{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "lanthanum-manganite",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "oxide-ceramics",
  "name": "Lanthanum strontium manganite",
  "abbreviation": "LSM",
  "role": "perovskite oxide cathode for solid oxide fuel cells and colossal-magnetoresistance manganite",
  "category": "ceramics",
  "type": "oxides",
  "summary": "Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM, La1-xSrxMnO3) is a perovskite oxide in which strontium replaces part of the lanthanum. Wikipedia says it is widely used as a cathode in solid oxide fuel cells and that it belongs to the manganites that show colossal magnetoresistance. A supplier powder sheet gives an apparent density of 2.0 g/cm3 and a nominal particle size of 15 to 45 µm. Wikipedia gives a Curie temperature of about 350 to 370 K near x = 0.3. Two supplier safety data sheets disagree on the hazard class.\n",
  "best_for": "Solid oxide fuel cell cathode work, where Wikipedia says the thermal expansion is well matched to yttria-stabilized zirconia",
  "weakest_at": "The sources read here give no measured electrical conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient or melting point. The Curie range is a Wikipedia figure, not a single measurement.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "La1-xSrxMnO3, a perovskite solid solution of lanthanum manganite with strontium replacing part of the lanthanum",
    "cas": "66402-68-4",
    "crystal_system": "perovskite; rhombohedral, orthorhombic, cubic or hexagonal depending on Sr content",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "wiki-lsm",
    "where": "Lead section (formula, ABO3 perovskite); Structure section (crystal symmetries by Sr content). CAS number from the Fuel Cell Store SDS, section 1 and section 3; the Stanford sheet gives no CAS for the mixture."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "batteries",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Apparent density, powder (Stanford Advanced Materials)",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "grey to black spheroidal powder, catalogue MN5871, nominal chemistry (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3",
        "basis": "apparent (bulk powder) density, not crystal density"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Specifications section of a supplier product page as Range of Apparent Density (g/cm3)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The page prints one figure, so it is given as a value and not as a range.",
      "source": "sa-lsm-powder",
      "where": "Specifications section, Range of Apparent Density (g/cm3) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials: (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3 powder, catalogue MN5871, product page",
        "id": "Catalogue MN5871; Specifications section",
        "url": "https://powder.samaterials.com/mn5871-la08-sr02098-mno3-powder.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, composition near x = 0.3",
      "value": 350,
      "value_high": 370,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "composition": "La1-xSrxMnO3 near x = 0.3 (figure caption example La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)",
        "note": "as stated in the article"
      },
      "method": "Range stated in the Wikipedia article, electronic and magnetic properties section; no single measurement is given",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Stated as a range, not a measured point. Read as approximate.",
      "source": "wiki-lsm",
      "where": "Electronic and magnetic properties section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Lanthanum strontium manganite",
        "id": "Wikipedia article, read 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum_strontium_manganite",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "particle_size_distribution",
      "label": "Nominal particle size range, spheroidal powder",
      "value": 15,
      "value_high": 45,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "spheroidal powder, catalogue MN5871",
        "sieve": "nominal -45 +15 µm band as printed"
      },
      "method": "Nominal particle size distribution printed in the Specifications section of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Custom snake_case name, not in property-canon.yaml. The printed band is -45 +15 µm, read here as 15 to 45 µm.",
      "source": "sa-lsm-powder",
      "where": "Specifications section, Nom. Particle Size Distr. (µm) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials: (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3 powder, catalogue MN5871, product page",
        "id": "Catalogue MN5871; Specifications section",
        "url": "https://powder.samaterials.com/mn5871-la08-sr02098-mno3-powder.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Strong acids, strong bases and strong oxidizing agents",
      "headline": "Both SDSs list strong acids, strong bases or oxidizers as incompatible. No corrosion rate or test was read.",
      "effect": "The Fuel Cell Store sheet lists strong acids, strong bases and strong oxidizers as incompatible materials. The Stanford sheet says the material reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Neither gives a rate, a test result or a time scale.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "incompatibility lists in two supplier SDSs; no test",
        "form": "powder"
      },
      "source": "fcs-lsm",
      "where": "Section 7.2 and Section 10.5 (Incompatible materials). Stanford sheet, Section 10 (Possibility of hazardous reactions)."
    },
    {
      "environment": "High temperature in a solid oxide fuel cell stack (about 800 °C and above)",
      "headline": "The cathode is said to match the thermal expansion of the usual zirconia electrolyte. No ageing or degradation study was read.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says LSMO is widely used as a cathode in solid oxide fuel cells and that its thermal expansion is well matched to yttria-stabilized zirconia. The supplier powder page says it performs well above 800 °C. No ageing, degradation or corrosion study was read.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative compatibility statements; no ageing test",
        "note": "a compatibility statement, not a corrosion test"
      },
      "source": "wiki-lsm",
      "where": "Applications section (fuel cell cathode, thermal expansion match). Supplier powder page, product description."
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Stanford Advanced Materials sheet, OSHA HCS: Acute Tox. 4 (H312, harmful in contact with skin), Skin Irrit. 2 (H315), Eye Irrit. 2A (H319, causes serious eye irritation) and STOT SE 3 (H335, may cause respiratory irritation). Signal word Warning.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sa-lsm",
        "where": "Section 2 (Hazards identification)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Fuel Cell Store sheet, for CAS 66402-68-4: Skin Corr. 1B (H314, causes severe skin burns and eye damage) and Eye Dam. 1 (H318, causes serious eye damage). Signal word Danger. Strontium oxide in the composition is Skin Corr. 1B (H314). The two supplier sheets disagree.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "fcs-lsm",
        "where": "Section 2 (Hazards identification) and Section 3 (Composition)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem for lanthanum sesquioxide, one of the components: H315, H319 and H335 with the signal word Warning, from the notifier summary.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-la2o3",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 150906)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Fire involving the powder",
        "trigger": "Powder involved in a fire",
        "consequence": "Releases metal oxide fume (Stanford sheet). The Fuel Cell Store sheet lists oxides of carbon, strontium, manganese and lanthanum as decomposition products.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "sa-lsm",
        "where": "Section 5 (Special hazards) and Section 10 (Hazardous decomposition products)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Contact with strong oxidizing agents",
        "trigger": "Mixing with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids or strong bases",
        "consequence": "The Stanford sheet says the material reacts with strong oxidizing agents. No reaction products beyond metal oxide fume are named.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sa-lsm",
        "where": "Section 10 (Possibility of hazardous reactions; Incompatible materials)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Stanford sheet: keep the container tightly sealed in a cool, dry place, away from oxidizing agents, and ensure good ventilation at the workplace.",
        "source": "sa-lsm",
        "where": "Section 7 (Handling and storage)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Stanford sheet: use a properly operating chemical fume hood, nitrile gloves (0.11 mm thickness, 480 minutes penetration time) and safety glasses. Use a P100 or P3 respirator cartridge as a backup to engineering controls.",
        "source": "sa-lsm",
        "where": "Section 8 (Exposure controls and personal protection)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Fuel Cell Store sheet: avoid dust formation and wear dustproof, corrosionproof clothing where dust is produced.",
        "source": "fcs-lsm",
        "where": "Section 8 (Skin and body protection)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Solid oxide fuel cell cathode",
      "example": "Wikipedia says LSMO is widely used as a cathode material in solid oxide fuel cells, citing Armstrong and Virkar (2002). The source names no stack or cell model. A fuel cell is not a battery; it is filed here because the applications list has no fuel-cell category.",
      "source": "wiki-lsm",
      "where": "Applications section"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Colossal-magnetoresistance research material",
      "example": "Wikipedia lists LSMO among the perovskite manganites that show colossal magnetoresistance, where the resistance changes dramatically in an applied magnetic field. The article names no device.",
      "source": "wiki-lsm",
      "where": "Transport and spintronic properties section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Manganese (mine production, manganese content)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 38,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Gabon",
          "share_percent": 25,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Ghana",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (manganese, used in steel production and batteries)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: Manganese was recycled incidentally as a constituent of ferrous and nonferrous scrap; scrap recovery specifically for manganese was negligible.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mn",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 20,000 thousand t, rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed world total. Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Rare earths (lanthanum is one of them; not split out in the USGS table)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 69.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 13.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 7.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Burma",
          "share_percent": 5.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (lanthanum, used in chemical catalysts, metallurgy and batteries)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets and fluorescent lamps.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-rare",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (world total 390,000 t of rare-earth oxide, rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom. Recycling and Substitutes sections. Lanthanum listing from the USGS critical-minerals page."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials safety data sheet: Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide (revised 01/01/2023)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697119985-1889-lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm-cathode-powder-sds.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Fuel Cell Store safety data sheet: lanthanum strontium manganite powder (CAS 66402-68-4, revision date 10/01/2015)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.fuelcellstore.com/msds-sheets/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-powder-msds.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Lanthanum sesquioxide (CID 150906), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/150906",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Rare earths",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Only three properties have a value in a source read here. Melting point, crystal density, thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity and oxygen transport were not found in an accessible source. encyclopedia.pub, recercat and the American Elements LSM page returned 403, and a Thai thesis PDF timed out. An encyclopedia.pub entry on LSM20 appeared in search results with thermal expansion and conductivity figures, but the page itself could not be opened, so none of its numbers are used.",
    "No PubChem record for the LSM solid solution was found. Only the component lanthanum sesquioxide (CID 150906) is cited.",
    "The two SDSs disagree. Stanford gives H312, H315, H319 and H335 (Warning), with manganese(II) oxide (CAS 1344-43-0) in the composition. Fuel Cell Store gives H314 and H318 (Danger), with manganese oxide given as Mn3O4 (CAS 1317-35-7) and a 100 percent product entry under CAS 66402-68-4. The hazard row keeps both.",
    "Strontium supply, abundance and critical-list status were not read. Lanthanum abundance was not read.",
    "The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for lanthanum or manganese.",
    "Lanthanum production is not split from the rare-earth total in the USGS table, so the rare-earth shares describe the group.",
    "No humidity, ageing, radiation, vacuum or flight result was found. No space application was read, so no environments tag is given.",
    "The particle size property uses a custom snake_case name (particle_size_distribution) because no canonical name fits.",
    "The colossal-magnetoresistance use names no device. Its application tag is only a research use.",
    "The solid oxide fuel cell use is tagged batteries because the applications list has no fuel-cell category."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM, La1-xSrxMnO3) is a perovskite oxide in which strontium replaces part of the lanthanum in LaMnO3. Wikipedia says it is widely used as a cathode in solid oxide fuel cells and that it is one of the manganites that show colossal magnetoresistance. Its cathode use depends on electronic conduction and on a thermal expansion that the article says is well matched to yttria-stabilized zirconia, the usual electrolyte. The sources read here give no measured conductivity, thermal expansion or melting point, so the case rests on composition, the Curie range and the supplier listings.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Solid oxide fuel cell cathode",
        "line": "Wikipedia says LSMO is widely used as a cathode material in solid oxide fuel cells, citing Armstrong and Virkar (2002). The source names no cell or stack model."
      },
      {
        "where": "Colossal-magnetoresistance research",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists LSMO among the perovskite manganites that show colossal magnetoresistance, where the resistance changes dramatically in an applied magnetic field. The article names no device."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Curie range",
        "line": "Wikipedia gives a Curie temperature of about 350 to 370 K for the composition near x = 0.3. The same article says conductivity is highest near that composition.",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "About 350 to 370 K"
      },
      {
        "label": "Apparent density",
        "line": "A supplier powder page gives an apparent density of 2.0 g/cm3. This is a bulk powder figure, not a crystal density.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2.0 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Particle size",
        "line": "The supplier powder page gives a nominal spheroidal particle size of -45 +15 µm, read here as 15 to 45 µm.",
        "benchmark": "particle_size_distribution",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "15 to 45 µm"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "LSM is compared here only on the three properties that have a source. Its Curie range is a single range rather than a measured transition, and its apparent density is a bulk powder figure rather than a crystal density. No melting point, conductivity or thermal expansion value could be read, so the table cannot place LSM against other cathodes on those.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Apparent density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Curie temperature range",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Nominal particle size",
        "benchmark": "particle_size_distribution",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep the container tightly sealed in a cool, dry place, away from oxidizing agents (Stanford sheet).",
      "Use a fume hood, nitrile gloves and safety glasses. Stanford advises a P100 or P3 cartridge respirator as a backup.",
      "Strong acids and strong bases are also listed as incompatible by the Fuel Cell Store sheet."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Solid oxide fuel cell cathode work, where the article says the thermal expansion is well matched to yttria-stabilized zirconia.",
      "Magnetoresistance research near a Curie range of about 350 to 370 K."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "The hazard data disagree. One SDS calls the powder harmful and irritant, the other corrosive to skin and eyes.",
      "No measured conductivity, thermal expansion or melting point was read, so LSM cannot yet be ranked against other cathodes on those properties.",
      "The composition varies. The supplier sheets name different manganese oxides (MnO and Mn3O4), and x sets the strontium content."
    ],
    "verdict": "LSM is a well-known SOFC cathode and a magnetoresistive oxide, but this profile holds only three sourced properties. Its supplier hazard data disagree, so handle the powder as harmful and irritant until the SDS for your exact product is checked.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "LSM is a lanthanum manganite in which strontium replaces part of the lanthanum, giving La1-xSrxMnO3. Wikipedia defines x as the fraction of La ions replaced by Sr, and its figure caption gives La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 as an example. Both supplier safety sheets describe the powder as a mix of lanthanum oxide, strontium oxide and manganese oxide, not as one named compound.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Lanthanum",
          "symbol": "La",
          "role": "The large metal ion of the perovskite structure. Part of it is replaced by strontium."
        },
        {
          "name": "Strontium",
          "symbol": "Sr",
          "role": "Replaces part of the lanthanum. Wikipedia gives x, the replaced fraction, as the composition variable."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "The manganese ion in the manganese-oxygen framework. Wikipedia says the conductivity is highest near x = 0.3."
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Three oxygen per formula unit in the ABO3 perovskite structure, according to Wikipedia."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Two supplier safety data sheets classify the powder, and they do not agree. The Stanford sheet gives irritant and harmful hazards. The Fuel Cell Store sheet, for a different composition, gives skin burns and serious eye damage.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Stanford hazards",
            "line": "H312 (harmful in contact with skin), H315 (causes skin irritation), H319 (causes serious eye irritation) and H335 (may cause respiratory irritation). Signal word Warning."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fuel Cell Store hazards",
            "line": "H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage) and H318 (causes serious eye damage), signal word Danger. Strontium oxide in its composition is Skin Corr. 1B."
          },
          {
            "label": "Component",
            "line": "PubChem records H315, H319 and H335, signal word Warning, for lanthanum sesquioxide, one of the components."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Harmful on skin contact; SDSs disagree on eye damage"
      },
      {
        "title": "In a fire",
        "lead": "Heat or fire releases metal oxide fumes. No service-incident or failure-rate data were read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fume",
            "line": "The Stanford sheet says a fire can release metal oxide fume. The Fuel Cell Store sheet lists oxides of carbon, strontium, manganese and lanthanum as decomposition products."
          },
          {
            "label": "Mixing",
            "line": "The Stanford sheet says the material reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Both sheets list strong acids, strong bases or oxidizers as incompatible."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "Keep the container tightly sealed in a cool, dry place, away from oxidizing agents (Stanford sheet). The Fuel Cell Store sheet adds strong acids and strong bases to the incompatible list."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and exposure",
            "line": "Use a fume hood, nitrile gloves (0.11 mm, 480 minutes penetration time) and safety glasses. Stanford advises a P100 or P3 cartridge respirator as a backup to engineering controls."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust clothing",
            "line": "Fuel Cell Store advises dustproof, corrosionproof clothing where dust forms."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 3,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26. Unreachable in that run: encyclopedia.pub (403), recercat (403), the American Elements LSM page (403), a Thai thesis PDF (timeout). Caveats: the two SDSs disagree on hazard class and composition; the Curie range is a Wikipedia range, not a measurement."
  },
  "sources": {
    "sa-lsm": {
      "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials: Safety Data Sheet, Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide",
      "id": "Revised 01/01/2023; accessed 25/08/2023; CAS number blank on the sheet; components CAS 1312-81-8, 1314-11-0, 1344-43-0",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697119985-1889-lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm-cathode-powder-sds.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "fcs-lsm": {
      "title": "Fuel Cell Store: Safety Data Sheet, Lanthanum strontium manganite powder",
      "id": "CAS 66402-68-4; revision date 10/01/2015; version 1.0",
      "url": "https://www.fuelcellstore.com/msds-sheets/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-powder-msds.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "sa-lsm-powder": {
      "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials: (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3 powder, catalogue MN5871, product page",
      "id": "Catalogue MN5871; Specifications section",
      "url": "https://powder.samaterials.com/mn5871-la08-sr02098-mno3-powder.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-lsm": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Lanthanum strontium manganite",
      "id": "Wikipedia article, read 2026-10-26",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum_strontium_manganite",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-la2o3": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Lanthanum sesquioxide (CID 150906)",
      "id": "CID 150906; molecular formula La2O3; molecular weight 325.809",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/150906",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "usgs-rare": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Rare Earths",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mn": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Manganese",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)",
      "id": "2025 List of Critical Minerals; 60 minerals",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/lanthanum-manganite/"
}