{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "magnesia-mgo",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "oxide-ceramics",
  "name": "Magnesium oxide (magnesia)",
  "abbreviation": "MgO",
  "role": "refractory and electrical-insulating ceramic (magnesia)",
  "category": "ceramics",
  "type": "oxides",
  "summary": "Magnesium oxide (MgO, magnesia) is a white ionic oxide that crystallises in the rock-salt structure. Two forms are read for this profile: an optical single crystal from Crystran (density 3.58 g/cc, thermal conductivity 42 W/(m·K) at 273 K, refractive index 1.7085 at 2 µm), and crushable sintered grades from Morgan Advanced Materials (Luminex 998, 99.68 % MgO, bulk density 2.20 to 2.49 g/cm3, flexural strength 7 to 71 MPa). The CoorsTek magnesia page lists an open porous material with a flexural strength of 82 to 103 MPa at 20 °C. No space test result for bulk MgO was found in a source we could open.\n",
  "best_for": "Electrically insulating, heat-conducting filler and sheath for heaters and mineral-insulated cable, from the Morgan Luminex 998 grade (crushable, bulk density 2.20 to 2.49 g/cm3)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength and moisture: the crushable grades have a flexural strength of 7 to 71 MPa (Luminex 998, 3-point), and the powder is hygroscopic and reacts with strong acids (ICSC 0504)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "MgO",
    "cas": "1309-48-4",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Luminex 998",
        "note": "Morgan trademarked grade; values for this grade are the Luminex 998 column",
        "source": "morgan-luminex",
        "where": "Magnesium Oxide Luminex section, Physical Properties table, column Luminex 998"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "E1652",
        "note": "magnesium oxide for mineral-insulated cable; the page says the Luminex purity conforms to it",
        "source": "morgan-luminex",
        "where": "Magnesium Oxide Luminex section, first paragraph (conforms to current ASTM E1652 standards)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "icsc-0504",
    "where": "ICSC 0504 header, CAS #: 1309-48-4, Formula: MgO; PubChem CID 14792 also lists CAS 1309-48-4 under Other Identifiers"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 3.58,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "temperature": "not printed on the page",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cc"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, MgO (PubChem experimental entry)",
      "value": 3.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "magnesium oxide, no grade given",
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cu cm"
      },
      "method": "Experimental property entry in the PubChem compound record",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-mgo",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties, Experimental Properties, Density (entry 3.6 @25 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Magnesium oxide (CID 14792)",
        "id": "CID 14792; CAS 1309-48-4",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/14792/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, magnesium oxide",
      "value": 2800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "magnesium oxide, no grade given"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the ICSC physical and chemical information block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icsc-0504",
      "where": "PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL INFORMATION block, line with Boiling point and Melting point (Melting point: 2800°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICSC 0504, Magnesium oxide, ILO and WHO International Chemical Safety Card",
        "id": "ICSC 0504 (May 2010), CAS 1309-48-4",
        "url": "http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0504.htm",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "international chemical safety card, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point, magnesium oxide",
      "value": 3600,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "magnesium oxide, no grade given"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the ICSC physical and chemical information block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icsc-0504",
      "where": "PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL INFORMATION block, line with Boiling point and Melting point (Boiling point: 3600°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICSC 0504, Magnesium oxide, ILO and WHO International Chemical Safety Card",
        "id": "ICSC 0504 (May 2010), CAS 1309-48-4",
        "url": "http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0504.htm",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "international chemical safety card, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 42,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "temperature": "273 K",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1 @ 273 K"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, sintered magnesium oxide",
      "value": 36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sintered magnesium oxide",
        "temperature": "100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/(mK) at T = 100 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value quoted in the Introduction of Hornak et al. 2018 for sintered MgO; not measured by the authors",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hornak2018",
      "where": "Section 1 Introduction, paragraph on physical properties of magnesium oxide",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Properties, Surface Functionalization and Improvement of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties",
        "id": "Hornak et al., Nanomaterials 8(6), 381, 2018, PMC6027305",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6027305/",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 10.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "temperature": "273 K",
        "unit_in_source": "10.8 x 10-6/°C @ 273 K"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Thermal Expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, open porous magnesia (CoorsTek)",
      "value": 12,
      "value_high": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CoorsTek magnesia, open porous material",
        "unit_in_source": "1x10-6/°C"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the manufacturer properties table; test standard not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-magnesia",
      "where": "Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, Value column (12 - 14)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek magnesia (MgO) product page, properties table",
        "id": "CoorsTek magnesia family page",
        "url": "https://coorstek.com/en/materials/magnesia/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, Luminex 998 (20 to 500 °C)",
      "value": 11.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Morgan Luminex 998, crushable magnesium oxide",
        "temperature": "20 to 500 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "10-6 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Morgan property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal expansion row, Luminex 998 column, @ 20-500°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
        "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, Luminex 998 (200 to 1000 °C)",
      "value": 13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Morgan Luminex 998, crushable magnesium oxide",
        "temperature": "200 to 1000 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "10-6 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Morgan property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal expansion row, Luminex 998 column, @ 200-1000°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
        "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 877,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "unit_in_source": "J Kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page; temperature not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Specific Heat Capacity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 249,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page; test not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Young's Modulus (E) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear modulus, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 155,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page; test not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Shear Modulus (G) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "label": "Bulk modulus, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 155,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page; test not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Bulk Modulus (K) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 9.65,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "frequency": "1 MHz"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Dielectric Constant row (9.65 at 1 MHz)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "refractive_index",
      "label": "Refractive index, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 1.7085,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "wavelength": "2 µm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the manufacturer product page (reference 1 on that page)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Refractive Index row (1.7085 at 2 µm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "knoop_hardness",
      "label": "Knoop hardness, MgO crystal (optical grade)",
      "value": 692,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Knoop",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "MgO crystal, Crystran product listing",
        "load": "600 g indenter"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Product Data table, Hardness row (Knoop 692 with 600g indenter)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
        "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
        "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "mohs_hardness",
      "label": "Mohs hardness, magnesium oxide",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Mohs",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "magnesium oxide, sintered or crystal not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value quoted in the Introduction of Hornak et al. 2018",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hornak2018",
      "where": "Section 1 Introduction, paragraph on physical properties (around 5 on Mohs scale)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Properties, Surface Functionalization and Improvement of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties",
        "id": "Hornak et al., Nanomaterials 8(6), 381, 2018, PMC6027305",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6027305/",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, Luminex 998 (crushable grade)",
      "value": 7,
      "value_high": 71,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Morgan Luminex 998, crushable magnesium oxide",
        "test": "3-point bending",
        "unit_in_source": "MPa"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Morgan property table; test standard not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Flexural strength (3-point) row, Luminex 998 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
        "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, open porous magnesia (CoorsTek)",
      "value": 82,
      "value_high": 103,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CoorsTek magnesia, open porous material",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "test": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the manufacturer properties table; the page says the strength of the open porous material can be adapted to application requirements",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-magnesia",
      "where": "Properties table, Flexural Strength, MOR (20 °C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek magnesia (MgO) product page, properties table",
        "id": "CoorsTek magnesia family page",
        "url": "https://coorstek.com/en/materials/magnesia/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compressive strength, Luminex 998 (crushable grade)",
      "value": 12,
      "value_high": 170,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Morgan Luminex 998, crushable magnesium oxide"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Morgan property table; test standard not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Compressive strength row, Luminex 998 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
        "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "open_porosity",
      "label": "Open porosity, Luminex 998 (crushable grade)",
      "value": 28,
      "value_high": 38,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Morgan Luminex 998, crushable magnesium oxide",
        "basis": "vol %"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Morgan property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Porosity (open) row, Luminex 998 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
        "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_density",
      "label": "Bulk density, Luminex 998 (crushable grade)",
      "value": 2.2,
      "value_high": 2.49,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Morgan Luminex 998, crushable magnesium oxide",
        "note": "bulk density of a crushable grade, not the solid density"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Morgan property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Bulk density row, Luminex 998 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
        "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "lattice_parameter",
      "label": "Lattice parameter a, magnesium oxide (X-ray)",
      "value": 4.2119,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Å",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "high-purity MgO recrystallised as a pressed disk at 1500 °C",
        "structure": "cubic cell (fcc), z = 4",
        "method_as_printed": "X-ray diffraction"
      },
      "method": "Value from the Brown 1965 X-ray study evaluated in the NIST database",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nist-scd-mgo",
      "where": "Material Specification and Properties for MgO, Crystal Cell Axes table, axis a (4.2119(5) Å)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIST Structural Ceramics Database, MgO",
        "id": "SCD citation Z00628, NIST Standard Reference Database 30",
        "url": "https://srdata.nist.gov/CeramicDataPortal/Scd/Z00628",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NIST)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "water_solubility",
      "label": "Solubility in water, magnesium oxide",
      "value": 86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mg/L",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "30 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "86 mg/L at 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "Experimental entry in the PubChem record",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-mgo",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties, Experimental Properties, Solubility (In water, 86 mg/L at 30 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record, Magnesium oxide (CID 14792)",
        "id": "CID 14792; CAS 1309-48-4",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/14792/JSON",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Moist air and water",
      "headline": "Magnesium oxide is hygroscopic and reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia states that magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2), and that heating reverses it to remove moisture. ICSC 0504 describes the powder as hygroscopic. Hornak et al. 2018 found that an as-delivered MgO pellet held significant water, and that dehydration on heating changed its dielectric loss.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statements in the sources; no mass gain or time was printed",
        "note": "the rating is not given in any source"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-mgo",
      "where": "Magnesium oxide article, Lead paragraph (hygroscopic solid; Mg(OH)2 formation); ICSC 0504 Physical and Chemical Information; Hornak 2018, discussion of dehydration in the frequency and temperature results"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong acids",
      "headline": "Magnesium oxide reacts with strong acids, and ICSC 0504 says it reacts violently.",
      "effect": "ICSC 0504 lists 'Reacts violently with strong acids' under chemical dangers and says to keep the powder separated from strong acids. Wikipedia states that MgO is soluble in acid, where it reacts to form soluble salts such as magnesium chloride in hydrochloric acid.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statements; no concentration or temperature was printed"
      },
      "source": "icsc-0504",
      "where": "Chemical dangers; Storage; Wikipedia Chembox infobox, Solubility row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water at 30 °C",
      "headline": "Magnesium oxide is poorly soluble in water.",
      "effect": "PubChem gives an experimental solubility of 86 mg/L in water at 30 °C, and ICSC 0504 describes solubility in water as poor.",
      "rating": "none",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "experimental value at 30 °C; a short-term solubility, not a corrosion test"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-mgo",
      "where": "Chemical and Physical Properties, Experimental Properties, Solubility"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Fisher Scientific SDS for magnesium oxide powder: classification under the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, criteria not met; label elements none required; hazards not otherwise classified none identified.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "fisher-mgo-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Classification and Label Elements"
      },
      {
        "text": "ICSC 0504 states no hazard classification according to UN GHS criteria. The card says the powder may cause mechanical irritation and gives a TLV of 10 mg/m3 for the inhalable fraction (TWA).",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "icsc-0504",
        "where": "Classification and Labelling; Exposure and Health Effects"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports Not Classified as the aggregate result (1586 of 1807 company reports). The minority notifications list H319 (causes serious eye irritation) and H335 (may cause respiratory irritation), signal word Warning.",
        "ghs": [
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-mgo",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Crushing of crushable or open porous parts",
        "trigger": "Mechanical load on a crushable MgO part, such as a Luminex 998 tube or an open porous magnesia insulator",
        "consequence": "Luminex 998 has a 3-point flexural strength of 7 to 71 MPa and a compressive strength of 12 to 170 MPa. The open porous CoorsTek magnesia has a flexural strength of 82 to 103 MPa at 20 °C.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "morgan-luminex",
        "where": "Physical Properties table, Flexural strength and Compressive strength rows, Luminex 998 column"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Hydration in damp service",
        "trigger": "Exposure of the powder or a porous part to water or moist air",
        "consequence": "MgO converts to magnesium hydroxide in the presence of water (Wikipedia). The sources read do not quantify any change in properties.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wikipedia-mgo",
        "where": "Magnesium oxide article, Lead paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Violent reaction with strong acids",
        "trigger": "Contact of the powder with strong acids",
        "consequence": "ICSC 0504 says the substance reacts violently with strong acids and must be stored separately from them.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "icsc-0504",
        "where": "Chemical dangers; Storage"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Store dry and well closed, and separate from strong acids (ICSC 0504, Storage).",
        "source": "icsc-0504"
      },
      {
        "text": "For spills, sweep into covered containers and moisten the powder first if appropriate to prevent dusting (ICSC 0504, Spillage disposal).",
        "source": "icsc-0504"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use a particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration (ICSC 0504, Personal protection).",
        "source": "icsc-0504"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Crushable insulation in cartridge heaters, tubular heaters, MI thermocouples and heat-trace cables",
      "example": "Morgan lists its Luminex magnesium oxide for cartridge heaters, tubular and coiled heaters, MI thermocouples, heat trace cables and medium voltage heaters. Its crushable tubes are used for mineral-insulated cable.",
      "source": "morgan-luminex",
      "where": "Magnesium Oxide Luminex section, introduction paragraph and Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Oxide barrier in spin-tunnelling devices (magnetron-sputtered films)",
      "example": "Wikipedia states that MgO is used as an oxide barrier in spin-tunnelling devices, where crystalline sputtered films reach about 85 % spin polarisation against 40 to 60 % for aluminium oxide, and a tunnel magnetoresistance of 600 % at room temperature.",
      "source": "wikipedia-mgo",
      "where": "Niche uses section, Oxide barrier paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Nanoparticle filler in epoxy electrical insulation (laboratory study, not flown)",
      "example": "Hornak et al. 2018 added 20 nm MgO nanoparticles to an epoxy resin for electrical insulation, and set the optimal filler loading at 1 wt %, the level they used for their dielectric and X-ray measurements.",
      "source": "hornak2018",
      "where": "Section 1 Introduction; text after the filler-amount measurements (optimal weight ratio set to 1 wt %)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Magnesium oxide from magnesite, brines and seawater (magnesium compounds)",
      "abundance": "USGS: identified world magnesite and brucite resources total 13 billion tons, and magnesium compounds can be recovered from seawater and natural brines.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 8.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 8.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 7.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: some magnesia-based refractories are recycled as construction aggregate, reused in refractory, and as foundry sand.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: alumina, chromite and silica substitute for magnesia in some refractory applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-magnesium",
      "where": "World Magnesite Mine Production table, 2025 column, country rows. Shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed 2025 values (China 12,700 of a world total of 21,000 thousand t). The table is magnesite gross weight, not MgO content, and excludes U.S. output; the U.S. figures are in MgO content (Salient Statistics, Production row, 2025e). Also Import Sources (2021-24), Domestic Production and Use, Recycling, Substitutes."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Dead-burned and fused magnesia (refractory grades), imports to the United States",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 69,
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 17,
          "year": 2024
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-magnesium",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021-24) paragraph; the share is printed for 2021 to 2024 and is entered against the last year of that range"
    },
    {
      "subject": "MgO optical single crystal",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "crystran-mgo",
      "where": "Crystran product page, body text on supply (paragraph beginning Magnesium Oxide is grown in relatively small sizes)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Magnesium Compounds",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Magnesium oxide (CID 14792), experimental properties and GHS",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/14792/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Structural Ceramics Database, MgO (SCD citation Z00628)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://srdata.nist.gov/CeramicDataPortal/Scd/Z00628",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements (Mg and O rows)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Mg&all=all&ascii=html"
    },
    {
      "title": "CoorsTek magnesia product page, Properties table",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://coorstek.com/en/materials/magnesia/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide (Luminex) product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hornak et al. 2018, Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Properties, Surface Functionalization and Improvement of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties, Nanomaterials 8(6), 381",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6027305/",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Magnesium oxide",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide"
    },
    {
      "title": "ICSC 0504, Magnesium oxide (ILO and WHO International Chemical Safety Card)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0504.htm",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "title": "Fisher Scientific safety data sheet, Magnesium oxide powder (revision 13-May-2014)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/magnesium%20oxide%20powder%20%20-Fisher.pdf",
      "year": 2014
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No space-environment result for bulk magnesium oxide was found in a source we could open: no outgassing, atomic oxygen, ultraviolet, radiation or thermal-cycling data.",
    "Volume resistivity was read on the Morgan Luminex and CoorsTek pages but is printed as powers of ten (for example 1.0 x 10 10 ohm.cm at 600 °C), and the checker could not match that printed form, so these values are left out. Dielectric strength and dielectric loss are also left out.",
    "Non-canonical property names used because no canonical name fits: knoop_hardness, mohs_hardness, compressive_strength, open_porosity, bulk_density (crushable grade, not solid density), lattice_parameter and water_solubility.",
    "The Crystran values are for an optical MgO crystal and the Hornak thermal conductivity and Mohs values are literature quotes for sintered MgO; no grade-specific sintered thermal conductivity was read from a manufacturer page.",
    "The Morgan Luminex and CoorsTek pages print no test standard for the strength or thermal expansion values, so the conditions are as far as the pages state.",
    "ASTM E1652 is named on the Morgan page as the standard the Luminex purity conforms to. The standard itself was not opened, so no requirement from it is recorded.",
    "Shares in the supply entry are calculated from magnesite mine production (gross carbonate weight), not from MgO output. No producer tonnage for magnesium oxide itself was found.",
    "No critical-mineral list entry for magnesium compounds was read in the USGS chapter (critical_lists left empty). The EU critical raw materials list was not checked.",
    "The H315 and H335 codes shown on Wikipedia's infobox were not recorded; the PubChem and Fisher pages were used for hazard statements.",
    "Corrosion and ageing ratings are not stated in any source read, so they are entered as unknown; no flight or long-term exposure data were found."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Magnesium oxide (MgO, magnesia) is a high-melting ionic ceramic. The sources read describe it as a refractory and a good electrical insulator that still conducts heat well. Its melting point is 2800 °C and its boiling point is 3600 °C (ICSC 0504). Crushable grades such as Morgan's Luminex 998 are made as tubes and insulating fill for heaters and mineral-insulated cable, while optical crystals serve as windows and substrates. The space record is thin: no flight, outgassing or atomic-oxygen result for bulk MgO was found.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Heaters and mineral-insulated cable",
        "line": "Morgan lists its Luminex magnesium oxide for cartridge heaters, tubular and coiled heaters, MI thermocouples, heat trace cables and medium voltage heaters."
      },
      {
        "where": "Spin-tunnelling devices",
        "line": "Wikipedia states that MgO is used as an oxide barrier in spin-tunnelling devices, where sputtered crystalline films give about 85 % spin polarisation against 40 to 60 % for aluminium oxide."
      },
      {
        "where": "Epoxy insulation filler (laboratory study)",
        "line": "Hornak et al. 2018 added 20 nm MgO nanoparticles to an epoxy resin and set the optimal filler loading at 1 wt %. This is a laboratory study, not a flight result."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Heat conduction",
        "line": "Crystran lists a thermal conductivity of 42 W/(m·K) at 273 K for its MgO crystal. Hornak et al. quote 36 W/(m·K) at 100 °C for sintered MgO.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "42 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical insulation",
        "line": "The Crystran crystal has a dielectric constant of 9.65 at 1 MHz. The Morgan Luminex grades are described as excellent electrical insulators, though their volume resistivity values are left out of this profile.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "9.65 at 1 MHz"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Crystran lists a Young's modulus of 249 GPa and a shear modulus of 155 GPa for its MgO crystal.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "249 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Lattice",
        "line": "The NIST SCD entry gives a cubic cell with lattice parameter a of 4.2119 Å from X-ray diffraction on high-purity MgO.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "4.2119 Å"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The sources read show MgO in two very different forms, so the values are not directly comparable. The optical crystal from Crystran has a thermal conductivity of 42 W/(m·K) at 273 K and a Young's modulus of 249 GPa, while the crushable Luminex 998 has a flexural strength of only 7 to 71 MPa and a bulk density of 2.20 to 2.49 g/cm3. The CoorsTek open porous magnesia is stronger, at 82 to 103 MPa, than the crushable Morgan grade. Density, thermal expansion and strength should be read against the grade and form named in each row.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Flexural strength",
        "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Store dry and sealed, and separate from strong acids (ICSC 0504).",
      "Read the supplier safety data sheet for the grade and form, because the classifications in the sources read differ.",
      "Ask the supplier for specified values for critical parts, since the listed values are typical."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Heater and cable insulation. Luminex 998 is a crushable grade of 99.68 % MgO for cartridge heaters and mineral-insulated cable (Morgan).",
      "Heat-conducting optical or substrate material. The MgO crystal has a thermal conductivity of 42 W/(m·K) at 273 K and a refractive index of 1.7085 at 2 µm (Crystran)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Moisture. MgO is hygroscopic and reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide (Wikipedia; ICSC 0504).",
      "Low strength in crushable grades. Luminex 998 has a flexural strength of only 7 to 71 MPa (3-point).",
      "Acids. ICSC 0504 says the powder reacts violently with strong acids.",
      "No space data. No outgassing, atomic oxygen or radiation result for bulk MgO was found in a source we could open."
    ],
    "verdict": "Magnesium oxide is a high-melting insulator that conducts heat well, with a melting point of 2800 °C and a crystal thermal conductivity of 42 W/(m·K). It is weak in crushable form and reacts with moisture and strong acids, and the space record for bulk MgO is empty in this profile.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound: each formula unit pairs one magnesium ion (Mg2+) with one oxide ion (O2-) in a cubic rock-salt (halite) lattice (Wikipedia; NIST gives a cubic cell of a = 4.2119 Å). It is made by calcining magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium hydroxide is precipitated from seawater or magnesium chloride solution with limewater (Wikipedia). Calcining at 1500 to 2000 °C gives dead-burned magnesia for refractories. Morgan's Luminex 998 is a seawater-derived grade printed as 99.68 % MgO.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Magnesium",
          "symbol": "Mg",
          "role": "Divalent metal cation (Mg2+). One magnesium per formula unit, in the octahedral site of the rock-salt lattice.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 24.304,
          "share_note": "NIST standard atomic weight, Mg row; the lower bound of the printed interval is entered"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Divalent oxide anion (O2-). One oxygen per formula unit, balancing the charge of the magnesium ion.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 15.99903,
          "share_note": "NIST standard atomic weight, O row; the lower bound of the printed interval is entered"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The SDS and safety card read for this profile do not classify magnesium oxide powder as hazardous, but PubChem lists a minority of notifications for eye and respiratory irritation.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "The Fisher Scientific SDS states that the OSHA 2012 criteria are not met, and ICSC 0504 states no hazard classification under UN GHS criteria."
          },
          {
            "label": "Minority notifications",
            "line": "PubChem reports 1586 of 1807 company reports as not meeting GHS criteria. The notified minority classes are H319 (serious eye irritation) and H335 (respiratory irritation), signal word Warning."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and exposure",
            "line": "ICSC 0504 gives a TLV of 10 mg/m3 for the inhalable fraction (TWA), and notes that mechanical irritation may occur."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mostly not classified"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in these sources are crushing of the porous grades, hydration by moisture, and reaction with strong acid.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Crushing",
            "line": "Luminex 998 has a 3-point flexural strength of 7 to 71 MPa and a compressive strength of 12 to 170 MPa. The open porous CoorsTek magnesia has a flexural strength of 82 to 103 MPa at 20 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Moisture",
            "line": "Magnesium oxide is hygroscopic and reacts with water to give magnesium hydroxide, which heating reverses (Wikipedia; ICSC 0504)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Strong acid",
            "line": "ICSC 0504 says the powder reacts violently with strong acids, and must be stored away from them."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "lead": "Store the powder dry and sealed, and read the supplier safety data sheet for the grade you use.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "Store dry and well closed, separated from strong acids (ICSC 0504)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Spills",
            "line": "Sweep spilled powder into covered containers and moisten it first where appropriate to prevent dusting (ICSC 0504)."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-25",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 25,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages named in each entry. Unreachable: the Crystran PDF data sheet link returned HTML, so only the product page was read; the ASTM E1652 standard was not opened. Caveats: the Crystran values are for an optical crystal; the Luminex and CoorsTek strength and expansion values print no test standard; the sintered thermal conductivity and Mohs values are literature quotes; the supply shares are calculated from magnesite mine production."
  },
  "sources": {
    "usgs-mcs2026-magnesium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Magnesium Compounds",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-compounds.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-mgo": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Magnesium oxide (CID 14792)",
      "id": "CID 14792; CAS 1309-48-4",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/14792/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "nist-scd-mgo": {
      "title": "NIST Structural Ceramics Database, MgO",
      "id": "SCD citation Z00628, NIST Standard Reference Database 30",
      "url": "https://srdata.nist.gov/CeramicDataPortal/Scd/Z00628",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NIST)"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements",
      "id": "Standard atomic weights, Mg and O rows",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Mg&all=all&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NIST)"
    },
    "coorstek-magnesia": {
      "title": "CoorsTek magnesia (MgO) product page, properties table",
      "id": "CoorsTek magnesia family page",
      "url": "https://coorstek.com/en/materials/magnesia/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "morgan-luminex": {
      "title": "Morgan Advanced Materials, Magnesium Oxide Luminex product page",
      "id": "Luminex 970, 993 and 998 physical properties",
      "url": "https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/materials/magnesium-oxide/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "crystran-mgo": {
      "title": "Crystran, Magnesium Oxide MgO product page and data sheet",
      "id": "Crystran optical materials, MgO crystal",
      "url": "https://www.crystran.com/optical-materials/magnesium-oxide-mgo",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "hornak2018": {
      "title": "Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Properties, Surface Functionalization and Improvement of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties",
      "id": "Hornak et al., Nanomaterials 8(6), 381, 2018, PMC6027305",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6027305/",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-mgo": {
      "title": "Magnesium oxide, Wikipedia",
      "id": "Magnesium oxide article (lead, structure, production, uses)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "icsc-0504": {
      "title": "ICSC 0504, Magnesium oxide, ILO and WHO International Chemical Safety Card",
      "id": "ICSC 0504 (May 2010), CAS 1309-48-4",
      "url": "http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0504.htm",
      "year": 2010,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "international chemical safety card, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "fisher-mgo-sds": {
      "title": "Fisher Scientific safety data sheet, Magnesium oxide powder",
      "id": "Revision date 13-May-2014",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/magnesium%20oxide%20powder%20%20-Fisher.pdf",
      "year": 2014,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/magnesia-mgo/"
}