-k500": {
      "title": "Nickel Alloy K-500 / Monel K-500, Aircraft Materials",
      "id": "W.Nr. 2.4375; BS3072 NA18; ASTM B 865; AMS 4676; NACE MR-01-75",
      "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/K-500.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier technical page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "hightempmetals-k500": {
      "title": "Monel K-500 Technical Data, High Temp Metals (copyright 2015)",
      "url": "https://hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempMonelK500data.php",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier technical page (cited, not reproduced); no test standard is cited on the page"
    },
    "special-metals-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Special Metals wrought nickel alloys including Monel (EU CLP/REACH, revised 30 November 2016)",
      "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/msds.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-monel": {
      "title": "Monel, Wikipedia (Monel K-500 paragraph)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "corrosionmaterials-k500": {
      "title": "Alloy K-500, Corrosion Materials",
      "url": "https://corrosionmaterials.com/alloys/alloy-k-500/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "langley-k500": {
      "title": "What is 2.4375, Langley Alloys technical resources",
      "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/technical-resources/what-is-2-4375/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/monel-k500/"
}