{ "spore": "profile", "id": "lithium-hydroxide", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "lithium", "name": "Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)", "abbreviation": "LiOH", "role": "CO2 absorbent and lithium precursor", "category": "ceramics", "type": "oxides", "summary": "Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a white, hygroscopic solid that is corrosive and toxic in handling. ICSC 0913 gives its density as 2.54 g/cm3 and its water solubility as 12.8 g per 100 ml at 20 °C. Its best-documented space use is as the carbon dioxide absorbent in Shuttle breathing-loop scrubbers.\n", "best_for": "Scrubbing carbon dioxide from a closed breathing loop, where it was the principal absorbent used by NASA in the Shuttle (Jaunsen, 1989)", "weakest_at": "Corrosive and toxic in handling: ICSC 0913 gives the signal word DANGER and warns that it is fatal if inhaled", "identity": { "formula": "LiOH", "cas": "1310-65-2", "designations": [], "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Header block: CAS #: 1310-65-2 and EC Number: 215-183-4" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "habitats-and-suits", "batteries" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density of the solid", "value": 2.54, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "form": "crystalline solid, as listed in the ICSC physical data", "temperature": "not printed" }, "method": "Value printed in the ICSC card (printed there as g/cm³)", "status": "ground", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Physical and chemical information, Density: 2.54 g/cm³", "source_detail": { "title": "ICSC 0913: Lithium hydroxide (International Chemical Safety Card, ILO and WHO)", "id": "ICSC 0913; CAS 1310-65-2; EC 215-183-4", "url": "https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0913.htm", "year": 2021, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "ILO and WHO, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point range", "value": 450, "value_high": 471, "bound": "range", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "form": "solid", "note": "range printed as 450-471°C in the ICSC card" }, "method": "Range printed in the ICSC card", "status": "ground", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Physical and chemical information, Melting point: 450-471°C", "source_detail": { "title": "ICSC 0913: Lithium hydroxide (International Chemical Safety Card, ILO and WHO)", "id": "ICSC 0913; CAS 1310-65-2; EC 215-183-4", "url": "https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0913.htm", "year": 2021, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "ILO and WHO, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point, PubChem value", "value": 473, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "form": "not stated in the record" }, "method": "Experimental value listed in the PubChem record; the original reference is not shown in the record read", "status": "ground", "note": "The ICSC card gives 450-471 °C; the two sources disagree.", "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Experimental Properties, Melting Point: 473 °C", "source_detail": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Lithium hydroxide (CID 3939), PUG View JSON", "id": "CID 3939; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/3939/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, { "benchmark": "decomposition_temperature", "label": "Decomposition temperature", "value": 924, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "atmosphere": "not stated", "note": "ICSC: decomposes on heating above 924°C and produces toxic fumes" }, "method": "Value printed in the ICSC card", "status": "ground", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Physical and chemical information, Decomposes at 924°C; Chemical dangers", "source_detail": { "title": "ICSC 0913: Lithium hydroxide (International Chemical Safety Card, ILO and WHO)", "id": "ICSC 0913; CAS 1310-65-2; EC 215-183-4", "url": "https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0913.htm", "year": 2021, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "ILO and WHO, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "boiling_point", "label": "Boiling point, PubChem value", "value": 1626, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "pressure": "760 mm Hg" }, "method": "Experimental value listed in the PubChem record", "status": "ground", "note": "The ICSC card reports decomposition at 924 °C instead of a boiling point, so this value has no second source.", "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Experimental Properties, Boiling Point: 1626 °C @760 [mm Hg]", "source_detail": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Lithium hydroxide (CID 3939), PUG View JSON", "id": "CID 3939; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/3939/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, { "benchmark": "water_solubility", "label": "Solubility in water at 20 °C", "value": 12.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/100ml", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "solvent": "water" }, "method": "Value printed in the ICSC card and repeated in the PubChem record", "status": "ground", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Physical and chemical information, Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 12.8 (good)", "source_detail": { "title": "ICSC 0913: Lithium hydroxide (International Chemical Safety Card, ILO and WHO)", "id": "ICSC 0913; CAS 1310-65-2; EC 215-183-4", "url": "https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0913.htm", "year": 2021, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "ILO and WHO, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, PubChem value", "value": 2.54, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "form": "not stated in the record" }, "method": "Experimental value listed in the PubChem record (same figure as the ICSC card)", "status": "ground", "note": "The PubChem record also lists 1.45 @25 °C with no unit, which is not recorded here.", "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Experimental Properties, Density: 2.54 g/cm³", "source_detail": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Lithium hydroxide (CID 3939), PUG View JSON", "id": "CID 3939; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/3939/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, { "benchmark": "enthalpy_of_formation", "label": "Standard enthalpy of formation, gas", "value": -234.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kJ/mol", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "phase": "gas" }, "method": "Review value printed on the NIST WebBook (Chase, 1998; NIST notes data last reviewed in June, 1971)", "status": "ground", "source": "nist-webbook", "where": "Gas phase thermochemistry data, row Δf H° gas", "source_detail": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: gas phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=1", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "standard_entropy", "label": "Standard entropy, gas", "value": 210.67, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/mol*K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "phase": "gas", "pressure": "1 bar" }, "method": "Review value printed on the NIST WebBook (Chase, 1998)", "status": "ground", "source": "nist-webbook", "where": "Gas phase thermochemistry data, row S° gas,1 bar", "source_detail": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: gas phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=1", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "enthalpy_of_formation", "label": "Standard enthalpy of formation, solid", "value": -484.93, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kJ/mol", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "phase": "solid" }, "method": "Review value printed on the NIST WebBook (Chase, 1998)", "status": "ground", "source": "nist-webbook-cond", "where": "Condensed phase thermochemistry data, row Δf H° solid", "source_detail": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: condensed phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=2", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "standard_entropy", "label": "Standard entropy, solid", "value": 42.81, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/mol*K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "phase": "solid", "pressure": "1 bar" }, "method": "Review value printed on the NIST WebBook (Chase, 1998)", "status": "ground", "source": "nist-webbook-cond", "where": "Condensed phase thermochemistry data, row S° solid", "source_detail": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: condensed phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=2", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" } }, { "benchmark": "enthalpy_of_formation", "label": "Standard enthalpy of formation, liquid", "value": -474.42, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kJ/mol", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "phase": "liquid, as printed by NIST" }, "method": "Review value printed on the NIST WebBook (Chase, 1998)", "status": "ground", "source": "nist-webbook-cond", "where": "Condensed phase thermochemistry data, row Δf H° liquid", "source_detail": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: condensed phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=2", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Aluminium, tin and zinc in contact with aqueous LiOH", "headline": "The ICSC card says LiOH is corrosive to aluminium, tin and zinc and that the reaction releases flammable hydrogen. It gives no corrosion rate.", "effect": "ICSC 0913 says the solution reacts violently with acid and is corrosive to aluminium, tin and zinc, producing flammable or explosive hydrogen gas.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "form": "aqueous solution (ICSC chemical dangers text)", "measurement": "qualitative only; no corrosion rate printed" }, "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Physical and chemical information, Chemical dangers" }, { "environment": "Ambient air with moisture and carbon dioxide during storage", "headline": "LiOH takes up water and CO2 from air and forms lithium carbonate at the surface.", "effect": "The 2026 LFP review says LiOH is hygroscopic and readily reacts with atmospheric CO2 to form Li2CO3 at the surface. PubChem's record, citing the Merck Index, says it readily absorbs carbon dioxide and water from air.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "exposure": "air at ambient conditions; time and humidity not stated", "product": "lithium carbonate (Li2CO3)" }, "source": "yin2026", "where": "Text on LiOH-derived precursors in the LFP synthesis discussion" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "ICSC 0913 classifies lithium hydroxide under UN GHS criteria with the signal word DANGER: fatal if inhaled, toxic if swallowed, and causes severe skin burns and eye damage.", "ghs": [], "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Classification and labelling, According to UN GHS Criteria" }, { "text": "PubChem's GHS summary, built from company notifications, lists H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage) with H301, H331 and H318 as other reported statements.", "ghs": [ "H314", "H301", "H331", "H318" ], "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, Hazard Statements" }, { "text": "PubChem's hazards summary: corrosive to skin; high inhalation exposure can cause pulmonary edema; causes abnormal liver function test results in animal experiments.", "ghs": [], "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Safety and Hazards, Hazards Summary" }, { "text": "ICSC warns that evaporation is negligible at 20 °C, but a harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when the material is dispersed.", "ghs": [], "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Exposure and health effects, Inhalation risk" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Hydrogen release on contact with aluminium, tin or zinc", "trigger": "Aqueous LiOH in contact with those metals", "consequence": "ICSC says this produces flammable or explosive hydrogen gas.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Physical and chemical information, Chemical dangers" }, { "mode": "Surface carbonation during storage", "trigger": "Storage in moist air containing carbon dioxide", "consequence": "LiOH forms lithium carbonate at the surface when it is exposed to atmospheric CO2.", "severity": "low", "source": "yin2026", "where": "Text on LiOH-derived precursors in the LFP synthesis discussion" } ], "side_effects": [ { "text": "Dilution with water may generate enough heat to cause steaming or spattering.", "affects": "Operator and nearby containers", "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Stability and Reactivity, Air and Water Reactions" } ], "handling": [ { "text": "Store dry, tightly closed in the original container, separated from food and feedstuffs, strong oxidants and strong acids, and in an area without drain or sewer access (ICSC).", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Storage" }, { "text": "Prevent dust formation. Use local exhaust or breathing protection, protective gloves, protective clothing, and face shield or eye protection (ICSC).", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Prevention and exposure control" }, { "text": "For spills, sweep the substance into covered plastic containers and do not let it enter the environment (ICSC).", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "Spillage disposal" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Skin contact: remove contaminated clothes, rinse the skin with plenty of water or shower, and refer immediately for medical attention (ICSC first aid).", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "First aid, Skin" }, { "text": "Eye contact: rinse with plenty of water, remove contact lenses if easily possible, and refer immediately for medical attention (ICSC first aid).", "source": "icsc0913", "where": "First aid, Eyes" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "habitats-and-suits", "device": "Carbon dioxide scrubber canisters in a crewed spacecraft breathing loop (Space Shuttle)", "example": "The 1989 Naval Academy report abstract calls LiOH the principal chemical absorbent used as a carbon dioxide scrubber material by NASA in the shuttle spacecraft.", "source": "jaunsen1989", "where": "Abstract, first sentence" }, { "application": "habitats-and-suits", "device": "Lunar module breathing-gas canisters (Apollo 13)", "example": "Wikipedia says lithium hydroxide canisters in the lunar module were lifelines for the Apollo 13 astronauts.", "source": "wikipedia-lioh", "where": "Carbon dioxide scrubbing section (history)" }, { "application": "batteries", "device": "Lithium iron phosphate cathode precursor", "example": "The 2026 LFP review lists LiOH·H2O among the common lithium precursors for LFP and says it is highly reactive, reacting with iron and phosphorus sources at low temperatures.", "source": "yin2026", "where": "LiOH-derived precursors text in the LFP synthesis discussion" }, { "application": "batteries", "device": "Alkaline storage batteries (PubChem use list)", "example": "PubChem's use list includes alkaline storage batteries, lithium-based greases and carbon dioxide absorbents.", "source": "pubchem-lioh", "where": "Use and Manufacturing, Uses, Sources and Uses" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Lithium (feedstock for lithium hydroxide)", "abundance": "Not stated in the USGS lithium chapter read in this run", "producers": [ { "country": "Australia", "share_percent": 31.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "share_percent": 21.4, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Chile", "share_percent": 19.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Zimbabwe", "share_percent": 9.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Argentina", "share_percent": 7.9, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: construction of lithium battery recycling plants continued throughout 2025.", "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-lithium", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 (lithium content, metric tons): Australia 92,000; China 62,000; Chile 56,000; Zimbabwe 28,000; Argentina 23,000; world total 290,000 (rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the world total." } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "ICSC 0913, Lithium hydroxide (ILO and WHO international chemical safety card)", "type": "sds", "url": "https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0913.htm", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "PubChem: Lithium hydroxide (CID 3939), GHS and toxicity summary", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3939" }, { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook: lithium hydroxide thermochemistry", "type": "database", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=1" }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lithium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Comprehensive Review of Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO4 (open access)", "type": "paper", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13525353/", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Jaunsen 1989, The Behavior and Capabilities of Lithium Hydroxide Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers in a Deep Sea Environment", "type": "report", "url": "http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4998", "year": 1989 } ], "gaps": [ "No primary source for the 450 cm3 of carbon dioxide per gram figure was reached in this run. Wikipedia and its mirror give it, Wikipedia is limited here to history and composition, and the Jaunsen 1989 abstract does not print it, so it is not recorded.", "No carbon dioxide breakthrough or absorption-capacity test was read from a primary source; only the Jaunsen 1989 abstract was reached, not the full report.", "PubChem prints a density of 1.45 @25 °C with no unit, so it is not recorded; it disagrees with the ICSC value of 2.54 g/cm3 and no unit-confirmed second value was found.", "Dehydration of the monohydrate on heating is stated only on Wikipedia in this run, so it is not recorded.", "No corrosion rate was found for aluminium, tin or zinc; the ICSC card is qualitative.", "No vacuum, radiation, thermal-cycling or flight-test data for LiOH were found in the sources read. The spacecraft uses above are historical and not quantified here.", "The industrial production route (lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide, or the sulfate and spodumene routes) is described only on Wikipedia in this run, so it is not recorded. No LiOH-specific production shares were found; the supply shares above are for lithium.", "Decomposition temperature, water solubility, and the standard enthalpy and entropy rows use snake_case benchmark names, because no canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml fits.", "PubChem's acute rat inhalation value (LC50 printed as 960 mg/m3/4hr) is not recorded: the verifier's copy of the PubChem record does not contain that block, so the value cannot be checked here.", "CAS 1310-65-2 is the only identifier recorded. No UNS, EN, trade or other designation was read from a source in this run. UN number 2680 is printed by ICSC and PubChem but is not a designation system used here.", "The USGS 2025 critical-minerals list and the EU critical raw materials list were not opened in this run, so no critical-list status is recorded for lithium.", "Web-search budget for this turn was exhausted, so NASA NTRS reports, supplier safety data sheets and ECHA registration dossiers could not be located." ], "story": { "why": "Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a white, hygroscopic solid that takes carbon dioxide out of breathing gas. In spacecraft it served as the CO2 absorbent in Shuttle scrubbers (Jaunsen, 1989) and in lunar-module canisters on Apollo 13 (Wikipedia). It is also a lithium precursor for lithium iron phosphate cathodes (2026 review). Its handling hazards are serious: ICSC gives the signal word DANGER.", "uses": [ { "where": "Spacecraft air scrubbing", "line": "The 1989 Naval Academy report abstract calls LiOH the principal chemical absorbent used as a carbon dioxide scrubber material by NASA in the shuttle spacecraft. Wikipedia reports that LiOH canisters in the lunar module were lifelines for the Apollo 13 astronauts." }, { "where": "Lithium iron phosphate cathodes", "line": "A 2026 review of LiFePO4 synthesis lists LiOH·H2O among the common lithium precursors. The review says LiOH is highly reactive and can react with iron and phosphorus sources at low temperatures." }, { "where": "Alkaline storage batteries", "line": "PubChem's use list includes alkaline storage batteries, lithium-based greases and carbon dioxide absorbents." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Melting", "line": "ICSC gives a melting range of 450 to 471 °C. PubChem gives 473 °C. The two sources disagree, so both are recorded.", "benchmark": "melting_point", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Solubility in water", "line": "ICSC lists the solubility in water as 12.8 g per 100 ml at 20 °C and describes it as good.", "benchmark": "water_solubility", "scope": "material", "value": "12.8 g/100ml at 20 °C" }, { "label": "Heat limit", "line": "ICSC says LiOH decomposes on heating above 924 °C and produces toxic fumes.", "benchmark": "decomposition_temperature", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Density", "line": "ICSC gives a density of 2.54 g/cm3 for the crystalline solid.", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material", "value": "2.54 g/cm3" } ], "compare": "LiOH is more reactive than lithium carbonate, the other common lithium source for LFP cathodes. The 2026 review describes lithium carbonate as chemically stable and as the dominant industrial source of lithium, while it describes LiOH as hygroscopic and as reacting with carbon dioxide at the surface. The same review notes that LiOH-derived LFP often shows improved rate capability in some syntheses. The table compares LiOH's density, melting point and solubility with the ranges printed in the record.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density of the solid", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Melting point", "benchmark": "melting_point", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Water solubility at 20 °C", "benchmark": "water_solubility", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Keep it dry and tightly closed in its original container. ICSC says to store it away from food, strong oxidants and strong acids.", "Avoid dust. Use local exhaust or breathing protection, protective gloves, protective clothing and eye protection.", "Do not let spills reach drains or the environment; sweep them into covered containers." ], "good_for": [ "Carbon dioxide removal in a closed breathing loop, where the Shuttle used it as the principal absorbent (Jaunsen, 1989).", "A lithium source for LFP cathode synthesis, where the 2026 review says it is highly reactive and can react at low temperatures." ], "watch_out": [ "Corrosive and toxic. ICSC gives the signal word DANGER and warns that it is fatal if inhaled. PubChem's GHS summary lists H314.", "It absorbs water and carbon dioxide from air and forms lithium carbonate at the surface.", "It is corrosive to aluminium, tin and zinc and releases hydrogen on contact (ICSC). No corrosion rate was found." ], "verdict": "LiOH is a documented carbon dioxide absorbent for crewed spacecraft and a useful lithium precursor, but it is a corrosive solid that must be kept dry and handled with full protection.", "recipe": { "line": "LiOH has one lithium, one oxygen and one hydrogen atom per formula unit, as written in the ICSC card (formula LiOH). How it is made is not recorded here.", "parts": [ { "name": "Lithium", "symbol": "Li", "role": "The alkali metal in the compound. At the surface it becomes lithium carbonate when LiOH reacts with carbon dioxide." }, { "name": "Oxygen", "symbol": "O", "role": "Part of the hydroxide group, which reacts with carbon dioxide in an absorber canister." }, { "name": "Hydrogen", "symbol": "H", "role": "Part of the hydroxide group, bonded to the oxygen atom." } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "ICSC gives the signal word DANGER: LiOH is fatal if inhaled, toxic if swallowed and causes severe skin burns and eye damage.", "points": [ { "label": "Skin and eyes", "line": "Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Rinse with plenty of water and refer for medical attention at once (ICSC)." }, { "label": "Inhalation", "line": "Dust can reach a harmful airborne concentration quickly when dispersed. PubChem's summary records pulmonary edema after high inhalation exposure." }, { "label": "Ingestion", "line": "Toxic if swallowed. Do not induce vomiting; give water to drink and refer for medical attention (ICSC)." } ], "level": 3, "verdict": "Corrosive; toxic if swallowed or inhaled" }, { "title": "On contact with water or metals", "lead": "Dilution and contact with some metals can both produce heat or hydrogen.", "points": [ { "label": "Dilution", "line": "Dilution with water may generate enough heat to cause steaming or spattering (PubChem)." }, { "label": "Metals", "line": "Aluminium, tin and zinc are corroded and release flammable hydrogen (ICSC). The ICSC card gives no rate." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Heat on dilution; hydrogen with some metals" }, { "title": "Storage", "lead": "Moisture and carbon dioxide convert the surface to lithium carbonate (2026 review).", "points": [ { "label": "Container", "line": "Store dry and well closed in the original container, away from food, oxidants and acids (ICSC)." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Keep dry and closed" } ] }, "updated": "2026-11-01", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 12, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 3, "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from ICSC 0913, the PubChem record, the NIST WebBook (gas and condensed phase), USGS MCS 2026 lithium and the 2026 LFP review (PMC13525353). The Jaunsen 1989 abstract was read through its archive page. Melting point, boiling point and LC50 caveats are noted in the file." }, "sources": { "icsc0913": { "title": "ICSC 0913: Lithium hydroxide (International Chemical Safety Card, ILO and WHO)", "id": "ICSC 0913; CAS 1310-65-2; EC 215-183-4", "url": "https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0913.htm", "year": 2021, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "ILO and WHO, cited" }, "pubchem-lioh": { "title": "PubChem compound record, Lithium hydroxide (CID 3939), PUG View JSON", "id": "CID 3939; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/3939/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "nist-webbook": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: gas phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=1", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" }, "nist-webbook-cond": { "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook, lithium hydroxide: condensed phase thermochemistry data", "id": "NIST WebBook, SRD 69; CAS 1310-65-2", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C1310652&Mask=2", "kind": "database", "license": "NIST data compilation, cited" }, "usgs-mcs2026-lithium": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Lithium", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lithium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "yin2026": { "title": "Comprehensive Review of Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO4", "id": "doi:10.1002/advs.77203 (Advanced Science, PMC13525353)", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13525353/", "year": 2026, "kind": "paper", "license": "CC BY 4.0" }, "jaunsen1989": { "title": "The Behavior and Capabilities of Lithium Hydroxide Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers in a Deep Sea Environment (Naval Academy technical report)", "id": "DTIC ADA216268; Rubicon Foundation archive item 4998", "url": "http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4998", "year": 1989, "kind": "report", "license": "approved for public release (DTIC)" }, "wikipedia-lioh": { "title": "Wikipedia: Lithium hydroxide (used for history and composition only)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/lithium-hydroxide/" }