{ "spore": "profile", "id": "leaded-tin-bronze-c93800", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "copper-alloys", "name": "Leaded tin bronze C93800 (SAE 67, high-leaded tin bronze)", "abbreviation": "C93800", "role": "bearing bronze", "category": "metals", "type": "copper-alloys", "summary": "Leaded tin bronze C93800 is a cast copper-tin-lead alloy with the UNS number C93800, also called SAE 67. Wieland Concast lists it at 75.00-79.00 % copper, 13.00-16.00 % lead and 6.30-7.50 % tin. Its density is 9.25 g/cm3 at 20 °C and its liquidus temperature is 943 °C. The minimum tensile strength under ASTM B505 is 172 MPa, with 110 MPa minimum yield strength and 5 % minimum elongation. Centrifugal castings to ASTM B271 are listed at 207 MPa minimum tensile strength and 83 MPa minimum yield strength.\n", "best_for": "Bearings and bushings that may lose their lubricating film, because the lead gives free cutting and lubricity (Wieland Concast)", "weakest_at": "Strength: 172 MPa minimum tensile strength under ASTM B505 and a typical hardness of 55 BHN (500 kg load)", "identity": { "formula": "Cast copper-tin-lead alloy: Cu 75.00-79.00 %, Pb 13.00-16.00 %, Sn 6.30-7.50 % (ASTM B505 composition)", "designations": [ { "system": "UNS", "code": "C93800", "source": "icast-sae-j462", "where": "Cross Reference Table, row C93800, standard UNS" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B505", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Similar or equivalent specification, ASTM column (B505 and B505M)" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B505M", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Similar or equivalent specification, ASTM column (B505 and B505M)" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B271", "note": "centrifugal castings", "source": "icast-astm-b271", "where": "Title line: ASTM B271 High-Lead Tin Bronze UNS C93800" }, { "system": "ASME", "code": "SB-505", "source": "icast-astm-b271", "where": "Cross Reference Table, row SB-505 C93800" }, { "system": "SAE", "code": "CA938", "source": "icast-astm-b271", "where": "Cross Reference Table, row CA938" }, { "system": "SAE", "code": "67", "note": "printed as SAE 67 under Other", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Similar or equivalent specification, Other column" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Anti-Acid Metal", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Similar or equivalent specification, Other column" } ], "source": "icast-sae-j462", "where": "Chemical Composition table (Cu, Pb and Sn ranges); Cross Reference Table (C93800, UNS)" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "mechanisms" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, C93800 (CDA physical properties)", "value": 9.25, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "unit_in_source": "gm/cm3", "form": "grade-level value; no process stated" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (metric column)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Density row (metric column)", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point, liquidus", "value": 943, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "pressure": "not stated", "unit_in_source": "1730 °F" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Melting point - liquidus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point, solidus", "value": 854, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "pressure": "not stated", "unit_in_source": "1570 °F" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Melting point - solidus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Incipient melting", "value": 316, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "unit_in_source": "600 °F", "note": "onset of melting within the hot-short range" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Incipient melting row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "label": "Electrical conductivity at 20 °C", "value": 0.066, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MegaSiemens/cm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "unit_in_source": "0.066 MegaSiemens/cm at 20 °C" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (metric column)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Electrical conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "label": "Electrical conductivity, relative to annealed copper", "value": 11, "bound": "exact", "unit": "% IACS", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "68 °F", "unit_in_source": "11% IACS at 68 °F" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (US customary column)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Electrical conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "value": 52.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/m", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "unit_in_source": "52.3 W/m at 20 °C", "note": "the datasheet prints the unit as W/m without the kelvin term" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (metric column)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Thermal conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "value": 377.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/kg", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "unit_in_source": "377.1 J/kg at 20 °C" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (metric column)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Specific heat capacity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension", "value": 72400, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "not stated", "unit_in_source": "10500 ksi" }, "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (metric column)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Physical properties table, Modulus of elasticity in tension row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (continuous cast, ASTM B505/B505M-23)", "value": 172, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM B505/B505M-23 as printed on the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "25 ksi", "product": "continuous-cast product sheet" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Tensile strength min row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength at 0.5 % extension under load, minimum (continuous cast, ASTM B505/B505M-23)", "value": 110, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM B505/B505M-23 as printed on the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "16 ksi", "product": "continuous-cast product sheet" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Yield strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation in 2 in or 50 mm, minimum (continuous cast, ASTM B505/B505M-23)", "value": 5, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM B505/B505M-23 as printed on the datasheet", "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm", "product": "continuous-cast product sheet" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "brinell_hardness", "label": "Brinell hardness, typical (500 kg load)", "value": 55, "bound": "exact", "unit": "BHN", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "load": "500 kg", "product": "continuous-cast product sheet" }, "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet (not a minimum)", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Brinell hardness typical BHN row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "machinability_rating", "label": "Machinability rating (CDA)", "value": 80, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "copper alloy UNS C93800 on the CDA rating table; rating scale not printed" }, "method": "Rating printed in a manufacturer datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Machinability table, Machinability rating row", "source_detail": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, as cast (SAE J462, CA938)", "value": 97, "value_high": 110, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "SAE J462 (CA938) as printed on the ICAST sheet", "condition": "as cast", "form": "cast alloy, as printed" }, "method": "Range printed in a standards-listing datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-sae-j462", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength in Mpa row", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: SAE J462 CA938 (cast copper alloy chemistry and as-cast mechanical properties, cross-reference table)", "id": "SAE J462 CA938; UNS C93800; ASME SB-505 C93800", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/SAE%20J462%20CA938.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, as cast (SAE J462, CA938)", "value": 5, "value_high": 10, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "SAE J462 (CA938) as printed on the ICAST sheet", "condition": "as cast", "form": "cast alloy, as printed" }, "method": "Range printed in a standards-listing datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-sae-j462", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation in % row", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: SAE J462 CA938 (cast copper alloy chemistry and as-cast mechanical properties, cross-reference table)", "id": "SAE J462 CA938; UNS C93800; ASME SB-505 C93800", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/SAE%20J462%20CA938.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (centrifugal castings, ASTM B271)", "value": 207, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM B271 (copper-base alloy centrifugal castings) as printed on the ICAST sheet", "form": "centrifugal casting" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a standards-listing datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-astm-b271", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength in Mpa row", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: ASTM B271 High-Lead Tin Bronze UNS C93800 (centrifugal castings)", "id": "ASTM B271; UNS C93800; CA938 (SAE)", "url": "https://mail.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B271%20High-Lead%20Tin%20Bronze%20UNS%20C93800.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, minimum (centrifugal castings, ASTM B271)", "value": 83, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM B271 (copper-base alloy centrifugal castings) as printed on the ICAST sheet", "form": "centrifugal casting" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a standards-listing datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-astm-b271", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength in Mpa row", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: ASTM B271 High-Lead Tin Bronze UNS C93800 (centrifugal castings)", "id": "ASTM B271; UNS C93800; CA938 (SAE)", "url": "https://mail.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B271%20High-Lead%20Tin%20Bronze%20UNS%20C93800.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, minimum (centrifugal castings, ASTM B271)", "value": 15, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "standard": "ASTM B271 (copper-base alloy centrifugal castings) as printed on the ICAST sheet", "form": "centrifugal casting" }, "method": "Minimum value printed in a standards-listing datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-astm-b271", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation in % row", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: ASTM B271 High-Lead Tin Bronze UNS C93800 (centrifugal castings)", "id": "ASTM B271; UNS C93800; CA938 (SAE)", "url": "https://mail.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B271%20High-Lead%20Tin%20Bronze%20UNS%20C93800.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Acid mine water and acid-resisting service", "headline": "Concast lists C93800 for acid-resisting work and for pump parts in acid mine water, but gives no corrosion rate for either.", "effect": "The Concast sheet names the alloy Anti-Acid Metal and lists acid-resisting applications, pump bodies and pump impellers for acid mine water among its typical uses. It gives no test medium, exposure time or corrosion rate for them.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "basis": "manufacturer's list of typical uses only; no test data", "product": "C93800 cast alloy" }, "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Typical uses list (continuous cast) and Similar or equivalent specification, Other column" }, { "environment": "Simulated seawater with sliding contact against alumina", "headline": "In simulated seawater, active dissolution and corrosion-product films were the main corrosion mechanisms in a study of leaded tin bronze.", "effect": "The Tribology International study names leaded tin bronze but not the UNS grade. Its abstract says active dissolution of the alloy and corrosion-product development were the dominant mechanisms, and that tribological contact removed most of the products, so freshly exposed metal dissolved. Pure wear was abrasive. Corrosion raised the friction coefficient under anodic potentials with contact.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "basis": "judgement from the abstract; no corrosion rate read", "grade": "leaded tin bronze, grade not named in the source", "test": "simulated seawater, alumina counterbody, anodic potentials" }, "source": "huttunen2019", "where": "Abstract" }, { "environment": "General corrosion in service", "headline": "The ASM Alloy Digest abstract calls C93800 corrosion-resistant but prints no test data.", "effect": "The ASM Alloy Digest abstract for C93800 gives good resistance to corrosion and lists bearings, bushings, pump impellers and corrosion-resistant castings as uses. The full datasheet is behind a paywall, and no values were read.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "abstract only; full datasheet not opened" }, "source": "asm-digest-cu464", "where": "Abstract (page visible without sign-in)" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem aggregates reports for the element lead (CID 5352425). Signal word Danger. Of 2477 company reports, 2350 gave hazard codes and 127 reported that lead does not meet GHS hazard criteria. The alloy itself is not separately classified in any source read here, so this is the reference for its 13.00-16.00 % lead.", "ghs": [ "H360", "H372", "H410", "H400" ], "source": "pubchem-lead", "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated information (CID 5352425)" }, { "text": "Notified shares for lead's hazard codes include H360 (84.4%) May damage fertility or the unborn child; H372 (50.5%) Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H410 (61.9%) Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects; H400 (57.9%) Very toxic to aquatic life.", "ghs": [ "H360", "H372", "H410", "H400" ], "source": "pubchem-lead", "where": "GHS Hazard Statements list, aggregated percentages" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Wear-induced corrosion under sliding contact in seawater", "trigger": "Sliding contact against alumina in simulated seawater at anodic potentials (leaded tin bronze, grade not named)", "consequence": "Active dissolution of the alloy and corrosion-product films were the dominant mechanisms; tribological contact removed the products and raised the friction coefficient.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "huttunen2019", "where": "Abstract" }, { "mode": "Cracking or strain during brazing and cooling", "trigger": "Brazing, which the sheet says is performed within the hot-short range", "consequence": "Concast says strain must be avoided during brazing and cooling. The sheet rates brazing as poor, so the sources give no brazed-joint data.", "severity": "low", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Fabrication properties table and footnote" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Concast rates soldering as good, brazing as poor, and says oxyacetylene welding, gas-shielded arc welding and coated metal arc welding are not recommended for this grade.", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Fabrication properties table" }, { "text": "Mind the hot-short range: strain must be avoided during brazing and cooling (Concast footnote).", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Fabrication properties table, footnote" } ], "mitigations": [] }, "uses": [ { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Bearings and bushings", "example": "Concast lists bearings for freight cars, general service bearings for moderate pressure, industrial centrifuges and low-friction or moderate-pressure bushings among the typical uses of the continuous-cast product.", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Typical uses list (continuous cast)" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Acid-resisting pump bodies and impellers", "example": "Concast lists acid-resisting applications and pump bodies and impellers for acid mine water among typical uses, and gives the alias Anti-Acid Metal.", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Typical uses list and Similar or equivalent specification, Other column" }, { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Large ship bearings", "example": "Concast lists large bearings for ships under the Marine heading of its typical uses.", "source": "concast-c93800", "where": "Similar or equivalent specification, Other column (Marine)" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Lead (lead content of C93800, 13.00-16.00 %)", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 42.2, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Australia", "share_percent": 10.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 6.4, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "United States", "share_percent": 6.2, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [ { "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (lead added in 2025; USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Lead)", "listed": true } ], "recycling": "USGS: an estimated 1 million tons of secondary lead was produced in 2025.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: substitution by plastics has reduced the use of lead in cable covering and cans, and steel and zinc are common substitutes for lead in wheel weights." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-lead", "where": "World Mine Production table, 2025e (world total 4,500 thousand t, rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from China 1,900, Australia 480, Peru 290 and United States 280); Recycling; Substitutes; Events, Trends and Issues (critical list)" }, { "subject": "Tin (tin content of C93800, 6.30-7.50 %)", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 24.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Indonesia", "share_percent": 21, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 11.4, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Brazil", "share_percent": 9.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)", "share_percent": 9.3, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: about 17,000 tons of tin from old and new scrap was recycled in 2025.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: aluminum, glass, paper, plastic and tin-free steel substitute for tin in cans and containers; alternative copper-base alloys are listed as substitutes in other uses." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin", "where": "World Mine Production table, 2025e (world total 290,000 t, rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from China 71,000, Indonesia 61,000, Peru 33,000, Brazil 28,000 and Congo (Kinshasa) 27,000); Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Copper (matrix, 75.00-79.00 %)", "producers": [ { "country": "Chile", "share_percent": 23, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)", "share_percent": 13.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 11.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "share_percent": 7.8, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 5.7, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [ { "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added in 2025; USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026)", "listed": true } ], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper", "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Chile 5,300, Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200, Peru 2,700, China 1,800 and Russia 1,300); critical list paragraph" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 spec sheet, continuous cast, high-leaded tin bronze (PDF)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.concast.com/files/C93800.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "ICAST Alloys: SAE J462 CA938 (cast copper alloys) data sheet (PDF)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/SAE%20J462%20CA938.pdf" }, { "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM B271 High-Lead Tin Bronze UNS C93800 data sheet (PDF)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://mail.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B271%20High-Lead%20Tin%20Bronze%20UNS%20C93800.pdf" }, { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lead", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lead.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tin", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem compound record: Lead (CID 5352425), aggregated GHS information", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352425/JSON", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Huttunen-Saarivirta et al., Behaviour of leaded tin bronze in simulated seawater, Tribology International 129 (2019) 257-271", "type": "paper", "url": "https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/behaviour-of-leaded-tin-bronze-in-simulated-seawater-in-the-absen", "year": 2019 }, { "title": "ASM Alloy Digest: Copper Alloy No. C93800, High Leaded Tin Bronze (Cu-464, 1983)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://dl.asminternational.org/alloy-digest/article/32/10/Cu-464/4765/COPPER-ALLOY-No-C93800High-Leaded-Tin-Bronze", "year": 1983 } ], "gaps": [ "Coefficient of thermal expansion for C93800 is printed as 10.3 · 10-6 per °F and 17.8 · 10-6 per °C in exponent form; left out under the exponent rule. The value is in the Concast sheet and can be added if the form is changed.", "Full chemical composition: the Concast table is garbled for the elements after tin, so only copper, lead and tin were taken from it. The other element limits (Zn, Fe, Ni, P, Al, Sb, Si, S) come from the ICAST SAE J462 chemistry table and were not cross-checked against a second source.", "No EN, DIN or JIS number was printed on any source read for this grade, so none is listed.", "Tin's status on the 2025 U.S. critical-minerals list and on the EU critical raw materials list was not found in the sources read.", "EU critical raw materials list status for lead and copper was not read; only the U.S. list is recorded.", "Shares in supply are calculated by Space Mushroom from the USGS mine-production tables, which are rounded; the world totals are also rounded.", "Yield and elongation are minimums or ranges from standards and datasheets, not measured results; no tensile test on a sample of this grade was read.", "Thermal conductivity unit is printed as W/m, without the kelvin term; the value is recorded with that printed unit.", "Electrical and thermal properties are from the manufacturer's grade-level table; no process or temper is stated for them.", "No quantitative corrosion rate for C93800 in seawater, acid mine water or any specific acid was found. The Tribology International abstract gives wear-corrosion percentages that were not checked against the full text, so they are not recorded.", "The Tribology International study names leaded tin bronze, not the UNS grade, and its results are not attributed to C93800.", "The ASM Alloy Digest datasheet is behind a paywall; only its abstract was read, with no property values.", "Hazard data are for the element lead from PubChem (CID 5352425). No safety data sheet for the alloy was read, and the lead percentages are notifications for the element, not for the bronze.", "No space data were found: no outgassing, radiation, thermal-vacuum, atomic-oxygen or flight result for C93800.", "No freely licensed photograph or drawing of C93800 was opened, so the profile has no media.", "Recycling and substitute statements for lead and tin come from the USGS text only; no industry source was read.", "Non-canonical property names used: electrical_conductivity, brinell_hardness and machinability_rating; these are not in property-canon.yaml." ], "story": { "why": "C93800 is a leaded tin bronze for bearings. The lead gives free cutting and lubricity, so the alloy keeps running when the lubricating film is lost, according to Concast. Its density is 9.25 g/cm3 at 20 °C, and its strength is modest: the ASTM B505 minimum is 172 MPa tensile strength and 110 MPa yield strength. The grade is chosen for bearings and pump parts in acid service, not for load-carrying structure.", "uses": [ { "where": "Bearings and bushings", "line": "Concast lists bearings for freight cars, general service bearings for moderate pressure, industrial centrifuges and low-friction bushings as typical uses. The ASM Alloy Digest abstract lists bearings and bushings too." }, { "where": "Acid-resisting pump parts", "line": "Concast lists pump bodies and pump impellers for acid mine water, and acid-resisting applications, among its typical uses. It gives the alias Anti-Acid Metal." }, { "where": "Ship bearings", "line": "Concast lists large bearings for ships under its marine use, with no strength or corrosion data for that service." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Bearing with lubrication at risk", "line": "The lead gives the alloy lubricity and free cutting, per Concast. No load-rating test was read for this grade.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Acid service", "line": "Concast lists acid-resisting uses and pump parts for acid mine water, but gives no corrosion rate for either.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Moderate-pressure strength", "line": "The ASTM B505 minimum is 172 MPa tensile strength and 110 MPa yield strength for the continuous-cast product.", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material", "value": "172 MPa" }, { "label": "Centrifugal castings", "line": "ASTM B271 centrifugal castings are listed at 207 MPa minimum tensile strength, 83 MPa minimum yield strength and 15 % minimum elongation.", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material", "value": "207 MPa" } ], "compare": "Against the other bronzes and alloys in this collection, C93800 is a bearing grade with low strength. Its ASTM B505 minimum tensile strength is 172 MPa and its typical hardness is 55 BHN. The centrifugal ASTM B271 minimum is higher at 207 MPa tensile, and the ICAST as-cast range for SAE J462 gives 97 to 110 MPa yield, so the casting route changes the numbers. The table compares the three rows of the strength and density that the sources give.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Minimum tensile strength", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Minimum yield strength", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Check which casting route the part is made by: continuous cast (ASTM B505) and centrifugal cast (ASTM B271) have different minimums.", "Avoid strain during brazing and cooling, since brazing is in the hot-short range (Concast).", "Treat dust and fume from cutting as lead exposure: the alloy is 13.00-16.00 % lead." ], "good_for": [ "Bearings where lubrication may fail, because the lead gives lubricity and free cutting (Concast).", "Pump parts in acid mine water and other acid-resisting service, according to Concast's list of typical uses." ], "watch_out": [ "Modest strength: 172 MPa minimum tensile strength under ASTM B505 and 55 BHN typical hardness.", "Lead content: 13.00-16.00 % lead, and the element is classified as a reproductive toxicant by PubChem.", "No corrosion rate was found for seawater or acid service, only the qualitative findings above." ], "verdict": "C93800 is a leaded tin bronze for bearings and acid-resisting pump parts, with 9.25 g/cm3 density and 172 MPa minimum tensile strength under ASTM B505. Lead content and a missing corrosion rate are the main limits, and no space data were found.", "recipe": { "line": "C93800 is a cast copper-tin-lead alloy, sold as high-leaded tin bronze. Its composition ranges are given in the ICAST SAE J462 and Concast tables. The grade is made by continuous casting to ASTM B505 or by centrifugal casting to ASTM B271, as the two datasheets show.", "parts": [ { "name": "Copper", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "The matrix of the bronze and the largest element by mass." }, { "name": "Lead", "symbol": "Pb", "role": "Gives the alloy free cutting and lubricity, per the Concast sheet." }, { "name": "Tin", "symbol": "Sn", "role": "The tin in the bronze alongside copper; the composition table gives the range." } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The sources read for this grade give no safety data sheet for the alloy. The lead in it is classified as a reproductive toxicant in the PubChem summary for the element.", "points": [ { "label": "The alloy", "line": "No safety data sheet for C93800 was read. The lead it contains, 13.00-16.00 %, is the reason to treat dust and fume from cutting or grinding with care." }, { "label": "The element lead", "line": "PubChem gives a Danger signal word for lead, with H360 (84.4%) for harm to fertility or the unborn child and H372 (50.5%) for organ damage after repeated exposure." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Lead content matters" }, { "title": "If it fails", "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are wear-induced corrosion in seawater and strain during brazing.", "points": [ { "label": "Sliding in seawater", "line": "A study of leaded tin bronze in simulated seawater found that active dissolution of the alloy and corrosion-product films were the dominant mechanisms, and that sliding contact removed most of the products." }, { "label": "Brazing", "line": "Concast rates brazing as poor, since it is done within the hot-short range, and says strain must be avoided during brazing and cooling." } ] }, { "title": "Handling and storage", "points": [ { "label": "Joining", "line": "Soldering is rated good. Oxyacetylene, gas-shielded arc and coated metal arc welding are not recommended for this grade." }, { "label": "Scrap", "line": "USGS reports about 17,000 tons of tin recycled from scrap in 2025, and about 1 million tons of secondary lead produced in 2025." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-11-01", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 19, "unreachable": 2, "caveats": 5, "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the Concast page and PDF, the two ICAST datasheets, and the USGS 2026 lead, tin and copper summaries. Unreachable in full: the ASM Alloy Digest (abstract only) and the Tribology International full text. Caveats: all strengths are minimums or ranges from standards and datasheets; the thermal conductivity unit is printed without its kelvin term; the corrosion rating for the seawater study is a judgement from the abstract; supply shares are calculated from rounded USGS tables." }, "sources": { "concast-c93800": { "title": "Wieland Concast: C93800 Alloy, C938 High leaded tin bronze (product page with physical properties, mechanical properties and typical uses)", "id": "UNS C93800; ASTM B505/B505M; SAE J461, J462, SAE 67; QQ-C-390 E6; QQ-B-1005 Comp 19; MIL-B-11553 Comp 19; Anti-Acid Metal", "url": "https://www.concast.com/c93800.php", "year": 2026, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "icast-sae-j462": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: SAE J462 CA938 (cast copper alloy chemistry and as-cast mechanical properties, cross-reference table)", "id": "SAE J462 CA938; UNS C93800; ASME SB-505 C93800", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/SAE%20J462%20CA938.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" }, "icast-astm-b271": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP: ASTM B271 High-Lead Tin Bronze UNS C93800 (centrifugal castings)", "id": "ASTM B271; UNS C93800; CA938 (SAE)", "url": "https://mail.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B271%20High-Lead%20Tin%20Bronze%20UNS%20C93800.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced); disclaimer on the sheet" }, "usgs-mcs2026-lead": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Lead", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lead.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-tin": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tin", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-copper": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "pubchem-lead": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Lead (CID 5352425), aggregated GHS classification", "id": "CID 5352425; CAS 7439-92-1", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352425/JSON", "year": 2026, "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "huttunen2019": { "title": "Behaviour of leaded tin bronze in simulated seawater in the absence and presence of tribological contact with alumina counterbody: Corrosion, wear and tribocorrosion (Huttunen-Saarivirta et al., Tribology International 129, 257-271)", "id": "doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2018.08.021", "url": "https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/behaviour-of-leaded-tin-bronze-in-simulated-seawater-in-the-absen", "year": 2019, "kind": "paper", "license": "abstract read via VTT research portal (cited, not reproduced)" }, "asm-digest-cu464": { "title": "ASM Alloy Digest: Copper Alloy No. C93800, High Leaded Tin Bronze (Cu-464)", "id": "ASM Alloy Digest, 1 October 1983, Vol. 32, Issue 10", "url": "https://dl.asminternational.org/alloy-digest/article/32/10/Cu-464/4765/COPPER-ALLOY-No-C93800High-Leaded-Tin-Bronze", "year": 1983, "kind": "handbook", "license": "abstract only, paywalled (cited, not reproduced)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/leaded-tin-bronze-c93800/" }