{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "metglas-2605s3a",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "magnet-and-superconducting-alloys",
  "name": "METGLAS 2605S3A",
  "role": "magnetic core ribbon",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "magnet-alloys",
  "summary": "METGLAS 2605S3A is an iron-based amorphous metal ribbon made by Metglas, Inc. Its technical bulletin gives a density of 7.29 g/cm3, a saturation induction of 1.41 T and a Curie temperature of 358 °C. Metglas lists it for current transformers, ground fault protection devices and high-frequency cores.\n",
  "best_for": "High-frequency cores, current transformers and ground fault protection devices, the three applications the manufacturer lists",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion data: the SDS lists moisture and corrosive materials as incompatible and prints no corrosion rate",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron-based amorphous metal ribbon. The SDS gives composition as percentage ranges: iron 69 to 100, silicon 0 to 10, niobium 0 to 7, boron 0 to 5, chromium 0 to 5, manganese 0 to 2, copper 0 to 2. The basis is not stated, and the SDS says ranges may reflect batch variation.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "2605S3A",
        "source": "s3a-bulletin",
        "where": "Title block, Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A",
        "source": "s3a-bulletin",
        "where": "Page 2, figure caption"
      }
    ],
    "source": "s3a-sds",
    "where": "Section 1, Other means of identification (Amorphous Metal Ribbon); Section 3, Composition table"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, technical bulletin",
      "value": 7.29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "condition": "as printed; heat-treatment state not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the product page prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Density (g/cm3) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Relative density, safety data sheet",
      "value": 7,
      "value_high": 7.5,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "printed as relative density with water = 1; no unit printed",
        "document": "combined FT-3W and 2605S3A SDS, Metglas, Inc."
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the manufacturer's safety data sheet; a dimensionless ratio, so entered with unit -",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Relative density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety Data Sheet, FT-3W and 2605S3A (Metglas, Inc.)",
        "id": "Date of issue 07/17/2020, version 1; combined document for two products",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/FT-3W-and-2605S3A_SDSFinal.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
      "label": "Saturation induction",
      "value": 1.41,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "condition": "as printed; heat-treatment state not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the product page prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Magnetic Properties column, Saturation Induction (T) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dc_permeability",
      "label": "Maximum DC permeability, annealed",
      "value": 35000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "heat_treatment": "annealed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin, which gives the symbol mu with no unit; entered as a dimensionless relative permeability",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Magnetic Properties column, Maximum D.C. Permeability, Annealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dc_permeability",
      "label": "Maximum DC permeability, as cast",
      "value": 20000,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "heat_treatment": "as cast"
      },
      "method": "Minimum printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin as greater than 20,000, with no unit; entered as a dimensionless relative permeability",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Magnetic Properties column, Maximum D.C. Permeability, As Cast row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "magnetostriction",
      "label": "Saturation magnetostriction",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Magnetic Properties column, Saturation Magnetostriction (ppm) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the manufacturer's product page; the bulletin prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The bulletin's text layer shows the unit as µ-cm; the product page prints µΩ-cm.",
      "source": "metglas-web",
      "where": "2605S3A product section, Electromagnetic list, Electrical Resistivity (µΩ-cm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials, 2605S3A section (General Properties and Characteristics)",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. product page, undated",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature",
      "value": 358,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the product page prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Magnetic Properties column, Curie Temperature (°C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thickness",
      "label": "Ribbon thickness",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "microns",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "printed_as": "Thickness (microns) 18"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the manufacturer's product page; the technical bulletin does not give a thickness",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metglas-web",
      "where": "2605S3A product section, Physical list, Thickness (microns)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials, 2605S3A section (General Properties and Characteristics)",
        "id": "Metglas, Inc. product page, undated",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 2,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "printed_as": "1-2",
        "condition": "heat-treatment state not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the product page prints the same range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Tensile Strength (GPa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus",
      "value": 100,
      "value_high": 110,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "printed_as": "100-110"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the product page prints the same range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Elastic Modulus (GPa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "lamination_factor",
      "label": "Lamination factor",
      "value": 75,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "printed_as": ">75"
      },
      "method": "Minimum printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Lamination Factor (%) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion",
      "value": 6.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "temperature_range": "not printed in the bulletin"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Thermal Expansion (ppm/°C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystallization_temperature",
      "label": "Crystallization temperature",
      "value": 535,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the bulletin does not say what happens to properties above it",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Crystallization Temperature (°C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous service temperature",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A ribbon",
        "basis": "continuous service temperature as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's technical bulletin; the product page prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Continuous Service Temp. (°C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
        "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point",
      "value": 1180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "document": "combined FT-3W and 2605S3A SDS",
        "printed_as": "1180°C (2156°F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer's safety data sheet, which covers two products in one document",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "s3a-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety Data Sheet, FT-3W and 2605S3A (Metglas, Inc.)",
        "id": "Date of issue 07/17/2020, version 1; combined document for two products",
        "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/FT-3W-and-2605S3A_SDSFinal.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Moisture and corrosive materials (storage and incompatibilities)",
      "headline": "The SDS lists moisture and corrosive materials as incompatible with the product.",
      "effect": "The SDS gives no corrosion rate, test result or exposure time for the ribbon.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "s3a-sds",
      "where": "Section 10, Incompatible materials"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heating near the crystallization temperature (thermal ageing)",
      "headline": "The bulletin prints a crystallization temperature of 535 °C and a continuous service temperature of 150 °C.",
      "effect": "The sources read give no ageing or property-change data after long heating at these temperatures.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Physical Properties column, Crystallization Temperature and Continuous Service Temp. rows"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The SDS says the product is not classified under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and has no GHS signal word or hazard statements.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, OSHA/HCS status and GHS label elements"
      },
      {
        "text": "The SDS says adverse symptoms may include metal fume fever if exposed to high concentrations of fumes.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 11, Other information"
      },
      {
        "text": "The SDS classification table gives chromium, one of the listed ingredients, an IARC entry printed as \"3\".",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 11, Classification table; Section 3, Composition"
      },
      {
        "text": "The SDS lists manganese under specific target organ toxicity from repeated exposure as \"Category 2\", with target organs central nervous system (CNS) and lungs.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 11, Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Melting or burning of the ribbon",
        "trigger": "Heating to the melting point, or a structural fire",
        "consequence": "The SDS gives a melting point of 1180 °C and says decomposition products may include metal oxides and toxic vapour.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 5, Hazardous thermal decomposition products; Section 9, Melting point"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Heating above the crystallization temperature",
        "trigger": "Exposure above 535 °C",
        "consequence": "The bulletin prints the crystallization temperature but states no property change above it.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "s3a-bulletin",
        "where": "Physical Properties column, Crystallization Temperature row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Attack by moisture or corrosive materials",
        "trigger": "Storage or use with moisture or corrosive materials",
        "consequence": "The SDS lists both as incompatible with the product; no damage rate is printed.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 10, Incompatible materials"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "The SDS says to get medical attention if any damage to the eye is caused by the metal.",
        "affects": "Eyes",
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 4, Eye contact"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Use strong, cut-resistant gloves suitable for handling metals, as the SDS asks.",
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 8, Hand protection"
      },
      {
        "text": "Take care with items that are sharp or heavy.",
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 7, Precautions for safe handling"
      },
      {
        "text": "Store in accordance with local regulations, and keep the ribbon away from moisture and corrosive materials, which the SDS lists as incompatible.",
        "source": "s3a-sds",
        "where": "Section 7, Conditions for safe storage; Section 10, Incompatible materials"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Current transformers",
      "example": "The manufacturer's application list for 2605S3A names current transformers.",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Page 1, Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Ground fault protection devices",
      "example": "The same application list names ground fault protection devices.",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Page 1, Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "High-frequency cores",
      "example": "The benefits list reads \"Low core loss at high frequencies (>1 kHz)\", and the application list names high frequency cores.",
      "source": "s3a-bulletin",
      "where": "Page 1, Applications and Benefits lists"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 37.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 11.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS iron ore chapter: 'None', which refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: the only source of primary iron is iron ore; DRI, iron nuggets and scrap are extensively used for steelmaking in electric arc furnaces and foundries."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, usable ore, 2025e (world total 2,600,000 thousand t); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from those values; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Niobium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 92.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 5.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: niobium was recycled with niobium-bearing steels and superalloys, but scrap recovery specifically for niobium content was negligible.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: ceramic matrix composites, molybdenum, tantalum and tungsten can replace niobium in high-temperature superalloy applications, with a performance loss or higher cost."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-niobium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 112,000 in niobium content; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list status from the USGS 2025 list page."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Boron",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "Iron ore chapter, World Mine Production and Reserves paragraph on the final 2025 list (boron added)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Silicon",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "Iron ore chapter, World Mine Production and Reserves paragraph on the final 2025 list (silicon added)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "Iron ore chapter, World Mine Production and Reserves paragraph on the final 2025 list (copper added)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-crit2025",
      "where": "Explore the 2025 List of Critical Minerals section"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-crit2025",
      "where": "Explore the 2025 List of Critical Minerals section"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
      "year": 2009
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, FT-3W and 2605S3A (Metglas, Inc.)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/FT-3W-and-2605S3A_SDSFinal.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials, 2605S3A product section",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Niobium (Columbium) (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-niobium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No core-loss value is printed for 2605S3A: the bulletin shows a core-loss curve as an image, and the product page gives only a graph.",
    "The Vickers hardness row is printed without a unit in the bulletin and on the product page, so no value is recorded.",
    "No UNS, ASTM, EN, DIN, JIS or AISI designation for 2605S3A is printed in the sources read; only the trade names 2605S3A and METGLAS Alloy 2605S3A are listed.",
    "The SDS covers FT-3W and 2605S3A in one document. Its composition, melting point and hazard entries are not split by product.",
    "The SDS composition table gives percentage ranges without saying whether they are weight or atomic percent.",
    "Chromium, manganese and copper have no producer shares in this profile; the USGS iron ore and niobium chapters do not cover them.",
    "No magnetic relaxation, field-anneal or forming data are printed for 2605S3A in the sources read.",
    "No vacuum, cryogenic, radiation or flight data for 2605S3A were found in the sources read.",
    "The DC permeability rows carry no unit in the source, so they are entered as dimensionless values.",
    "Several benchmark names, such as lamination_factor and crystallization_temperature, are outside the canonical list because no canonical name fits.",
    "The ASM Alloy Digest entry for 2605S3A is behind a paywall; only its abstract was read, and it gives no values.",
    "PubChem could not be read in this run (browser check page), so hazard data rest on the SDS alone."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "METGLAS 2605S3A is an iron-based amorphous metal ribbon made by Metglas, Inc. The safety data sheet names it as an amorphous metal ribbon for the electrical industry. The manufacturer's bulletin lists it for current transformers, ground fault protection devices and high-frequency cores. The bulletin claims a high operating temperature with minimal flux density reduction, and the ASM Alloy Digest abstract calls it an iron-base alloy with high permeability.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Current transformers and ground fault protection",
        "line": "The manufacturer's bulletin names current transformers and ground fault protection devices as applications for 2605S3A."
      },
      {
        "where": "High-frequency cores",
        "line": "The bulletin lists high-frequency cores as an application and gives as a benefit \"Low core loss at high frequencies (>1 kHz)\"."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Saturation induction",
        "line": "The bulletin gives a saturation induction of 1.41 T for the ribbon.",
        "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Permeability",
        "line": "The bulletin gives a maximum DC permeability of 35,000 when annealed and above 20,000 as cast. It prints no unit for this value, so the profile enters it as a dimensionless number.",
        "benchmark": "dc_permeability",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "35,000 annealed; above 20,000 as cast"
      },
      {
        "label": "Continuous temperature",
        "line": "The bulletin gives a continuous service temperature of 150 °C.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "150 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Lamination",
        "line": "The bulletin gives a lamination factor above 75 %, which the profile records as a lower bound.",
        "benchmark": "lamination_factor",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The sources read do not compare METGLAS 2605S3A with other magnetic alloys. Within its own bulletin the density is 7.29 g/cm3 and the Curie temperature is 358 °C, and the product page prints the same values. The product page lists 2605S3A alongside other Metglas alloys, but this profile records only the values printed for 2605S3A itself.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Saturation induction",
        "benchmark": "saturation_induction",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Curie temperature",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Wear strong, cut-resistant gloves suitable for handling metals, as the SDS asks.",
      "Take care with items that are sharp or heavy.",
      "Keep the ribbon away from moisture and corrosive materials, which the SDS lists as incompatible.",
      "Wash hands and face before eating, drinking and smoking, as the SDS advises."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Current transformers and ground fault protection devices, two of the three applications in the manufacturer's bulletin.",
      "High-frequency cores, where the manufacturer claims a high operating temperature with minimal flux density reduction."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "No core-loss value is printed for this grade: the bulletin shows a core-loss curve as an image only.",
      "No corrosion rate is printed; the SDS lists moisture and corrosive materials as incompatible.",
      "The SDS covers FT-3W and 2605S3A in one document, so its composition, melting point and hazard entries may not apply to 2605S3A alone.",
      "Magnetic relaxation after a change in field, and forming behaviour, are not documented for this grade in the sources read."
    ],
    "verdict": "METGLAS 2605S3A is a documented iron-based amorphous ribbon for high-frequency cores, current transformers and ground fault protection devices. Its bulletin and product page print the same values. Its core loss, corrosion behaviour and long-term magnetic stability are not documented in the sources read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "METGLAS 2605S3A is an iron-based ribbon. The safety data sheet lists its ingredients as percentage ranges rather than a fixed formula. Amorphous metals are non-crystalline with a glass-like structure, according to the Wikipedia article on metallic glass, and the SDS gives 'Amorphous Metal Ribbon' as the product's other name.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Main constituent; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 69,
          "share_high": 100,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Alloying element; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 10,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Niobium",
          "symbol": "Nb",
          "role": "Alloying element; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 7,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Boron",
          "symbol": "B",
          "role": "Ingredient listed in the SDS; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 5,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Ingredient listed in the SDS; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 5,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Ingredient listed in the SDS; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 2,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Ingredient listed in the SDS; the SDS gives a range.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 2,
          "source": "s3a-sds",
          "where": "Section 3, Composition table"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The safety data sheet says the ribbon is not considered hazardous under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. Its sharp or heavy edges are the practical hazard.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Edges and weight",
            "line": "The SDS asks for care with items that are sharp or heavy, and for cut-resistant gloves."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fumes",
            "line": "The SDS notes that metal fume fever may follow exposure to high concentrations of fumes."
          },
          {
            "label": "Ingredients",
            "line": "The SDS lists chromium with an IARC entry printed as 3, and manganese as a repeated-exposure hazard in Category 2, affecting the central nervous system and lungs."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Not classified under OSHA HCS"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the ribbon melts or burns",
        "lead": "These points come from the SDS and the bulletin, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Melting point",
            "line": "The SDS gives a melting point of 1180 °C. Decomposition products may include metal oxides and toxic vapour."
          },
          {
            "label": "Crystallization",
            "line": "The bulletin gives a crystallization temperature of 535 °C but does not say what happens to the ribbon's properties above it."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Toxic vapour and metal oxides"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "The SDS says to store the ribbon according to local regulations, and to check Section 10 for incompatible materials, which include moisture and corrosive materials."
          },
          {
            "label": "Service temperature",
            "line": "The bulletin gives a continuous service temperature of 150 °C."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 16,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the technical bulletin, SDS, product page, USGS chapters and USGS critical-minerals page, all fetched in this run; values copied as printed. Vickers hardness left out (no unit printed). Supply shares calculated from the USGS tables."
  },
  "sources": {
    "s3a-bulletin": {
      "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Alloy 2605S3A (Iron-based) Technical Bulletin",
      "id": "ref 2605S3A03112009; copyright 2003-2009",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2605S3A-Magnetic-Alloy-updated.pdf",
      "year": 2009,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "s3a-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, FT-3W and 2605S3A (Metglas, Inc.)",
      "id": "Date of issue 07/17/2020, version 1; combined document for two products",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/FT-3W-and-2605S3A_SDSFinal.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "metglas-web": {
      "title": "METGLAS Magnetic Materials, 2605S3A section (General Properties and Characteristics)",
      "id": "Metglas, Inc. product page, undated",
      "url": "https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-iron": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-niobium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Niobium (Columbium)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-niobium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, November 2025",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "wiki-metallic-glass": {
      "title": "Metallic glass (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "English Wikipedia article, Metallic glass",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_glass",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA"
    },
    "asm-fe157": {
      "title": "METGLAS ALLOY 2605S3A Magnetic Alloy, ASM Alloy Digest Fe-157 (abstract only)",
      "id": "ASM Alloy Digest, filing code Fe-157",
      "url": "https://dl.asminternational.org/alloy-digest/article/60/11/Fe-157/7416/METGLAS-ALLOY-2605S3AMagnetic-Alloy",
      "kind": "handbook",
      "license": "ASM Digital Library, abstract read"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/metglas-2605s3a/"
}