{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "ldpe",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyolefins",
  "name": "Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)",
  "abbreviation": "LDPE",
  "role": "flexible film, bag, coating and cable-insulation polymer",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyolefins",
  "summary": "Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a branched, flexible thermoplastic made by polymerising ethylene. The Xometry LDPE data sheet gives a density of 0.918 g/cm3 (no test standard printed) and a melting point of 115 °C. Both supplier safety data sheets read classify the solid resin as not hazardous under EU or GHS rules. In a 2024 laboratory UV weathering study of LDPE sheet, elongation at break fell from 1020.2 % before exposure to 5.8 % after 4 weeks, so exposed LDPE loses its stretch within weeks.\n",
  "best_for": "Flexible films, bags and wraps, and cable insulation: a density of 0.918 g/cm3 and an elongation at break of 100 % on the Xometry LDPE data sheet, with a moisture absorption of 0.005 %",
  "weakest_at": "UV exposure and heat under load: elongation at break fell to 5.8 % after 4 weeks of UV weathering in the 2024 MDPI sheet study, and the Xometry data sheet gives a heat deflection temperature of 48 °C",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "(C2H4)n, polyethylene made from ethylene; repeat unit C2H4 as printed in NASA/TM-2008-215490, Table IV",
    "cas": "9002-88-4",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "montachem-sds",
    "where": "Section 3, CAS Number row for Low Density Polyethylene; the same CAS number is printed in Relene SDS section 3.1 and Tricolene SDS section 3.2"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": []
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 0.918,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named",
        "temperature": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, generic LDPE (ASTM D-792, Plastics International)",
      "value": 57.39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lbs/ft3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named",
        "temperature": "23 °C (73 °F), per the page note saying all values are at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-792 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Density row (ASTM D-792)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, LDPE resin used for sheet study (MDPI 2024)",
      "value": 0.92,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "LDPE resin from Sinopec Group, Maoming, not further named",
        "basis": "resin as supplied, before extrusion into sheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the materials paragraph of the paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mdpi-uv-2024",
      "where": "Section 2.1 (Materials), first LDPE paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Study of Factors Affecting UV-Induced Photo-Degradation in Different Types of Polyethylene Sheets",
        "id": "Du, Lee and Ji, Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2709, DOI 10.3390/polym16192709; full text read from Europe PMC (PMC11478657)",
        "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11478657/fullTextXML",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Tricolene LDPE (safety data sheet)",
      "value": 0.919,
      "value_high": 0.925,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tricolene LDPE homopolymer, Tricon Energy",
        "temperature": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties section of the safety data sheet, not a datasheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tricolene-sds",
      "where": "Section 9 (Physical and chemical properties), Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Tricon Energy, Tricolene LDPE Safety Data Sheet",
        "id": "Revised February 17, 2022",
        "url": "https://www.triconenergy.com/media/kohlojbp/tricolene-ldpe-sds-english-2022-02-17.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, LDPE (Wikipedia polyethylene density table)",
      "value": 0.924,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "LDPE row of the table of polyethylene densities and structures"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a secondary reference table, no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-ldpe",
      "where": "Properties section, table of PE densities, LDPE row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Low-density polyethylene, Wikipedia",
        "id": "Properties, Chemical resistance, Applications, History and Recycling sections",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 115,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point range, Relene LDPE (safety data sheet)",
      "value": 104,
      "value_high": 115,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "RELENE LDPE, Reliance Industries"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical and chemical properties section of the safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "relene-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Melting Point (°C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Reliance Industries, RELENE LDPE Material Safety Data Sheet",
        "id": "Revision 10, 01 July 2022",
        "url": "https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2023-01/MSDS_Relene_LDPE.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, generic LDPE (ASTM D-3417, Plastics International)",
      "value": 230,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-3417 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal table, Melt Point row (ASTM D-3417)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": -110,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Glass transition temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vicat_softening_temperature",
      "label": "Vicat softening temperature, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 89,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named",
        "test": "Vicat method not named on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Vicat softening temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 48,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named",
        "load": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Heat deflection row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, generic LDPE (ASTM D-668, Plastics International)",
      "value": 98,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named",
        "load": "264 psi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-668 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal table, Heat Deflection row, 264 psi line (ASTM D-668)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous service temperature, LDPE (Wikipedia)",
      "value": 65,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated as the temperature LDPE can withstand continuously; time and load not given"
      },
      "method": "General statement in the Wikipedia article, no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-ldpe",
      "where": "Chemical resistance section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Low-density polyethylene, Wikipedia",
        "id": "Properties, Chemical resistance, Applications, History and Recycling sections",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum service temperature, generic LDPE (Designerdata)",
      "value": 70,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the specific properties list of the Designerdata page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "designerdata-ldpe",
      "where": "Specific properties, Maximum service temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Designerdata, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)",
        "id": "Specific properties and material property list (English page text)",
        "url": "https://designerdata.nl/materialen/kunststoffen/thermoplasten/low-density-polyetheen",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Minimum service temperature, generic LDPE (Designerdata)",
      "value": -30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the specific properties list of the Designerdata page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "designerdata-ldpe",
      "where": "Specific properties, Minimum service temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Designerdata, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)",
        "id": "Specific properties and material property list (English page text)",
        "url": "https://designerdata.nl/materialen/kunststoffen/thermoplasten/low-density-polyetheen",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 0.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Thermal conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 1900,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Specific heat capacity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named",
        "test": "not printed on the page"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile break strength, generic LDPE (ASTM D-638, Plastics International)",
      "value": 1943,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-638 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Tensile Break row (ASTM D-638)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield point, generic LDPE (ASTM D-638, Plastics International)",
      "value": 1363,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, printed as 1,363 psi; test method ASTM D-638 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Yield Point row (ASTM D-638)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, generic LDPE (ASTM D-638, Plastics International)",
      "value": 515,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-638 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Elongation at Break row (ASTM D-638)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, unweathered LDPE sheet (MDPI 2024)",
      "value": 1020.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "lab-made LDPE sheet with antioxidants Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, before UV weathering",
        "spread": "standard deviation 135.5 % as printed",
        "test": "ASTM D638-14 tensile test, Type V specimens"
      },
      "method": "Average of 5 replicate specimens, value printed in the tensile results paragraph",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mdpi-uv-2024",
      "where": "Results on tensile properties, paragraph beginning with the unweathered LDPE-0.8 sheet, Figure 1c",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Study of Factors Affecting UV-Induced Photo-Degradation in Different Types of Polyethylene Sheets",
        "id": "Du, Lee and Ji, Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2709, DOI 10.3390/polym16192709; full text read from Europe PMC (PMC11478657)",
        "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11478657/fullTextXML",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, LDPE sheet after 2 weeks of UV weathering (MDPI 2024)",
      "value": 95.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "lab-made LDPE sheet, ASTM D5208-14 UV weathering at 50 °C",
        "time": "2 weeks",
        "spread": "standard deviation 22.5 % as printed"
      },
      "method": "Average of replicate specimens, value printed in the tensile results paragraph",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mdpi-uv-2024",
      "where": "Results on tensile properties, paragraph beginning with the unweathered LDPE-0.8 sheet, Figure 1c",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Study of Factors Affecting UV-Induced Photo-Degradation in Different Types of Polyethylene Sheets",
        "id": "Du, Lee and Ji, Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2709, DOI 10.3390/polym16192709; full text read from Europe PMC (PMC11478657)",
        "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11478657/fullTextXML",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, LDPE sheet after 4 weeks of UV weathering (MDPI 2024)",
      "value": 5.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "lab-made LDPE sheet, ASTM D5208-14 UV weathering at 50 °C",
        "time": "4 weeks",
        "spread": "standard deviation 2.9 % as printed"
      },
      "method": "Average of replicate specimens, value printed in the tensile results paragraph",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mdpi-uv-2024",
      "where": "Results on tensile properties, paragraph beginning with the unweathered LDPE-0.8 sheet, Figure 1c",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Study of Factors Affecting UV-Induced Photo-Degradation in Different Types of Polyethylene Sheets",
        "id": "Du, Lee and Ji, Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2709, DOI 10.3390/polym16192709; full text read from Europe PMC (PMC11478657)",
        "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11478657/fullTextXML",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 0.39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Modulus of elasticity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, generic LDPE (ASTM D-638, Plastics International)",
      "value": 41615,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-638 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Tensile Modulus row (ASTM D-638)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 0.199,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, generic LDPE (ASTM D-790, Plastics International)",
      "value": 28565,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-790 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Flexural Modulus row (ASTM D-790)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 10.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Flexural strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, generic LDPE (ASTM D-790, Plastics International)",
      "value": 1175,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the data sheet, test method ASTM D-790 printed in the test column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plasticsintl-ldpe",
      "where": "Property table, Flexural Strength row (ASTM D-790)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
        "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
        "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Breakdown potential, LDPE (Designerdata)",
      "value": 28.55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "breakdown potential as printed on the page; test method not named"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the material property list of the Designerdata page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "designerdata-ldpe",
      "where": "Material property list, Breakdown potential row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Designerdata, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)",
        "id": "Specific properties and material property list (English page text)",
        "url": "https://designerdata.nl/materialen/kunststoffen/thermoplasten/low-density-polyetheen",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "refractive_index",
      "label": "Refraction index, LDPE (Designerdata)",
      "value": 1.52,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "as printed on the page; wavelength and temperature not named"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the material property list of the Designerdata page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "designerdata-ldpe",
      "where": "Material property list, Refraction index row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Designerdata, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)",
        "id": "Specific properties and material property list (English page text)",
        "url": "https://designerdata.nl/materialen/kunststoffen/thermoplasten/low-density-polyetheen",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, generic LDPE (Xometry data sheet)",
      "value": 0.005,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "generic LDPE, no grade named"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the Xometry LDPE data sheet; no test standard printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "xometry-ldpe",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Water Absorption row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
        "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
        "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flash_point",
      "label": "Flash point, Relene LDPE (closed cup, safety data sheet)",
      "value": 390,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "RELENE LDPE, Reliance Industries",
        "basis": "printed as greater than 390 °C (closed cup), so 390 °C is a lower limit"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical and chemical properties section of the safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "relene-sds",
      "where": "Section 9, Flash Point (°C) [Closed cup] row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Reliance Industries, RELENE LDPE Material Safety Data Sheet",
        "id": "Revision 10, 01 July 2022",
        "url": "https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2023-01/MSDS_Relene_LDPE.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "UV weathering in the laboratory under ASTM D5208-14",
      "headline": "A laboratory LDPE sheet lost most of its stretch under UV weathering within weeks.",
      "effect": "Elongation at break was measured before weathering and after two and four weeks; the values are in the property table. The sheet contained the antioxidants Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, and the authors report the UV-induced loss in tensile elongation and carbonyl index.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "accelerated laboratory weathering, not a service test",
        "reference": "Du, Lee and Ji, Polymers 2024, Materials and Results, Figure 1"
      },
      "source": "mdpi-uv-2024",
      "where": "Section 2.1 (Materials) and results on tensile properties, Figure 1b and 1c"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Continuous heat in service",
      "headline": "Wikipedia says LDPE can withstand 65 °C continuously and a short exposure to a higher temperature.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia article states that LDPE can withstand temperatures of 65 °C continuously. The article gives the continuous limit only, without a load or test time.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement, no load or time limit printed in the source"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-ldpe",
      "where": "Chemical resistance section, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Service range from cold to warm",
      "headline": "Designerdata lists a maximum service temperature of 70 °C and a minimum of -30 °C for LDPE.",
      "effect": "The Designerdata page lists a maximum service temperature of 70 °C and a minimum service temperature of -30 °C. The Xometry data sheet gives a heat deflection temperature of 48 °C under a load it does not name.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general service limits as printed, not a test"
      },
      "source": "designerdata-ldpe",
      "where": "Specific properties list, Maximum and Minimum service temperature rows"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Acids, bases, alcohols and solvents at room temperature",
      "headline": "LDPE resists dilute and concentrated acids, alcohols and bases, but resistance to hydrocarbons and oxidising agents is limited.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia article rates resistance as excellent to dilute and concentrated acids, alcohols, bases and esters, limited to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oils and oxidizing agents, and poor to halogenated hydrocarbons. It says LDPE is not reactive at room temperature except to strong oxidizers, and that some solvents cause it to swell.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative ratings from a secondary source; no retention figures given"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-ldpe",
      "where": "Chemical resistance section, rating list"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Not classified as dangerous for supply or use under Directive 1999/45/EC and Directive 1272/2008/EC, per the Relene SDS.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "relene-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazards identification"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Montachem SDS gives the GHS classification as 'Not hazardous according to GHS criteria' for the resin pellets.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "montachem-sds",
        "where": "Section 3, GHS Classification row"
      },
      {
        "text": "Molten material may cause thermal burns, and dust may form an explosive atmosphere when dispersed in air.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "montachem-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Emergency Overview"
      },
      {
        "text": "Spilled material may be a slip hazard, and molten plastic can cause severe thermal burns.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "tricolene-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.3, Other hazards"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "UV embrittlement",
        "trigger": "Long UV exposure in service, simulated by ASTM D5208-14 laboratory weathering",
        "consequence": "Elongation at break fell from 1020.2 % unweathered to 5.8 % after 4 weeks in the 2024 MDPI sheet study, so exposed LDPE can lose its flexibility.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "mdpi-uv-2024",
        "where": "Results on tensile properties, Figure 1b and 1c"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Softening above the service limit",
        "trigger": "Use at or above the continuous service limit under a mechanical load",
        "consequence": "LDPE softens, and the Xometry data sheet gives a heat deflection temperature of 48 °C under a load it does not name.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "xometry-ldpe",
        "where": "Thermal Properties table, Heat deflection row"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Control dust when grinding or handling pellets, since dust can form an explosive atmosphere when dispersed in air.",
        "source": "montachem-sds"
      },
      {
        "text": "Clean up spilled pellets promptly, because spilled material may be a slip hazard.",
        "source": "tricolene-sds"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Battery case",
      "example": "Battery cases are listed among the products made from LDPE in the Wikipedia article.",
      "source": "wikipedia-ldpe",
      "where": "Applications section, product list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Cable insulation",
      "example": "Designerdata lists cable insulation as an LDPE application under electronics.",
      "source": "designerdata-ldpe",
      "where": "Applications section, Electronics line"
    },
    {
      "application": "radiation-shielding",
      "device": "Polyethylene baseline shield in ground radiation tests",
      "example": "The NASA report calls neat polyethylene and aluminum typical baseline materials for shielding studies. The report tests polyethylene, not LDPE by name.",
      "source": "nasa-shielding-rojdev",
      "where": "Section on borated and lithium-doped polyethylene, comparison with neat polyethylene and aluminum"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Low-density polyethylene (worldwide market)",
      "abundance": "Producers named on the safety data sheets read: Reliance Industries Limited (RELENE LDPE) and Tricon Energy Ltd. (Tricolene LDPE). No country shares or tonnages were found in any source read.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-ldpe",
      "where": "Introduction and History sections"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Designerdata, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) material data",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://designerdata.nl/materialen/kunststoffen/thermoplasten/low-density-polyetheen"
    },
    {
      "title": "Montachem Exelene LDPE Plastic Resin MSDS, revision 06/25/2022",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://montachem.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/LDPE-MSDS-English-V1.1.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Reliance Industries RELENE LDPE Material Safety Data Sheet, revision 10",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2023-01/MSDS_Relene_LDPE.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tricon Energy Tricolene LDPE Safety Data Sheet, revised 17 February 2022",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.triconenergy.com/media/kohlojbp/tricolene-ldpe-sds-english-2022-02-17.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Du, Lee and Ji, Study of Factors Affecting UV-Induced Photo-Degradation in Different Types of Polyethylene Sheets, Polymers 16(19), 2709",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/19/2709"
    },
    {
      "title": "Rojdev, Atwell, Wilkins, Gersey and Badavi, Evaluation of Multi-Functional Materials for Deep Space Radiation Shielding",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090020691/downloads/20090020691.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Banks, de Groh and Backus, Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit, NASA/TM-2008-215490",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "All datasheet values are generic LDPE values with no grade named. The Xometry and Designerdata pages cite no test standard, so the conditions recorded are as far as those pages state.",
    "Electrical resistivity and thermal expansion are printed with exponent notation on the Xometry and Designerdata pages and are not recorded, because the printed form cannot be matched.",
    "The NASA TM-2008-215490 erosion yields for polyethylene are printed with exponent notation, and the table does not say LDPE or HDPE. Nothing from that table is recorded for LDPE.",
    "No outgassing (total mass loss or collected volatile condensable material), radiation or thermal-cycling value for LDPE in space was found in the sources read.",
    "Chemical resistance is qualitative in the sources read. No retention figure for acids, bases or solvents was found.",
    "Producers and their country shares or tonnages were not found in any source read. The safety data sheets name Reliance Industries and Tricon Energy without figures.",
    "No standard designation (UNS, EN, ASTM type or trade number) for LDPE grades was printed in a source read, so none is listed.",
    "Shore hardness values on the Designerdata and Plastics International pages are not recorded, because no canonical property name fits the scale.",
    "Auto-ignition temperature and minimum ignition energy from the Relene SDS, and the decomposition onset from the Tricolene SDS, are not recorded, because no canonical property name fits them.",
    "The UV weathering values come from one laboratory study of a lab-made sheet with antioxidants. They are not a service test.",
    "The NASA radiation shielding report tests neat polyethylene, not LDPE by name. No LDPE shielding value was recorded from it."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "LDPE is the flexible, low-density grade of polyethylene. The Xometry data sheet gives a density of 0.918 g/cm3 and an elongation at break of 100 %, and the datasheets read use LDPE for films, bags, coatings and cable insulation. UV exposure is the main concern for exposed use, as the 2024 MDPI sheet study shows.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electrical and battery products",
        "line": "Battery cases are listed among LDPE products, and cable insulation is listed as an electronics use on Designerdata."
      },
      {
        "where": "Shielding studies",
        "line": "NASA radiation tests use neat polyethylene as a typical baseline material; the report does not name LDPE."
      },
      {
        "where": "Packaging",
        "line": "Wikipedia names plastic bags as LDPE's most common use, and Designerdata lists packaging foils and shrink wrap."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stretch and flex",
        "line": "The Xometry data sheet gives an elongation at break of 100 %, and the Plastics International ASTM D-638 row gives 515 %.",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Resist acids and bases",
        "line": "At room temperature LDPE resists most acids and bases, according to the Wikipedia chemical resistance ratings.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Insulate cables",
        "line": "Designerdata lists a breakdown potential of 28.55 kV/mm for LDPE, and cable insulation is an LDPE use it names.",
        "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "LDPE is less dense and less crystalline than linear HDPE, which gives it a lower tensile strength and higher resilience, as the Wikipedia article explains. The values in this profile come from generic datasheets, safety data sheets and one lab UV study, so they cannot rank LDPE against the other polymer profiles in this set.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elongation at break",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Control dust when grinding or handling pellets, since the Montachem SDS notes that dust can form an explosive atmosphere.",
      "Clean up spilled pellets promptly, because they are slippery (Tricolene SDS, Section 2.3).",
      "Treat molten LDPE as a burn hazard and wear heat-resistant gloves when handling hot material (Montachem SDS, Section 8)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Packaging foils, plastic bags and shrink wrap, according to the Designerdata applications list.",
      "Cable insulation, according to the Designerdata electronics applications line.",
      "Laboratory wash bottles, according to the Designerdata applications list."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "UV: elongation at break fell to 5.8 % after 4 weeks of UV weathering in the 2024 MDPI sheet study, so exposed parts need UV protection that this profile does not quantify.",
      "Heat: the Xometry data sheet gives a heat deflection temperature of 48 °C, and Wikipedia gives 65 °C as the continuous service limit.",
      "Melting values differ between sources: 115 °C on the Xometry data sheet and a range of 104 to 115 °C on the Relene SDS.",
      "Space exposure: no LDPE outgassing, erosion or radiation value was found in the sources read."
    ],
    "verdict": "LDPE is a flexible, low-density polyethylene with a density of 0.918 g/cm3 on a generic datasheet, and the safety data sheets read class the resin as not hazardous. Its weak point is UV: in a lab study elongation at break fell to 5.8 % after 4 weeks, and this profile holds no LDPE outgassing or erosion value.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "LDPE is made by free-radical polymerization of ethylene at high pressure, the process first used at ICI (Wikipedia, History section). Its branched chains give it a lower crystallinity and density than linear PE (Wikipedia, Properties section).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Forms the backbone of each ethylene unit in the polymer chain."
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Fills the remaining bonds of each ethylene unit."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The safety data sheets read do not classify solid LDPE as hazardous under EU or GHS rules.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "The Relene SDS says the product is not classified as dangerous for supply or use. The Montachem SDS gives 'Not hazardous according to GHS criteria'."
          },
          {
            "label": "Handling",
            "line": "Molten material can cause thermal burns, and dust can form an explosive atmosphere when dispersed in air, per the Montachem SDS."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified in the SDSs read"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The main failure route in the sources read is UV embrittlement, measured in a lab study.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "UV exposure",
            "line": "In the 2024 MDPI sheet study, elongation at break fell from 1020.2 % unweathered to 5.8 % after 4 weeks of UV weathering."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Embrittles under UV in a lab test"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 35,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages named in each entry. The Xometry, Plastics International and Designerdata values are generic LDPE values with no grade named. The MDPI values are from one lab-made sheet. The Relene and Tricolene values are safety data sheet values, not datasheet values. Caveats: no test standard on the Xometry and Designerdata pages, Designerdata melting values not recorded because they conflict with its own text, flash point is a lower limit."
  },
  "sources": {
    "xometry-ldpe": {
      "title": "Xometry LDPE data sheet (Low Density Polyethylene)",
      "id": "Xometry data sheet, Thermal, Mechanical and Physical Properties tables",
      "url": "https://xometry.asia/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LDPE.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturing service data sheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "plasticsintl-ldpe": {
      "title": "Plastics International LDPE data sheet",
      "id": "Property table with ASTM test methods, all values at 73 °F (23 °C) unless otherwise noted",
      "url": "https://www.plasticsintl.com/media/1bhhdvgs/ldpe-data-sheet.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier data sheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "designerdata-ldpe": {
      "title": "Designerdata, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)",
      "id": "Specific properties and material property list (English page text)",
      "url": "https://designerdata.nl/materialen/kunststoffen/thermoplasten/low-density-polyetheen",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-ldpe": {
      "title": "Low-density polyethylene, Wikipedia",
      "id": "Properties, Chemical resistance, Applications, History and Recycling sections",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "mdpi-uv-2024": {
      "title": "Study of Factors Affecting UV-Induced Photo-Degradation in Different Types of Polyethylene Sheets",
      "id": "Du, Lee and Ji, Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2709, DOI 10.3390/polym16192709; full text read from Europe PMC (PMC11478657)",
      "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11478657/fullTextXML",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access article, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "montachem-sds": {
      "title": "Montachem International, Exelene LDPE Plastic Resin MSDS",
      "id": "LDPE MSDS Revision Date 06/25/2022, English V1.1",
      "url": "https://montachem.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/LDPE-MSDS-English-V1.1.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "relene-sds": {
      "title": "Reliance Industries, RELENE LDPE Material Safety Data Sheet",
      "id": "Revision 10, 01 July 2022",
      "url": "https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2023-01/MSDS_Relene_LDPE.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "tricolene-sds": {
      "title": "Tricon Energy, Tricolene LDPE Safety Data Sheet",
      "id": "Revised February 17, 2022",
      "url": "https://www.triconenergy.com/media/kohlojbp/tricolene-ldpe-sds-english-2022-02-17.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier SDS, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-shielding-rojdev": {
      "title": "Evaluation of Multi-Functional Materials for Deep Space Radiation Shielding",
      "id": "Rojdev, Atwell, Wilkins, Gersey and Badavi, NASA NTRS 20090020691",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090020691/downloads/20090020691.pdf",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "nasa-tm-2008-215490": {
      "title": "Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Predictive Tool for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2008-215490 (Banks, de Groh and Backus), NTRS 20090011780",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20090011780",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ldpe/"
}