{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "leaded-tin-bronze-c94300",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Leaded tin bronze C94300 (high-leaded tin bronze)",
  "abbreviation": "C943",
  "role": "cast copper-tin-lead bearing and bushing alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Leaded tin bronze C94300 (UNS C94300, sold as high-leaded tin bronze or soft bronze) is a copper alloy with 23 to 27 % lead and 4.5 to 6 % tin, per the ICAST ASME SB-505 limits. Its density is 9.3 g/cm3 at 20 °C (Concast) and its thermal conductivity is 62.7 W/mK at 20 °C (AZoM). The sources give a minimum tensile strength of 145 MPa (Concast, ICAST), and the lead makes it free-cutting and lubricious. It is used for high-speed bearings, bushings and railroad parts.\n",
  "best_for": "Bearings and bushings: Concast says the lead gives good lubricity and the alloy envelopes foreign matter, and the machinability rating is 80",
  "weakest_at": "Strength: 145 MPa minimum tensile strength (Concast, ICAST), against 185 MPa in AZoM, and brazing is rated poor (Concast)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu-Sn-Pb cast bronze, UNS C94300, ASTM B505 composition: copper 67 to 72 %, lead 23 to 27 %, tin 4.5 to 6 %; zinc 0.8 max, iron 0.15 max, antimony 0.8 max, nickel plus cobalt 1 max, phosphorus 1.5 max, sulphur 0.08 max, aluminium 0.005 max, silicon 0.005 max (wt %)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C94300",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Page title and Machinability table, row Copper alloy UNS No."
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B505",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Chemical composition heading, ASTM B505/B505M-23"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B144‐3E",
        "source": "icast-sb505",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, row B144-3E, standard ASTM"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "J461",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Similar or equivalent specification table, SAE column"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "J462",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Similar or equivalent specification table, SAE column"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "CA943",
        "source": "icast-sb505",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, row CA943, standard SAE"
      },
      {
        "system": "Federal",
        "code": "QQ-C-390",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Similar or equivalent specification table, Federal column"
      },
      {
        "system": "MIL",
        "code": "MIL-B-16261",
        "note": "Grade V",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Similar or equivalent specification table, Military column"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Soft Bronze",
        "note": "generic name printed in the Other column, not a brand",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Similar or equivalent specification table, Other column"
      }
    ],
    "source": "icast-sb505",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table of the ICAST ASME SB-505 C94300 sheet (Cu 67.000 to 72.000 %, Pb 23.000 to 27.000 %, Sn 4.500 to 6.000 %); the Concast page prints the same ranges for Cu, Pb and Sn"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 9.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300 (high-leaded tin bronze)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "9.3 gm/cm3 at 20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Density, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, leaded tin bronze C94300 (AZoM)",
      "value": 9.29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.336 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast prints 9.3 g/cm3 at 20 °C for the same alloy; the two values agree to rounding.",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Aviva Metals)",
      "value": 8.86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "8.86 gm/cm3 @ 20 C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast prints 9.3 g/cm3 and AZoM prints 9.29 g/cm3 for the same alloy. The sources disagree and all are recorded.",
      "source": "avivametals-c94300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
        "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "68 °F (20 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "9% IACS at 68 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Electrical conductivity, US customary column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 62.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/mK",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "62.7 W/mK"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast prints the same figure, 62.7 W/m at 20 °C, in its physical properties table, with the unit printed without the K.",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Thermal conductivity (@ 20 °C/68 °F), metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Aviva Metals)",
      "value": 54,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/mK",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "54.0 W/m · oK at 20 C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast and AZoM print 62.7 W/mK at 20 °C for the same alloy. The sources disagree and all are recorded.",
      "source": "avivametals-c94300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
        "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 377.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "377.1 J/kg at 20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Specific heat capacity, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Concast)",
      "value": 72400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "10500 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "AZoM prints 117 GPa for the same alloy; the two sources disagree and both are recorded.",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Modulus of elasticity in tension, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, leaded tin bronze C94300 (AZoM)",
      "value": 117,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "17000 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast prints 72400 MPa for the same alloy; the two sources disagree and both are recorded.",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Elastic modulus, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "incipient_melting_temperature",
      "label": "Incipient melting temperature, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 316,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "unit_in_source": "600 °F",
        "note": "incipient melting point as printed; no solidus or liquidus range is printed on the sources read"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Incipient Melting, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Solidus, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Aviva Metals)",
      "value": 904,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "unit_in_source": "1660 F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The incipient melting temperature of 316 °C from Concast is far below this solidus. No source read explains the difference, and both are recorded.",
      "source": "avivametals-c94300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Point - Solidus, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
        "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Liquidus, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Aviva Metals)",
      "value": 1027,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "unit_in_source": "1880 F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "avivametals-c94300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Point - Liquidus, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
        "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Aviva Metals)",
      "value": 103400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "10500 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Physical Properties table of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast prints 72400 MPa and AZoM prints 117 GPa for the same alloy. The sources disagree and all are recorded.",
      "source": "avivametals-c94300",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Modulas of Elasticity in Tension, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
        "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 0.34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Poisson's ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, leaded tin bronze C94300, minimum (ASTM B505)",
      "value": 145,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300, continuous casting, as cast",
        "standard": "ASTM B505/B505M-23",
        "unit_in_source": "21 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "ICAST prints the same 145 MPa minimum for ASME SB-505 C94300 (as-cast).",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Tensile strength, metric MPa column, minimum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, leaded tin bronze C94300 (AZoM)",
      "value": 185,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "note": "AZoM does not say whether this is a minimum or a typical value",
        "unit_in_source": "26800 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast gives a minimum of 145 MPa for the same alloy. The two sources disagree and both are recorded.",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile strength, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 0.5 % extension, leaded tin bronze C94300, minimum",
      "value": 103,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300, continuous casting, as cast",
        "measure": "0.5 % extension under load",
        "unit_in_source": "15 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Yield strength at 0.5 % extension under load, metric MPa column, minimum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 0.500 % extension, leaded tin bronze C94300 (AZoM)",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "measure": "0.500 % extension under load",
        "unit_in_source": "13100 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast gives a minimum of 103 MPa at 0.5 % extension. The two sources disagree and both are recorded.",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Yield strength (@ 0.500%), metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, leaded tin bronze C94300, minimum",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300, continuous casting, as cast",
        "gauge_length": "2 in or 50 mm"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, leaded tin bronze C94300 (AZoM)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "gauge_length": "50 mm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concast gives a minimum of 7 % in 2 in or 50 mm. The two sources disagree and both are recorded.",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Elongation at break (in 50 mm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "label": "Brinell hardness, leaded tin bronze C94300, typical",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BHN",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "load": "500 kg",
        "basis": "typical value, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of a manufacturer product page (data provided by CDA)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, column Brinell hardness (500 kg load), typical BHN",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
        "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "machinability_rating",
      "label": "Machinability rating, leaded tin bronze C94300",
      "value": 80,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C94300",
        "reference": "free-cutting brass UNS C36000 = 100"
      },
      "method": "Rating printed in the mechanical properties table of an AZoM copper alloy article, with the reference alloy printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-c94300",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Machinability (UNS C36000 (free-cutting brass) = 100)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "machinability_rating",
      "label": "Machinability rating, leaded tin bronze C94300 (Conex Casting)",
      "value": 80,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C943 (UNS C94300)",
        "reference": "reference alloy not printed on this page"
      },
      "method": "Rating printed in the Machinability section of a foundry product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "AZoM prints the same rating of 80 for this alloy.",
      "source": "conex-c94300",
      "where": "Machinability section, row Machinability Rating",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Conex Casting, C94300 (CDA 943) leaded tin bronze page",
        "url": "https://conex-casting.com/c94300-cda-943-leaded-tin-bronze-alloys/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Foundry web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The lead safety data sheet, signal word Danger, prints H360 (May damage fertility or the unborn child), H362 (May cause harm to breast-fed children) and H372 (Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure if swallowed, central nervous system, blood, immune system and kidney). It describes lead metal, not this alloy, which contains 23 to 27 % lead.",
        "ghs": [
          "H360",
          "H362",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "trace-lead-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, hazard statements H360, H362 and H372; signal word Danger"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Hot shortness during brazing",
        "trigger": "Brazing, or cooling after brazing, with strain on the part",
        "consequence": "Concast says brazing is performed within the hot-short range, so strain must be avoided during brazing and cooling. Brazing is rated poor.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Fabrication properties table, row Brazing, and its footnote"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Solder rather than braze: Concast rates soldering good and brazing poor.",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Fabrication properties table, rows Soldering and Brazing"
      },
      {
        "text": "Do not use oxyacetylene welding or gas shielded arc welding: Concast says both are not recommended.",
        "source": "concast-c94300",
        "where": "Fabrication properties table, rows Oxyacetylene welding and Gas shielded arc welding"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "High-speed bearings and bushings",
      "example": "Concast lists high-speed bearings for light loads and high-speed or light-to-medium pressure bushings among the typical uses of high-leaded tin bronze.",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Typical uses and applications list, Industrial"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Railroad parts and soft bushings",
      "example": "Concast lists railroad applications, soft bushings and soft metal applications among the typical uses.",
      "source": "concast-c94300",
      "where": "Typical uses and applications list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Copper (67 to 72 % of the alloy)",
      "abundance": "USGS 2026 reports world copper mine production of 23,000 in 2025e, led by Chile at 5,300, Congo (Kinshasa) at 3,200 and Peru at 2,700 (table units).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, 90 FR 50494)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in electrical equipment and power cable, and optical fiber substitutes for copper in telecommunications applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e; shares calculated from the mine production figures; Critical minerals text; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Lead (23 to 27 % of the alloy)",
      "abundance": "USGS 2026 reports world lead mine production of 4,500 in 2025e, led by China at 1,900, Australia at 480 and Peru at 290 (table units).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 42.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 10.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 6.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (lead added, 90 FR 50494)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 an estimated 1 million tons of secondary lead was produced in the United States, equivalent to 70% of apparent domestic consumption, nearly all from old scrap, mostly lead-acid batteries.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: tin has replaced lead in solder for potable water systems; steel and zinc are common substitutes for lead in wheel weights."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-lead",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (shares calculated); Recycling; Substitutes; Critical minerals text"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Tin (4.5 to 6 % of the alloy)",
      "abundance": "USGS 2026 reports world tin mine production of 290,000 in 2025e, led by China at 71,000, Indonesia at 61,000 and Peru at 33,000 (table units).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 24.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 21,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 9.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 9.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (shares calculated from the world total of 290,000)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page (composition, physical, mechanical and designation tables)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015"
    },
    {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP, ASME SB-505 C94300 continuous casting data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASME%20SB-505%20C94300.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Trace Sciences International, Lead safety data sheet (laboratory research grade)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://tracesciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Lead-SDS.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lead",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lead.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tin",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze"
    },
    {
      "title": "Conex Casting, C94300 (CDA 943) leaded tin bronze page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://conex-casting.com/c94300-cda-943-leaded-tin-bronze-alloys/"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Corrosion and seawater resistance of C94300: no corrosion rate, environment or rating was printed on any source read in this run. The Concast page has no corrosion text, and the copper.org alloy page returned HTTP 403.",
    "EN number and EN name: no EN designation is printed for C94300 on any source read. The Concast page says it gives no EN designation, so none is entered.",
    "Composition conflict: AZoM prints copper 68.5 to 73.5 %, lead 22 to 25 % and tin 4.5 to 6 %, while ICAST prints copper 67 to 72 %, lead 23 to 27 % and tin 4.5 to 6 %. The Concast table gives the same ICAST ranges with a note that its column mapping is uncertain. The ICAST ASME SB-505 limits are used in the composition; the AZoM figures are not used as limits.",
    "Strength conflict: Concast and ICAST give a minimum tensile strength of 145 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 103 MPa at 0.5 % extension, while AZoM gives 185 MPa tensile and 90 MPa yield without saying whether these are minimum or typical. Both are recorded and neither is preferred.",
    "Elastic modulus conflict: Concast prints 72400 MPa and AZoM prints 117 GPa for the same alloy. Both are recorded.",
    "Melting range: the Aviva Metals page prints a solidus of 904 °C and a liquidus of 1027 °C. Concast prints an incipient melting temperature of 316 °C (600 °F), recorded under the name incipient_melting_temperature because it is not a canonical property. The two are not reconciled by any source read.",
    "Electrical conductivity (9 %IACS, Concast) and Brinell hardness (typical 45 BHN, Concast) and machinability rating (80, AZoM) are recorded under names that are not in the canonical property list: electrical_conductivity, brinell_hardness and machinability_rating.",
    "The ASTM B505/B505M-23 standard itself is not readable here. Its limits are taken from the printed ICAST and Concast copies, which are not identical in the composition column mapping.",
    "The lead safety data sheet read is for laboratory-grade lead metal, not for the alloy. No SDS for C94300 itself was found, and no occupational exposure limit for lead was recorded.",
    "Tin critical-list status: the USGS 2026 tin summary read in this run does not mention the critical minerals list, so critical_lists for tin is empty.",
    "Copper substitutes: the USGS copper summary was used for copper substitutes; no alloy-specific substitute was read.",
    "Fatigue, creep, outgassing, atomic oxygen erosion, cold welding, thermal cycling and low-temperature data for C94300 were not searched and no values are recorded.",
    "Atomic weights were not read in this run, so the recipe parts carry weight shares only."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Leaded tin bronze C94300 is a copper alloy with 23 to 27 % lead and 4.5 to 6 % tin, sold as high-leaded tin bronze or soft bronze. Concast says the lead makes the alloy free cutting and gives it good lubricity for bearings. The ICAST ASME SB-505 limits give a minimum tensile strength of 145 MPa, but AZoM prints 185 MPa, so the sources disagree on strength.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Bearings and bushings",
        "line": "Concast lists high-speed bearings for light loads and high-speed or light-to-medium pressure bushings among its typical uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Railroad parts and soft bushings",
        "line": "Concast lists railroad applications, soft bushings and soft metal applications among its typical uses."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry a minimum load",
        "line": "The ICAST ASME SB-505 limit for the as-cast alloy is 145 MPa minimum tensile strength, and Concast prints the same minimum.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "145 MPa minimum"
      },
      {
        "label": "Machine freely",
        "line": "AZoM gives a machinability rating of 80, with free-cutting brass UNS C36000 at 100 as the reference.",
        "benchmark": "machinability_rating",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "80"
      },
      {
        "label": "Take the density",
        "line": "Concast gives a density of 9.3 g/cm3 at 20 °C.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "9.3 g/cm3"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Among copper alloys, C94300 is a soft, cast-type bearing alloy: its strength is set by the lead and tin content rather than by work hardening. Compare it with the phosphor bronze profile, a wrought spring alloy, and the copper profile, which is a different, nearly pure grade. The three rows below show the density, thermal conductivity and elastic modulus recorded here.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Solder rather than braze, since brazing is rated poor.",
      "Keep strain off the part during brazing and cooling.",
      "Do not use oxyacetylene or gas shielded arc welding."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Bearings and bushings: Concast says the lead gives good lubricity and the alloy envelopes foreign matter.",
      "Machined parts: the machinability rating is 80 relative to free-cutting brass.",
      "Soldered joints: Concast rates soldering good."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength: the sources give 145 MPa minimum tensile strength (Concast, ICAST) and 185 MPa (AZoM), which are not the same basis.",
      "Brazing is rated poor and strain during brazing and cooling must be avoided.",
      "No corrosion rate for C94300 was found in the sources read.",
      "The composition ranges differ between AZoM and ICAST, and ICAST is used here."
    ],
    "verdict": "Leaded tin bronze C94300 (UNS C94300, high-leaded tin bronze) is a copper alloy with 23 to 27 % lead and 4.5 to 6 % tin. It is a soft bearing and machining alloy: the sources give 145 MPa minimum tensile strength and a machinability rating of 80. Brazing is rated poor and the lead carries the hazard statements. No corrosion rate and no EN number were found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "C94300 is a copper-tin-lead alloy: copper is the matrix, lead is the main addition that gives free cutting and bearing lubricity (Concast), and tin is the second alloying element. Phosphorus, zinc, iron, antimony, nickel plus cobalt and sulphur are limits, not deliberate additions, per the ICAST composition table. It is supplied as cast or continuously cast shapes.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Matrix; the ICAST table gives copper 67 to 72 %",
          "share_percent": 67,
          "share_high": 72,
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Cu % row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lead",
          "symbol": "Pb",
          "role": "Gives free cutting and lubricity (Concast)",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "share_high": 27,
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Pb % row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tin",
          "symbol": "Sn",
          "role": "Second alloying element; the ICAST table gives tin 4.500 to 6.000 %",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "share_high": 6,
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Sn % row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Limit only",
          "share_percent": 1.5,
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, P % row, max"
        },
        {
          "name": "Zinc",
          "symbol": "Zn",
          "role": "Impurity limit",
          "share_percent": 0.8,
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Zn % row, max"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity limit",
          "share_percent": 0.15,
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Fe % row, max"
        },
        {
          "name": "Antimony",
          "symbol": "Sb",
          "role": "Limit only",
          "share_percent": 0.8,
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Sb % row, max"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel plus cobalt",
          "symbol": "Ni+Co",
          "role": "Limit only",
          "share_percent": 1,
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Ni + Co row, max"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulphur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Limit only",
          "share_percent": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "icast-sb505",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, S % row, max"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The main hazard comes from the lead in the alloy, as the lead safety data sheet describes it.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hazard statements",
            "line": "The lead safety data sheet, signal word Danger, prints H360, H362 and H372: it may damage fertility or the unborn child, may harm breast-fed children, and causes organ damage through prolonged or repeated exposure if swallowed."
          },
          {
            "label": "Source of the data",
            "line": "That sheet describes lead metal, not this alloy. No safety data sheet for C94300 itself was read in this run."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Lead: fertility and organ harm"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure route in the sources is brazing.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hot shortness",
            "line": "Concast says brazing is performed within the hot-short range, so strain must be avoided during brazing and cooling."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and welding",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Joining",
            "line": "Concast rates soldering good and brazing poor, and says oxyacetylene welding and gas shielded arc welding are not recommended."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 23,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: the copper.org alloy page (HTTP 403), the MakeItFrom page (HTTP 403), the MatWeb C94300 datasheet (HTTP 403) and the JMH Copper page (expired certificate). Caveats: the Concast and AZoM strengths, moduli and elongations disagree, the composition ranges differ between AZoM and ICAST, and the USGS tables were extracted with pdftotext."
  },
  "sources": {
    "concast-c94300": {
      "title": "Concast, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze product page",
      "url": "https://concast.com/c94300.php",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "azom-c94300": {
      "title": "AZoM, Copper Alloy (UNS C94300)",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9015",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "icast-sb505": {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP, ASME SB-505 C94300 continuous casting data sheet",
      "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASME%20SB-505%20C94300.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "trace-lead-sds": {
      "title": "Trace Sciences International, Lead safety data sheet (laboratory research grade)",
      "url": "https://tracesciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Lead-SDS.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "avivametals-c94300": {
      "title": "Aviva Metals, C94300 high-leaded tin bronze (soft bronze) product page",
      "url": "https://www.avivametals.com/collections/bronze-alloys/leaded-bronze/c94300-high-leaded-tin-bronze-soft-bronze",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "conex-c94300": {
      "title": "Conex Casting, C94300 (CDA 943) leaded tin bronze page",
      "url": "https://conex-casting.com/c94300-cda-943-leaded-tin-bronze-alloys/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Foundry web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-lead": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Lead",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lead.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-tin": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tin",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/leaded-tin-bronze-c94300/"
}