{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "metglas-2605sa1",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "magnet-and-superconducting-alloys",
  "name": "METGLAS 2605SA1",
  "abbreviation": "Fe-Si-B",
  "role": "transformer core and magnetic shield",
  "category": "shielding",
  "type": "spot-shields",
  "summary": "METGLAS 2605SA1 is an iron-based amorphous metal ribbon from Metglas, Inc., about 23 to 25 micrometres thick. The datasheet gives a density of 7.18 g/cm3, a saturation induction of 1.56 T and a Curie temperature of 395 degC. The manufacturer offers it for transformer cores, and a 2015 Fermilab paper tested it as a magnetic shield for superconducting RF cavity cryomodules.\n",
  "best_for": "Low-loss transformer and current-transformer cores, where core loss of 0.17 W/kg or less at 60 Hz and 1.3 T is the target (datasheet limit)",
  "weakest_at": "Formability of the as-supplied ribbon, which the 2015 paper calls difficult because its yield strength appears extremely high; its permeability also takes about four days to reach maximum after a change in field",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron-based amorphous metal, Fe-Si-B ribbon: Fe 85 to 95, Si 5 to 10, B 1 to 5 (weight %, SDS ranges); trace cobalt and nickel",
    "crystal_system": "amorphous (no crystal lattice)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "2605 SA1 Iron Base Alloy",
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Document title, footer of every page"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "2605SA1",
        "source": "metglas-datasheet",
        "where": "Section 1, Alloys and the specification table, column 2605SA1"
      }
    ],
    "source": "metglas-sds",
    "where": "Section 2, Composition table (weight %)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, as printed in the datasheet",
      "value": 7.18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS 2605SA1 ribbon",
        "condition": "as printed; table notes values are not guaranteed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Density (g/cm3), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific gravity from the SDS (water = 1.0)",
      "value": 7.19,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "basis": "SDS prints specific gravity with water = 1.0; numerically the same as density in g/cm3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's material safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Physical and chemical properties, specific gravity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet: METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "id": "FRM 8200.005 Rev. 02; initial release October 2003, revision 02 dated 04/16/13",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/METGLAS-2605-SA1-Iron-Based-Alloy.pdf",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, datasheet",
      "value": 395,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "condition": "as printed; table notes values are not guaranteed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Electromagnetic table, Curie Temperature (degC), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, SDS",
      "value": 392,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "printed_as": "738 F (392 C)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's material safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Two manufacturer documents give different Curie temperatures (395 degC in the datasheet, 392 degC in the SDS); both are kept.",
      "source": "metglas-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Curie Temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet: METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "id": "FRM 8200.005 Rev. 02; initial release October 2003, revision 02 dated 04/16/13",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/METGLAS-2605-SA1-Iron-Based-Alloy.pdf",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range",
      "value": 1133,
      "value_high": 1178,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "printed_as": "1,133-1,178 degC"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the manufacturer's material safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-sds",
      "where": "Section 5, Special fire fighting precautions and instructions",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet: METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "id": "FRM 8200.005 Rev. 02; initial release October 2003, revision 02 dated 04/16/13",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/METGLAS-2605-SA1-Iron-Based-Alloy.pdf",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystallization_temperature",
      "label": "Crystallization temperature, datasheet",
      "value": 510,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "condition": "as printed; table notes values are not guaranteed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Crystallization Temperature (degC), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystallization_temperature",
      "label": "Crystallization temperature, SDS",
      "value": 507,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "printed_as": "945 F (507 C)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's material safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The datasheet gives 510 degC and the SDS 507 degC; both are kept.",
      "source": "metglas-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Crystallization temp",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet: METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
        "id": "FRM 8200.005 Rev. 02; initial release October 2003, revision 02 dated 04/16/13",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/METGLAS-2605-SA1-Iron-Based-Alloy.pdf",
        "year": 2013,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
      "label": "Saturation induction, as printed in the datasheet",
      "value": 1.56,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "condition": "general properties table; the product page labels the value as-cast"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Electromagnetic table, Saturation Induction (T), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 1.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "printed_as": "1.3 (µΩm)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The product page prints 130 µΩ-cm for the same alloy, which is the same value in other units.",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Electromagnetic table, Electrical Resistivity (µΩm), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "magnetostriction",
      "label": "Saturation magnetostriction",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10-6",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "printed_as": "27 (x10-6)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Electromagnetic table, Magnetostriction (x10-6), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, as printed in the datasheet",
      "value": 110,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "condition": "as printed; the product page gives a range of 100 to 110 GPa"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Young's Modulus (GPa), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, as printed in the datasheet",
      "value": 2000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "printed_as": "2,000 (N/mm2)",
        "condition": "heat-treatment state not given in the table"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The product page gives 1 to 2 GPa for the same property, a wider range than the single datasheet value.",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Tensile Strength (N/mm2), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness",
      "value": 900,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "load": "50 g (Hv-50 g load)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Vickers Hardness Hv-50 g load, row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion",
      "value": 7.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10-6/degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "temperature_range": "30 to 300 degC"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Thermal Expansion Coefficient (x10-6 /degC), 30 - 300 degC, row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "lamination_factor",
      "label": "Lamination factor",
      "value": 84,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "printed_as": "greater than or equal to 84"
      },
      "method": "Minimum printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 3, Ribbon Dimensions and Lamination Factor, row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "core_loss",
      "label": "Core loss at 60 Hz and 1.3 T, specification limit",
      "value": 0.17,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "W/kg",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 transformer core ribbon",
        "frequency": "60 Hz",
        "flux_density": "1.3 T",
        "standard": "ASTM A 932"
      },
      "method": "Specification limit printed in a manufacturer datasheet, measured to ASTM A 932/A 932M",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The product page says the core loss is 35% of grade M3 electrical steel, for finished cores (manufacturer claim, not independently measured in the sources read).",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 1, Alloys and the specification table, Core Loss (W/kg) at 60 Hz and 1.3 T",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dc_permeability",
      "label": "Maximum DC permeability, annealed and as cast",
      "value": 45000,
      "value_high": 600000,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "heat_treatment": "annealed gives the upper value, as cast the lower value"
      },
      "method": "Values printed on the manufacturer product page; the page prints no unit, and a 2015 paper calls the same quantity relative permeability",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-web",
      "where": "2605SA1 product section, Electromagnetic list, Maximum DC Permeability (annealed; as cast)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials: 2605SA1 product section (General Properties and Characteristics)",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. product page, undated; news item on the page is dated April 2026",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "effective_relative_permeability",
      "label": "Effective relative permeability after relaxation, cylindrical shield",
      "value": 57000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "sample": "cylindrical shield of 23 micrometre 2605SA1 ribbon",
        "field": "ambient field of about 5x10-5 T (500 mG)",
        "state": "after relaxation"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors of a 2015 paper on shielding of an ambient field",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crawford2015",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Observation of Magnetic Superviscosity in Metglas 2605SA1",
        "id": "arXiv:1511.05127 (A. C. Crawford, Fermilab, 16 November 2015)",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.05127",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "magnetic_relaxation_time",
      "label": "Quasi time constant for magnetic domain relaxation",
      "value": 2.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "h",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "sample": "cylindrical shield of 2605SA1 ribbon",
        "field": "ambient field of about 5x10-5 T (500 mG)"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors of a 2015 paper on shielding of an ambient field",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crawford2015",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Observation of Magnetic Superviscosity in Metglas 2605SA1",
        "id": "arXiv:1511.05127 (A. C. Crawford, Fermilab, 16 November 2015)",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.05127",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous service temperature",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "basis": "Continuous Service Temp. in the Physical list on the product page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-web",
      "where": "2605SA1 product section, Physical list, Continuous Service Temp. (degC)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials: 2605SA1 product section (General Properties and Characteristics)",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. product page, undated; news item on the page is dated April 2026",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thickness",
      "label": "Ribbon thickness, as printed in the datasheet",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2605SA1 ribbon",
        "printed_as": "25 ± 4"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value and tolerance printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "±4 µm",
      "note": "The product page and the 2015 paper both give 23 µm for the thickness they used, so the nominal value differs by source.",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 3, Ribbon Dimensions and Lamination Factor, Thickness (µm), row 2605SA1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Moisture and corrosive materials (storage and incompatibilities)",
      "headline": "The SDS says the ribbon can be attacked by moisture and corrosive materials.",
      "effect": "Section 10 lists moisture and corrosive materials as incompatible, and Section 7 asks that the product not be exposed to moisture or any other substance. The sheet gives no corrosion rate, test or exposure time.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "metglas-sds",
      "where": "Section 10, Incompatibilities; Section 7, Storage recommendations"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heating close to the crystallization temperature (thermal ageing)",
      "headline": "The datasheet's reference anneal of 370 degC for 2 hours sits below the 510 degC crystallization temperature it prints.",
      "effect": "The datasheet gives a crystallization temperature of 510 degC, and the SDS gives 507 degC (945 F). The datasheet's reference field anneal is 370 degC for 2 hours. No property change after long heating at intermediate temperatures was found in the sources read.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Section 2, Physical table, Crystallization Temperature; Section 4, introductory text (heat treatment)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The SDS says the ribbon is non-hazardous as shipped; the main hazard as shipped is the sharp edges of the product.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 3, Emergency overview and Potential health hazards"
      },
      {
        "text": "Vapors and fumes from grinding, sanding, cutting or welding are harmful if inhaled and may irritate the throat and respiratory tract.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 3, Inhalation"
      },
      {
        "text": "Trace cobalt and nickel are listed as IARC group 2B (possible carcinogen); the SDS does not give an amount for them.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 3, Delayed effects and carcinogen table; Section 2"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cobalt, one of the trace elements the SDS lists in the ribbon, has these GHS hazard statements in PubChem for the element: H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H334 (may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects), H350 (may cause cancer), H360F (may damage fertility) and H413 (may cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life). The SDS gives no amount of cobalt for this ribbon.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H341",
          "H350",
          "H360F",
          "H413"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-cobalt",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, GHS Hazard Statements list (cobalt, CID 104730)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Fire or melting of the ribbon",
        "trigger": "Heating to melting, or burning in a structural fire",
        "consequence": "Toxic vapors and metallic fumes may be released; the SDS gives a melting range of 1,133 to 1,178 degC.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 3 and Section 5"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Slow magnetic relaxation after a change in field",
        "trigger": "A change in the ambient magnetic field of a shielded cylinder",
        "consequence": "The 2015 paper measured a quasi time constant of 2.6 hours for domain relaxation, and says maximum permeability needs about four days at room temperature after each change.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "crawford2015",
        "where": "Abstract; Conclusion"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Difficult forming of the as-supplied ribbon",
        "trigger": "Forming the ribbon before heat treatment",
        "consequence": "The 2015 paper says the ribbon appears to have extremely high yield strength, so formability can be problematic.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "crawford2015",
        "where": "Metglas 2605SA1 Properties section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Solid particles from grinding and sanding may irritate the eyes; vapors from cutting or welding are harmful if inhaled.",
        "affects": "Eyes and airways of people working on the ribbon",
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 3, Eyes and Inhalation"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The edges are very sharp: wear cut-resistant gloves and safety glasses when grinding, sanding, cutting or welding.",
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 7, Normal handling; Section 8, Personal protective equipment"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use mechanical ventilation when cutting, grinding, sanding or welding the ribbon.",
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 8, Engineering controls"
      },
      {
        "text": "Store the ribbon where it is protected from physical damage and from moisture or other contamination.",
        "source": "metglas-sds",
        "where": "Section 7, Storage recommendations"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Field anneal at 370 degC for 2 hours in a field of 2400 A/m along the ribbon axis, the datasheet's reference treatment, to relieve stress and set the magnetic anisotropy.",
        "source": "metglas-datasheet",
        "where": "Section 4, introductory text"
      },
      {
        "text": "Allow about four days at room temperature for maximum permeability to be reached after a change in the magnetic environment.",
        "source": "crawford2015",
        "where": "Conclusion"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Distribution, commercial and industrial transformer cores",
      "example": "The datasheet lists 2605SA1 for single and three phase commercial, industrial and distribution transformers, with core loss of 0.17 W/kg or less at 60 Hz and 1.3 T.",
      "source": "metglas-datasheet",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph; Section 1 table"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Magnetic shield for superconducting RF cavity cryomodules",
      "example": "A 2015 Fermilab paper says 2605SA1 is useful as a magnetic shield for certain applications in superconducting RF cavity cryomodules, and measured its attenuation of a steady field of about 5x10-5 T.",
      "source": "crawford2015",
      "where": "Introduction"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Current transformers, high-frequency inductors and motors",
      "example": "The manufacturer's product page lists current transformers, high-frequency inductors and motors among the applications for 2605SA1.",
      "source": "metglas-web",
      "where": "2605SA1 product section, Applications"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 37.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 11.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS iron ore chapter: 'None' for recycling, which refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: the only source of primary iron is iron ore; DRI, iron nuggets and scrap are used extensively in steelmaking in electric arc furnaces."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, usable ore, 2025e (world total 2,600,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that total); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Boron",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "Critical Minerals paragraph: boron was added to the 2025 list (USGS iron ore chapter, citing 90 FR 50494)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Silicon",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "Critical Minerals paragraph: silicon was added to the 2025 list (USGS iron ore chapter)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Silicon (silicon metal and ferrosilicon)",
      "abundance": "USGS: world and domestic resources for making silicon metal and alloys are abundant, and the silicon comes from silica in natural forms such as quartzite. USGS prints that China accounted for almost 80% of global estimated production of silicon materials in 2025; the share of 80 here is that printed figure, not a calculation.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 80,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "Insignificant (USGS silicon chapter, Recycling line).",
      "substitutes": [
        "Gallium arsenide and germanium are the principal substitutes for silicon in semiconductor and infrared applications (USGS silicon chapter).",
        "Aluminum, silicon carbide, and silicomanganese can be substituted for ferrosilicon in some applications (USGS silicon chapter)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-silicon",
      "where": "World Production table, 2025 column (thousand t, silicon content; Brazil, Norway and Russia as listed, China shares as printed in Events, Trends, and Issues); Recycling; Substitutes; Critical list paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Boron (borate minerals and refined borates)",
      "abundance": "USGS reserves, Reserves column (thousand t): United States 48,000; Turkey 950,000; Russia 40,000; Chile 35,000; China 9,100 as boric oxide equivalent; Peru 4,000. 2025 production, thousand t, as printed: Turkey refined borates 1,500; Bolivia ulexite 380; Chile ulexite 300; China boric oxide equivalent 230; Peru crude borates 220; Argentina crude ore 170; Russia datolite ore 80; Germany compounds 40. Forms and bases differ and USGS gives no world total, so no producer share is calculated. For 2021 to 2024, USGS lists Turkey at 90% of United States boron imports, all forms. USGS says world resources are adequate for the foreseeable future.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Argentina",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "Insignificant (USGS boron chapter, Recycling line).",
      "substitutes": [
        "Sodium percarbonate can replace borates in detergents, and it requires lower temperatures to undergo hydrolysis, which is an environmental consideration (USGS boron chapter)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-boron",
      "where": "Salient Statistics (Recycling; Import Sources 2021 to 2024); World Production and Reserves table (2024 and 2025 production, Reserves column); Critical list paragraph; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data (25 pages, dated 29 April 2011)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "title": "METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy: Material Safety Data Sheet (FRM 8200.005 Rev. 02)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/METGLAS-2605-SA1-Iron-Based-Alloy.pdf",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "title": "Observation of Magnetic Superviscosity in Metglas 2605SA1 (arXiv:1511.05127)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.05127",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silicon (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Boron (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for cobalt (CID 104730), GHS Classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No corrosion rate, humidity test, salt-spray result or exposure time for 2605SA1 was found in the sources read; the only corrosion statement is the SDS line that moisture and corrosive materials can attack the product.",
    "No UNS, EN, ASTM, JIS or AISI designation for 2605SA1 was printed in the sources read. Only the trade names METGLAS 2605 SA1 and 2605SA1 are listed.",
    "No atomic-percent composition was read. The composition is the SDS weight-percent ranges, which the 2015 paper also quotes; the SDS does not say whether the ranges are weight or atomic percent, but the table is headed weight %.",
    "The datasheet is dated 29 April 2011, and its table values are marked not guaranteed. No newer datasheet was found in this run.",
    "The product page does not list 2605SA1 among the shielding alloys (it lists 2705M, 2714A and 2826MB for shielding). The magnetic shield use rests on the 2015 Fermilab paper alone.",
    "No vacuum, cryogenic, radiation or flight data for 2605SA1 were found in the sources read; the 2015 shield measurement was a ground test in a single cylindrical geometry.",
    "Maximum DC permeability on the product page carries no unit; it is entered as a dimensionless value, as the 2015 paper describes it.",
    "Supply: the USGS iron ore chapter gives production shares for iron only. The USGS boron chapter gives producer quantities but no world total, so no boron producer share is calculated. For silicon, USGS prints only that China accounted for almost 80% of global production. No crustal abundance for boron or silicon was read.",
    "Hardness, saturation induction, core loss, lamination factor, magnetostriction, crystallization temperature and magnetic relaxation time use names outside the canonical list (property-canon.yaml), as no canonical name fits."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "METGLAS 2605SA1 is an iron-based amorphous metal ribbon made by Metglas, Inc. Its atoms do not sit in a crystal lattice, so the ribbon has no grain boundaries, as a 2015 Fermilab paper explains. The manufacturer offers it for transformer cores, current transformers and high-frequency inductors. The same 2015 paper tested it as a magnetic shield for superconducting RF cavity cryomodules, which is the space-adjacent use in this profile.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Transformer cores",
        "line": "The manufacturer's datasheet lists 2605SA1 for single and three phase commercial, industrial and distribution transformers. The core loss limit is 0.17 W/kg at 60 Hz and 1.3 T."
      },
      {
        "where": "Magnetic shield for superconducting RF cryomodules",
        "line": "A 2015 Fermilab paper says 2605SA1 is useful as a magnetic shield for certain superconducting RF cavity cryomodules. The authors measured its shielding of a steady field of about 5x10-5 T."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Saturation induction",
        "line": "The datasheet gives a saturation induction of 1.56 T for the ribbon.",
        "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Permeability",
        "line": "The product page gives a maximum DC permeability of 600,000 when annealed and 45,000 as cast. The page prints no unit.",
        "benchmark": "dc_permeability",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "45,000 to 600,000"
      },
      {
        "label": "Shielding",
        "line": "In the 2015 test of a cylindrical shield in an ambient field of about 5x10-5 T, the effective relative permeability reached 57,000 after relaxation. Relaxation took a time constant of 2.6 hours.",
        "benchmark": "effective_relative_permeability",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "57,000 after relaxation"
      },
      {
        "label": "Temperature",
        "line": "The product page gives a continuous service temperature of 150 degC.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "150 degC"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The manufacturer compares 2605SA1 with grade M3 electrical steel and says its core loss is 35% of M3 for finished cores. That comparison is the manufacturer's claim and was not measured independently in the sources read. The sources read do not compare 2605SA1 with other magnetic alloys. The table shows its values beside the figures in the datasheet.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Saturation induction",
        "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Curie temperature",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "The ribbon is non-hazardous as shipped, but its edges are very sharp. Wear cut-resistant gloves.",
      "Ventilate when cutting, grinding, sanding or welding, and wear safety glasses.",
      "Store it away from moisture and corrosive materials.",
      "Anneal it in a field along the ribbon axis, at 370 degC for 2 hours, as the datasheet's reference treatment."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Transformer and current-transformer cores, where low core loss is the target: 0.17 W/kg or less at 60 Hz and 1.3 T (datasheet limit).",
      "Magnetic shielding of a steady field in a cylindrical shield, as the 2015 Fermilab test shows: effective relative permeability of 57,000 after relaxation."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Permeability relaxes slowly after a change in field: the time constant is 2.6 hours, and the 2015 paper says about four days are needed to reach maximum permeability.",
      "The as-supplied ribbon appears to have extremely high yield strength, so forming can be difficult.",
      "No corrosion rate was found. The SDS only says moisture and corrosive materials can attack the product."
    ],
    "verdict": "METGLAS 2605SA1 is a transformer-core alloy with a well-documented datasheet. Its magnetic shield use is supported by one 2015 ground test, not by a manufacturer shielding table, and its long-term corrosion and space behaviour are not documented in the sources read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "METGLAS 2605SA1 is a ribbon of iron with silicon and boron. The SDS gives weight ranges rather than a fixed formula. The ribbon is amorphous, so it has no crystal structure and no grain boundaries, as the 2015 paper notes.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Main constituent of the ribbon; the SDS gives a weight range.",
          "share_percent": 85,
          "share_high": 95,
          "source": "metglas-sds",
          "where": "Section 2, Composition table, weight %"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Alloying element; the SDS gives a weight range.",
          "share_percent": 5,
          "share_high": 10,
          "source": "metglas-sds",
          "where": "Section 2, Composition table, weight %"
        },
        {
          "name": "Boron",
          "symbol": "B",
          "role": "Alloying element; the SDS gives a weight range.",
          "share_percent": 1,
          "share_high": 5,
          "source": "metglas-sds",
          "where": "Section 2, Composition table, weight %"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cobalt and nickel",
          "role": "Trace impurities listed in the SDS; no amount is given.",
          "share_note": "trace, not quantified",
          "source": "metglas-sds",
          "where": "Section 2 and Section 3, carcinogen table"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The supplier's safety data sheet classes the ribbon as non-hazardous as shipped. The sharp edges are the main hazard.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Edges",
            "line": "The edges are very sharp. The SDS asks for cut-resistant gloves and safety glasses when the ribbon is ground, sanded, cut or welded."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and fumes",
            "line": "Vapors and fumes from grinding, sanding, cutting or welding are harmful if inhaled. The SDS asks for mechanical ventilation during those operations."
          },
          {
            "label": "Trace metals",
            "line": "Trace cobalt and nickel are listed as IARC group 2B (possible carcinogen). The SDS gives no amount for them."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Non-hazardous as shipped"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the ribbon is heated or burns",
        "lead": "These points come from the SDS and are not based on field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Melting range",
            "line": "The SDS gives a melting range of 1,133 to 1,178 degC. If the ribbon melts or burns in a fire, toxic vapors and metallic fumes may be released."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fire",
            "line": "The SDS says the product may burn in a structural fire and recommends self-contained breathing apparatus against the fumes."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Toxic fumes if melted"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "The SDS says to store the ribbon where it is protected from physical damage and from moisture or other contamination."
          },
          {
            "label": "Incompatibility",
            "line": "The SDS says the product can be attacked by moisture and corrosive materials."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the cited datasheet, product page, SDS, 2015 paper and USGS chapter; values copied as printed. Shares of iron production are calculated from the USGS table."
  },
  "sources": {
    "metglas-datasheet": {
      "title": "METGLAS Amorphous Alloys for Transformer Cores: 2605SA1 and 2605HB1M technical data",
      "id": "Metglas, Inc. technical data, 25 pages, dated 29 April 2011 (PDF modified 2021)",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605SA1-Magnetic-Alloy-Updated.pdf",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "metglas-web": {
      "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials: 2605SA1 product section (General Properties and Characteristics)",
      "id": "Metglas, Inc. product page, undated; news item on the page is dated April 2026",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "metglas-sds": {
      "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet: METGLAS 2605 SA1 Iron Based Alloy",
      "id": "FRM 8200.005 Rev. 02; initial release October 2003, revision 02 dated 04/16/13",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/METGLAS-2605-SA1-Iron-Based-Alloy.pdf",
      "year": 2013,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "crawford2015": {
      "title": "Observation of Magnetic Superviscosity in Metglas 2605SA1",
      "id": "arXiv:1511.05127 (A. C. Crawford, Fermilab, 16 November 2015)",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.05127",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv preprint"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-iron": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-silicon": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silicon",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-boron": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Boron",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-cobalt": {
      "title": "PubChem compound summary for cobalt (CID 104730), GHS Classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 104730 (Cobalt), NCBI PubChem",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "NCBI PubChem, free public database"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/metglas-2605sa1/"
}