{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "lithium-nickel-oxide",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "lithium",
  "name": "Lithium nickel oxide",
  "abbreviation": "LNO",
  "role": "cathode",
  "category": "energy",
  "type": "li-ion-cathodes",
  "summary": "Lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) is the layered cathode oxide that sits at the nickel end of the NCA and NMC families. It has the same layered structure as lithium cobalt oxide but with nickel in place of cobalt. A Sony lithium-ion polymer pack safety data sheet lists it at 27% of the pack as active material, next to 7% lithium cobalt oxide. Pure LiNiO2 has a high theoretical capacity but is hard to make with an ideal structure, fades quickly when cycled, and loses oxygen when heated or highly charged, so commercial cells use nickel-rich blends and doped versions instead.\n",
  "best_for": "High theoretical capacity from a cobalt-free layered oxide, and the model material for nickel-rich cathodes",
  "weakest_at": "Cycling stability and thermal stability, caused by nickel sitting in lithium sites and by a damaging phase change at high charge",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "LiNiO2",
    "cas": "12031-65-1",
    "crystal_system": "trigonal (layered, rhombohedral cell)",
    "space_group": "R-3m",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "acta-b-2026",
    "where": "Results (single-crystal refinement); CAS from the Sony and Stanford Advanced Materials safety data sheets"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "batteries"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "theoretical_capacity",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mAh/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated in the introduction as the highest theoretical capacity of the NCA and NCM families, with LiNiO2 as their end member"
      },
      "method": "Review statement in a computational paper (value not recomputed here)",
      "status": "calculated",
      "note": "The ijms-2026 review gives \"close to 250 mAh g-1\" in one place and about 275 in another, so the sources disagree.",
      "source": "cheng-2023",
      "where": "Introduction, paragraph 2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitigating the High-Charge Detrimental Phase Transformation in LiNiO2 Using Doping Engineering",
        "id": "ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 2401-2407, doi 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00169",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00169",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "publisher PDF (author copy read), facts only"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "theoretical_capacity",
      "label": "Theoretical capacity, lower figure quoted in the same review",
      "value": 250,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mAh/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "described as 'close to 250'; the review also gives approximately 275 in its critical assessment"
      },
      "method": "Review statement",
      "status": "calculated",
      "note": "Shown so the disagreement between 250 and 275 stays visible. The cheng-2023 value of 275 is the figure used in the story.",
      "source": "ijms-2026",
      "where": "Section 3.1.2 (Lithium Nickel Oxide)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance",
        "id": "Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6797, doi 10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "avg_voltage",
      "value": 4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "V vs Li/Li+",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "described as approximately 4 V average operating voltage; cell format and rate not stated"
      },
      "method": "Review statement",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ijms-2026",
      "where": "Section 3.1.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance",
        "id": "Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6797, doi 10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Electrode density",
      "value": 3.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "described as an electrode density of about 3.3, not a crystallographic density"
      },
      "method": "Review statement",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "This is an electrode density, so it includes pores and is lower than the density of the pure crystal.",
      "source": "ijms-2026",
      "where": "Section 3.1.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance",
        "id": "Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6797, doi 10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "lattice_parameter_a",
      "label": "Lattice parameter a (2 x 2 superstructure cell)",
      "value": 5.8247,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Angstrom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "sample": "LiNiO2 single crystal grown by optical floating zone",
        "temperature": "300 K",
        "cell": "rhombohedral, 2 x 2 superstructure",
        "uncertainty": "0.0002 as printed, (2) in the last digit"
      },
      "method": "Single-crystal X-ray diffraction refinement",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acta-b-2026",
      "where": "Results, text before Table 1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Unravelling superstructure and electronic ordering in LiNiO2 bulk single crystals grown by optical floating zone technique",
        "id": "Acta Cryst. B 2026, 82, doi 10.1107/S2052520626001009",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520626001009",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "lattice_parameter_c",
      "label": "Lattice parameter c (2 x 2 superstructure cell)",
      "value": 14.271,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Angstrom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "sample": "LiNiO2 single crystal grown by optical floating zone",
        "temperature": "300 K",
        "cell": "rhombohedral, 2 x 2 superstructure",
        "uncertainty": "(4) in the last digit"
      },
      "method": "Single-crystal X-ray diffraction refinement",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acta-b-2026",
      "where": "Results, text before Table 1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Unravelling superstructure and electronic ordering in LiNiO2 bulk single crystals grown by optical floating zone technique",
        "id": "Acta Cryst. B 2026, 82, doi 10.1107/S2052520626001009",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520626001009",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ionic_radius_ni2",
      "label": "Ionic radius of Ni2+ (compared with Li+ at 0.76 Angstrom)",
      "value": 0.69,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Angstrom",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "compared_with": "Li+ 0.76, Ni3+ 0.56, Ni4+ 0.48 Angstrom",
        "basis": "reference 61 of the source"
      },
      "method": "Tabulated ionic radii quoted in a computational paper",
      "status": "calculated",
      "note": "This closeness of Ni2+ and Li+ is why nickel can sit in lithium sites.",
      "source": "komurcuoglu-2024",
      "where": "Discussion of why Ni2+ is the migrating species (page 15 of the preprint)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Understanding how off-stoichiometry promotes cation mixing in LiNiO2",
        "id": "arXiv 2401.05983",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05983",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "o1_onset_delithiation",
      "label": "Delithiation where the damaging O3-to-O1 phase appears",
      "value": 75,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% of lithium removed",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "pristine LiNiO2, cluster-expansion and Monte Carlo simulation",
        "detail": "all Li(1-x)NiO2 structures are O3 for x below 0.75; the O1-3 phase emerges above that"
      },
      "method": "First-principles phase-diagram calculation",
      "status": "prediction",
      "note": "The paper also says this O3 to O1 shift is sometimes called H2 to H3, and that it causes cracking and oxygen loss.",
      "source": "cheng-2023",
      "where": "Results; Introduction",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitigating the High-Charge Detrimental Phase Transformation in LiNiO2 Using Doping Engineering",
        "id": "ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 2401-2407, doi 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00169",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00169",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "publisher PDF (author copy read), facts only"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cycle_life",
      "label": "Capacity retention of undoped LNO after 100 cycles",
      "value": 69.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% retained",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "rate": "0.5 C",
        "cycles": 100,
        "comparison": "LiNi0.99Nb0.01O2 retained 91.4% under the same conditions",
        "voltage_window_and_temperature": "not stated in the review"
      },
      "method": "Reported in a review of a niobium-doping study (Huang et al.)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The review's Table 5 also lists LNO capacity retention as \"Poor undoped (<70%@100)\". Second-hand.",
      "source": "ijms-2026",
      "where": "Section 3.1.2; Table 5",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance",
        "id": "Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6797, doi 10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "lithiated_rock_salt_onset",
      "label": "Onset of layered to rock-salt breakdown on heating (lithiated LNO, oxygen)",
      "value": 350,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "sample": "thinned LiNiO2 particles, as made (not charged)",
        "atmosphere": "1 bar oxygen, flowing at 0.1 mL/min in a closed gas cell",
        "method_limit": "spinel-type phases seen up to 400 degC, then a crack ended the run"
      },
      "method": "In situ 4D nanobeam STEM heating",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Approximate onset (\"about 350\") of changes at grain boundaries and structural degradation. The authors say onset is higher than in vacuum heating experiments, and that XRD studies of bulk LNO report stability above 600 degC, so this number depends strongly on method and oxygen pressure.",
      "source": "demuth-2025",
      "where": "Abstract; Results",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "In Situ 4D STEM of LiNiO2 Particles Heated in an Oxygen Atmosphere",
        "id": "Small Methods 2025, doi 10.1002/smtd.202500357",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500357",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_stability_table",
      "label": "Thermal stability (comparison-table figure)",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 210,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "column headed Thermal Stability (degC) in a literature comparison table; the definition of the figure is not given",
        "compared_with": "NMC333 250 to 300, NMC622/NMC811 190 to 240, NCA 210 to 230, LCO about 200 degC in the same table"
      },
      "method": "Literature comparison table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The table does not say whether this is an onset or a peak, or at what state of charge. Treat as indicative only.",
      "source": "ijms-2026",
      "where": "Table 5",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance",
        "id": "Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6797, doi 10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156797",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "molar_mass",
      "value": 97.63,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/mol",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated formula weight of LiNiO2; PubChem gives 97.7"
      },
      "method": "Supplier SDS statement",
      "status": "calculated",
      "source": "sa-sds",
      "where": "Section 3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Lithium Nickel Dioxide (Stanford Advanced Materials)",
        "id": "CAS 12031-65-1, revised 05/02/2023",
        "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697120088-lithium-nickel-dioxide-lno-powder-sds.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, quoted facts only"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pack_active_fraction",
      "label": "Share of pack mass listed as lithium nickel oxide (active material)",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% of pack",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Sony NP-BX1 / SP94BPIN2C lithium ion polymer battery pack, one SP943043N cell",
        "basis": "concentration listed in SDS section 3 for 'Lithium Nickel Oxides (active material)', CAS 12031-65-1",
        "compared_with": "7% lithium cobalt oxide, 28% carbon, 14% aluminum, 8% copper"
      },
      "method": "Manufacturer safety data sheet composition table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The sheet lists concentration, not whether the material is pure LiNiO2 or a doped or blended nickel oxide; the CAS number given is that of LiNiO2. The sheet is dated 1 Jan 2019.",
      "source": "sony-sds",
      "where": "Section 3 (Composition)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Lithium Ion Polymer Rechargeable Battery Pack NP-BX1 / SP94BPIN2C (Sony Corporation product, Tohoku Murata Manufacturing)",
        "id": "QA-TR-91353",
        "url": "https://asset.conrad.com/media10/add/160267/c1/-/en/001086173SD00/sigurnosni-podatkovni-list-1086173-kamera-akumulator-sony-np-bx1-36-v-1240-mah-npbx1ce.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, quoted facts only"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "avg_voltage",
      "label": "Pack average operating voltage (Sony NP-BX1)",
      "value": 3.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "V",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Sony NP-BX1 pack with one lithium ion polymer cell",
        "rated_capacity": "1240 mAh (4.5 Wh)"
      },
      "method": "Manufacturer safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "A property of the finished pack, which blends lithium nickel oxide with lithium cobalt oxide, not of LiNiO2 alone.",
      "source": "sony-sds",
      "where": "Section 1 and Section 9",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Lithium Ion Polymer Rechargeable Battery Pack NP-BX1 / SP94BPIN2C (Sony Corporation product, Tohoku Murata Manufacturing)",
        "id": "QA-TR-91353",
        "url": "https://asset.conrad.com/media10/add/160267/c1/-/en/001086173SD00/sigurnosni-podatkovni-list-1086173-kamera-akumulator-sony-np-bx1-36-v-1240-mah-npbx1ce.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, quoted facts only"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "operating_temperature_range",
      "label": "Allowed discharge temperature range of the Sony pack",
      "value": -10,
      "value_high": 60,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "cell",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Sony NP-BX1 pack",
        "charge_limits": "0 to 45 degC",
        "storage": "-10 to 30 degC recommended, not above 60 degC"
      },
      "method": "Manufacturer safety data sheet handling limits",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sony-sds",
      "where": "Section 7",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Lithium Ion Polymer Rechargeable Battery Pack NP-BX1 / SP94BPIN2C (Sony Corporation product, Tohoku Murata Manufacturing)",
        "id": "QA-TR-91353",
        "url": "https://asset.conrad.com/media10/add/160267/c1/-/en/001086173SD00/sigurnosni-podatkovni-list-1086173-kamera-akumulator-sony-np-bx1-36-v-1240-mah-npbx1ce.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer document, quoted facts only"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Heat in the charged state, with electrolyte",
      "headline": "A charged LNO cell loses oxygen and ignites when abused; the Sony sheet warns of ignition above 100 degC.",
      "effect": "The Sony sheet says external short-circuit, crushing, or exposure of the pack to high temperature (over 100 degC) generates heat and ignition. This is a statement about the whole pack, which contains lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide and flammable organic electrolyte, not about LiNiO2 alone.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Sony NP-BX1 lithium ion polymer pack",
        "note": "no measurement of LNO-specific corrosion found"
      },
      "source": "sony-sds",
      "where": "Section 10"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem GHS section for lithium nickel dioxide (CID 3035375), first block: signal word Danger. H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction; H350i May cause cancer by inhalation; H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. The block's source is not named in the data returned.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H350i",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-lno",
        "where": "GHS Classification, first block"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregate of ECHA C&L Inventory notifications (163 reports from 9 notifications): H317 in 100%, H350 in 99.4%, H372 in 100%; signal word Danger.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H350",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-lno",
        "where": "GHS Classification, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary"
      },
      {
        "text": "Supplier safety data sheet (Stanford Advanced Materials, revised 05/02/2023, for research use): skin sensitisation category 1 and carcinogenicity category 2, signal word Warning. This is milder than the ECHA aggregate above, so the sources disagree.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351"
        ],
        "source": "sa-sds",
        "where": "Section 2"
      },
      {
        "text": "Sony NP-BX1 pack safety data sheet (Tohoku Murata, 1 Jan 2019): not applicable for regulated class. Hazards given are heat or electrolyte leakage if terminals touch metal, flammable electrolyte, and irritating fumes from burning cells; UN3480.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sony-sds",
        "where": "Sections 2 and 3"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Heating or abuse of a pack containing LNO",
        "trigger": "External short-circuit, crush, or exposure to temperatures over 100 degC",
        "consequence": "The Sony sheet says the pack generates heat and ignites. It also says burning gives off irritating vapor and that corrosive gas may be produced when extinguishing.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "sony-sds",
        "where": "Sections 2, 5 and 10"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Oxygen loss and breakdown to rock salt on heating",
        "trigger": "Heating LiNiO2 particles in 1 bar oxygen to about 350 degC",
        "consequence": "The layered structure begins degrading toward a NiO-type rock-salt phase, with spinel-type regions and cracking above 350 degC. The authors note this is higher than in vacuum.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "demuth-2025",
        "where": "Abstract; Results"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Phase change at high charge",
        "trigger": "Removing more than 75% of the lithium (high voltage)",
        "consequence": "The paper predicts the O3-to-O1 transition, which it says promotes cracking and oxygen loss and is linked to poor cycling of LiNiO2.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "cheng-2023",
        "where": "Introduction; Results"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Nickel in lithium sites (cation mixing)",
        "trigger": "Making LiNiO2 by conventional solid-state synthesis, which gives extra Ni in the Li layer",
        "consequence": "Ni atoms in the Li layer block lithium paths and lower capacity and cycling, according to the studies the paper cites.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "komurcuoglu-2024",
        "where": "Introduction"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Compared with LiNiO2, LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 is described as having improved thermal stability and cycling performance, which is the reason mixed-metal layered oxides replaced pure LNO.",
        "affects": "Cathode choice in cells",
        "source": "ijms-2026",
        "where": "Section 3.1.5 area (LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 paragraph)"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Sony pack: store at -10 to 30 degC in a well-ventilated area, do not expose to 60 degC, do not disassemble, short, crush or incinerate, charge only at 0 to 45 degC with the specified charger.",
        "source": "sony-sds"
      },
      {
        "text": "Powder SDS: avoid breathing dust, wear protective gloves, store locked up, wash contaminated clothing, and dispose at an approved waste disposal plant (precautionary statements P261, P280, P405, P501).",
        "source": "sa-sds"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Doping and mixed-metal compositions are the studied route to reduce the problems of pure LNO. A simulation found at least 10% Al or Mg was needed to prevent the O3-to-O1 change in pristine-type LNO, while the review lists Nb, La, Mg and W doping as experimental routes.",
        "source": "cheng-2023"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Lithium-ion polymer pack, camera battery (Sony NP-BX1)",
      "example": "Listed at 27% of the pack as lithium nickel oxide active material, with 7% lithium cobalt oxide, in the Sony NP-BX1 pack (1240 mAh, 4.5 Wh, average 3.60 V).",
      "source": "sony-sds"
    },
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Parent compound of NCA and NMC cathodes",
      "example": "Cheng et al. call LiNiO2 the ultimate end member of the NCA and NMC families; NMC compositions moved from 33% Ni (NMC111) to 60% (NMC622) and 80% (NMC811).",
      "source": "cheng-2023"
    },
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Model material for cobalt-free nickel-rich cathodes",
      "example": "A computational paper uses LiNiO2 as a model for the atomic-scale behavior of Co-free Ni-rich cathodes.",
      "source": "komurcuoglu-2024"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (the metal in LiNiO2)",
      "abundance": "Estimated 2025 world nickel mine production was 3,900,000 tons; Indonesia produced 2,600,000 tons, about two thirds (calculated from those two figures), followed by the Philippines at 270,000 tons and Russia at 200,000 tons. World reserves are above 140,000,000 tons.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 67,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "In the United States, nickel recovered from scrap was about 60% of apparent consumption in 2025, mostly stainless-steel scrap; battery recycling is not broken out.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-nickel-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Recycling"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Sony NP-BX1 / SP94BPIN2C safety data sheet (Tohoku Murata, QA-TR-91353)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://asset.conrad.com/media10/add/160267/c1/-/en/001086173SD00/sigurnosni-podatkovni-list-1086173-kamera-akumulator-sony-np-bx1-36-v-1240-mah-npbx1ce.pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Lithium Nickel Dioxide safety data sheet (Stanford Advanced Materials)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697120088-lithium-nickel-dioxide-lno-powder-sds.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Understanding how off-stoichiometry promotes cation mixing in LiNiO2 (arXiv preprint)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05983",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Thermal runaway onset and heat release (DSC or ARC) for pure LiNiO2 in a cell: no sourced value found; the 1,460 J/g style figures in the NCA profile are for NCA, not LiNiO2.",
    "Lee et al. 2001 (J. Power Sources 97-98, 321) reports delithiated Li(1-x)NiO2 turning to spinel at 180 to 250 degC and to rock salt above 270 degC; seen only in a search summary, the paper could not be opened, so no value is entered.",
    "Price, Allan and Slater (Energy Advances 2023) first-cycle capacities of 221 and 199 mAh/g for coprecipitated and solid-state LiNiO2: seen only in a search summary; the page returned HTTP 403, so no value is entered.",
    "Practical (delivered) capacity of undoped LiNiO2 with its voltage window and rate: no value from an opened source. The ijms-2026 review figure for NCA and NMC is not LNO.",
    "Electronic conductivity, crystallographic density, melting or decomposition temperature of the powder, and thermal conductivity: no sourced value found. The SDS from Stanford Advanced Materials states no physical properties in the text read.",
    "Volume change of the c-axis at the H2 to H3 transition for pure LiNiO2: no sourced percentage found (an ORNL neutron-diffraction paper and an OSTI report could not be opened).",
    "Whether the 27% 'lithium nickel oxide' in the Sony pack is pure LiNiO2, an NCA, or an NMC: the sheet gives only the name and the LiNiO2 CAS number, so the exact composition is unknown.",
    "Space use: no sourced mission or flight use of LiNiO2 found. NCA and NMC profiles cover the nickel-rich layered oxides that NASA lists.",
    "Radiation, vacuum, and cold-temperature behaviour: no sourced data found.",
    "Harmonised EU classification of LiNiO2 (CLP Annex VI): the NextSDS page lists the substance (EC 620-400-4) but showed no classification text, so the harmonised class is not confirmed. ECHA C&L Inventory was not opened."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) is a layered oxide: sheets of nickel and oxygen with lithium ions between them, the same layout as lithium cobalt oxide but with nickel in place of cobalt. When a cell charges, lithium leaves the layers and the nickel gives up charge; when it discharges, lithium goes back in. A single-crystal study measured the cell of the 2 x 2 superstructure at a = 5.8247 and c = 14.271 Angstrom. LiNiO2 is the end member of the NCA and NMC families, which are made by replacing part of the nickel with cobalt, aluminium or manganese. In the review used here it has an average voltage of about 4 V, and theoretical capacities of 275 (one paper) or about 250 mAh/g (another) are quoted, so the sources disagree. The reason it is rarely used on its own is shown in the same papers: nickel ends up in lithium sites, the structure changes damagingly at high charge, and the oxide loses oxygen when heated. The Sony pack sheet below shows it in a real product mixed with lithium cobalt oxide.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Sony camera battery pack",
        "line": "The Sony NP-BX1 safety data sheet (Tohoku Murata, 1 January 2019) describes a lithium ion polymer pack with one cell, 1240 mAh, 4.5 Wh, average 3.60 V. In its composition table lithium nickel oxide (CAS 12031-65-1) is 27% of the pack as active material, lithium cobalt oxide is 7%, and carbon is 28%."
      },
      {
        "where": "Parent of NCA and NMC cathodes",
        "line": "Cheng and co-workers describe LiNiO2 as the ultimate end member of the NCA and NMC families. NMC compositions moved from 33% nickel in NMC111 to 60% in NMC622 and 80% in NMC811."
      },
      {
        "where": "Model material in research",
        "line": "A computational paper treats LiNiO2 as a model for the atomic-scale behavior of cobalt-free nickel-rich cathodes. This is research use, not a flown or commercial cathode."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Capacity",
        "line": "Cheng et al. state 275 mAh/g as the highest theoretical capacity in the NCA and NCM families. The ijms review quotes close to 250 mAh/g in one place and 275 in another, so use the figure with that caveat. No delivered capacity for undoped material from an opened source is in this record.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "275 mAh/g theoretical"
      },
      {
        "label": "Voltage",
        "line": "A review gives an average operating voltage of approximately 4 V against lithium and an electrode density of about 3.3 g/cm3.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "About 4 V"
      },
      {
        "label": "Structure",
        "line": "Single-crystal X-ray refinement confirms the rhombohedral layered structure with alternating LiO6 and NiO6 octahedra, in a 2 x 2 superstructure with a = 5.8247 and c = 14.271 Angstrom at 300 K.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "R-3m layered"
      },
      {
        "label": "Cycling",
        "line": "In a niobium-doping study quoted by a review, undoped LNO kept 69.2% of its capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, against 91.4% for the doped version. The same review lists LNO as poor undoped, below 70% at 100 cycles.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "69.2% after 100 cycles"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "Thinned LiNiO2 particles heated in 1 bar oxygen began to degrade toward rock salt at about 350 degC. A comparison table in the ijms review lists a thermal stability of 190 to 210 degC for LNO, but does not define it, so the two numbers cannot be compared directly.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "About 350 degC in oxygen"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "LiNiO2 and lithium cobalt oxide share a layered structure. The ijms comparison table lists LCO at about 140 mAh/g and NCA at about 200 mAh/g in its Table 4. Its Table 5 lists thermal stability of about 200 degC for LCO, 190 to 210 for LNO, 210 to 230 for NCA and 250 to 300 for NMC333, without defining the figure. NCA and NMC keep most of the nickel and add other metals to fix its problems: Cheng et al. write that cobalt-rich NMC111 has 33% nickel while NMC811 has 80%. A review says LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 has improved thermal stability and cycling performance compared with LiNiO2. The NCA and NMC profiles in this collection cover those blends in detail.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Avg voltage",
        "benchmark": "avg_voltage",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Theoretical capacity",
        "benchmark": "theoretical_capacity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [],
    "good_for": [
      "A cobalt-free layered oxide with a high theoretical capacity (275 mAh/g in one paper).",
      "Understanding nickel-rich cathodes: it is the model material for NCA and NMC behavior."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Nickel in lithium sites. Extra nickel in the Li layer blocks lithium paths and is hard to avoid in synthesis, so ideal material is difficult to make.",
      "Poor cycling when undoped. One quoted study kept 69.2% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C.",
      "Phase change at high charge. The O3-to-O1 phase is predicted after 75% of the lithium is removed.",
      "Powder hazards. PubChem lists H350i and H372, a stricter classification than one supplier sheet gives."
    ],
    "verdict": "LiNiO2 is best understood as the parent of NCA and NMC rather than a cathode to choose on its own: high theoretical capacity, but hard to make ideal, short-lived undoped, and thermally touchy. Its place in the Sony pack, 27% by mass, shows it in use as part of a blend. There is no sourced space use for pure LiNiO2 here.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "LiNiO2 is made by conventional solid-state synthesis, which leaves extra nickel on lithium sites, so the real composition is Li1-zNi1+zO2 (arXiv 2401.05983, Introduction and the Ni migration discussion). Synthesis temperatures and atmospheres were not read in this run.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Lithium",
          "symbol": "Li",
          "role": "The only element in the anode. NIST gives a range for natural abundance; 6.94 is the rounded value used in the LFP profile.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 6.94
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The transition metal that carries the charge. NIST gives 58.6934(4) for the natural element.",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 58.6934
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Two oxygen atoms per unit form the layered oxide framework. NIST gives a range for natural abundance",
          "atoms": 2,
          "atomic_weight": 15.999
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The pure powder is classified more strictly than the finished battery, which Sony lists as not regulated.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The powder",
            "line": "PubChem lists lithium nickel dioxide with signal word Danger and H317 (allergic skin reaction), H350i (may cause cancer by inhalation) and H372 (organ damage from repeated exposure). The ECHA notifications it aggregates give H317 in 100%, H350 in 99.4% and H372 in 100% of 163 reports. A supplier sheet from Stanford Advanced Materials is milder, listing H317 and H351 with signal word Warning, so the sources disagree."
          },
          {
            "label": "Inside a battery",
            "line": "The Sony NP-BX1 sheet lists the pack as not applicable for regulated class and says the cell contains no metallic lithium. It does warn that heat or leaking electrolyte can occur if terminals touch metal, and that the electrolyte is flammable."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fumes",
            "line": "The Sony sheet says vapor from burning batteries may irritate eyes, skin and throat, and that corrosive gas may form during fire fighting."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Classified as a suspected or proven carcinogen in the powder"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "Results come from a pack sheet and from laboratory and simulation studies of LiNiO2, not from failures of space hardware.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hot pack",
            "line": "The Sony sheet says external short-circuit, crush, or exposure of the pack to over 100 degC generates heat and ignites."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heated in oxygen",
            "line": "Thinned LiNiO2 particles heated in 1 bar oxygen began breaking down from the layered form toward a rock-salt form at about 350 degC. The authors note this is higher than in vacuum experiments."
          },
          {
            "label": "High charge",
            "line": "A first-principles study predicts that after 75% of the lithium is removed, the O3-to-O1 phase appears, which the paper links to cracking and oxygen loss."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Sony pack",
            "line": "Store at -10 to 30 degC, never at 60 degC or above, charge only at 0 to 45 degC, and do not open, short, crush or burn the pack."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder",
            "line": "The supplier sheet says avoid breathing dust, wear protective gloves, store locked up and send waste to an approved disposal plant."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-17",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 15,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 8,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-17. Values were read in the text of the source PDFs, PubChem's data service, or the PMC full text. The 250 and 275 mAh/g theoretical capacities disagree between sources. The review figures (cycle retention, thermal-stability range, density) are second-hand. Four candidate sources could not be opened (Lee 2001, Price 2023, an ORNL paper, the PubChem web page) and are listed in gaps. No values were taken from memory."
  },
  "sources": {
    "sony-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Lithium Ion Polymer Rechargeable Battery Pack NP-BX1 / SP94BPIN2C (Sony Corporation product, Tohoku Murata Manufacturing)",
      "id": "QA-TR-91353",
      "url": "https://asset.conrad.com/media10/add/160267/c1/-/en/001086173SD00/sigurnosni-podatkovni-list-1086173-kamera-akumulator-sony-np-bx1-36-v-1240-mah-npbx1ce.pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer document, quoted facts only"
    },
    "sa-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Lithium Nickel Dioxide (Stanford Advanced Materials)",
      "id": "CAS 12031-65-1, revised 05/02/2023",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697120088-lithium-nickel-dioxide-lno-powder-sds.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer document, quoted facts only"
    },
    "pubchem-lno": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), CID 3035375",
      "id": "CID 3035375",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3035375",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "cheng-2023": {
      "title": "Mitigating the High-Charge Detrimental Phase Transformation in LiNiO2 Using Doping Engineering",
      "id": "ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 2401-2407, doi 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00169",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00169",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "publisher PDF (author copy read), facts only"
    },
    "komurcuoglu-2024": {
      "title": "Understanding how off-stoichiometry promotes cation mixing in LiNiO2",
      "id": "arXiv 2401.05983",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05983",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv preprint"
    },
    "acta-b-2026": {
      "title": "Unravelling superstructure and electronic ordering in LiNiO2 bulk single crystals grown by optical floating zone technique",
      "id": "Acta Cryst. B 2026, 82, doi 10.1107/S2052520626001009",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520626001009",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "demuth-2025": {
      "title": "In Situ 4D STEM of LiNiO2 Particles Heated in an Oxygen Atmosphere",
      "id": "Small Methods 2025, doi 10.1002/smtd.202500357",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500357",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "ijms-2026": {
      "title": "Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance",
      "id": "Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6797, doi 10.3390/ijms27156797",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156797",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0"
    },
    "usgs-nickel-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements (standard atomic weight table)",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (US government work)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/lithium-nickel-oxide/"
}