{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "kanthal-a1",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "resistance-and-thermocouple-alloys",
  "name": "Kanthal A-1 (FeCrAl resistance heating alloy)",
  "abbreviation": "FeCrAl",
  "role": "resistance heating alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Kanthal A-1 is a ferritic iron-chromium-aluminium resistance heating alloy sold under the Kanthal trademark. Its wire datasheet gives a melting point of 1500 °C, a maximum continuous operating temperature in air of 1400 °C and an electrical resistivity of 1.45 Ω mm2/m at 20 °C. Typical use is electrical heating elements in high-temperature furnaces.\n",
  "best_for": "Electrical heating elements in air up to 1400 °C, where the maker's 1400 °C continuous limit and 1.45 Ω mm2/m resistivity are the main reasons to choose it",
  "weakest_at": "Strength when hot: the datasheet's tensile strength falls from 34 MPa at 900 °C to 4 MPa at 1300 °C, and creep data are given only at 800 °C and 1000 °C",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Ferritic iron-chromium-aluminium alloy (FeCrAl). Datasheet composition: Cr 20.5 to 23.5 %, Al 5.8 % (nominal), C max 0.08 %, Si max 0.7 %, Mn max 0.4 %, Fe balance",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
    "where": "Chemical composition table of the Kanthal A-1 wire datasheet (nominal row and min and max rows). The extracted page did not keep the column headers for the nominal row, so 5.8 is assigned to Al and Bal. to Fe by column order (the strip datasheet shows the same order)."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Kanthal A-1",
      "value": 7.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire and strip (same value on both datasheets)",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties list of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Physical properties, Density row (printed as 7.10 (0.257) g/cm3); the strip datasheet prints 7.10 g/cm3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Kanthal A-1",
      "value": 1500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "melting point printed in the datasheet property list; no test condition stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties list of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Physical properties, Melting point row (printed as 1500 (2732) °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum continuous operating temperature in air, Kanthal A-1",
      "value": 1400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air",
        "basis": "maximum continuous operating temperature, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the datasheet property list and repeated in its introduction ('up to 1400°C')",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Physical properties, row 'Max continuous operating temperature in air'; introduction text",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, Kanthal A-1",
      "value": 1.45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω mm2/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "Ω mm2/m (printed also as 872 Ω circ. mil/ft)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties list of the datasheet; the unit is kept as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Physical properties, Electrical resistivity at 20 °C row (printed as 1.45 (872))",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature table",
      "value": 545,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire, 1.0 mm diameter",
        "property": "Rp0.2 (0.2 % offset)",
        "temperature": "room-temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, 1.0 mm row, Yield strength Rp0.2 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature table",
      "value": 760,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire, 1.0 mm diameter",
        "temperature": "room-temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, 1.0 mm row, Tensile strength Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A, 1.0 mm wire, room temperature table",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire, 1.0 mm diameter",
        "temperature": "room-temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, 1.0 mm row, Elongation A % column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, 4.0 mm wire, room temperature table",
      "value": 475,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire, 4.0 mm diameter",
        "property": "Rp0.2 (0.2 % offset)",
        "temperature": "room-temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, 4.0 mm row, Yield strength Rp0.2 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, 4.0 mm wire, room temperature table",
      "value": 680,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire, 4.0 mm diameter",
        "temperature": "room-temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, 4.0 mm row, Tensile strength Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A, 4.0 mm wire, room temperature table",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire, 4.0 mm diameter",
        "temperature": "room-temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, 4.0 mm row, Elongation A % column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, 1.5 mm strip, room temperature",
      "value": 460,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, 1.5 mm thickness",
        "property": "Rp0.2 (0.2 % offset)",
        "temperature": "room temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the strip datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-strip",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, thickness 1.5 mm row, Rp0.2 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 strip datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (strip)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/products/material-datasheets/strip/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, 1.5 mm strip, room temperature",
      "value": 670,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, 1.5 mm thickness",
        "temperature": "room temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the strip datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-strip",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, thickness 1.5 mm row, Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 strip datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (strip)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/products/material-datasheets/strip/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A, 1.5 mm strip, room temperature",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, 1.5 mm thickness",
        "temperature": "room temperature table; no temperature printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the strip datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-strip",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, thickness 1.5 mm row, Elongation A column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 strip datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (strip)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/products/material-datasheets/strip/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 900 °C",
      "value": 34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "900 °C",
        "test": "ultimate tensile strength at elevated temperature; wire size not printed; deformation rate as stated in the datasheet heading"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the elevated-temperature table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature, 900 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 1000 °C",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °C",
        "test": "ultimate tensile strength at elevated temperature; wire size not printed; deformation rate as stated in the datasheet heading"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the elevated-temperature table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature, 1000 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 1100 °C",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1100 °C",
        "test": "ultimate tensile strength at elevated temperature; wire size not printed; deformation rate as stated in the datasheet heading"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the elevated-temperature table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature, 1100 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 1200 °C",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1200 °C",
        "test": "ultimate tensile strength at elevated temperature; wire size not printed; deformation rate as stated in the datasheet heading"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the elevated-temperature table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature, 1200 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at 1300 °C",
      "value": 4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1300 °C",
        "test": "ultimate tensile strength at elevated temperature; wire size not printed; deformation rate as stated in the datasheet heading"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the elevated-temperature table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature, 1300 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_strength_1pct_1000h",
      "label": "Creep strength, 1 % elongation in 1000 h, at 800 °C",
      "value": 1.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "criterion": "1 % elongation in 1000 h",
        "form": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the creep table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name (creep_strength_1pct_1000h); not in the canonical property file.",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Creep strength (1% elongation in 1000 h), 800 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_strength_1pct_1000h",
      "label": "Creep strength, 1 % elongation in 1000 h, at 1000 °C",
      "value": 0.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °C",
        "criterion": "1 % elongation in 1000 h",
        "form": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the creep table of the wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name (creep_strength_1pct_1000h); not in the canonical property file.",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Creep strength (1% elongation in 1000 h), 1000 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Kanthal A-1, at 50 °C",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "50 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal conductivity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table, 50 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Kanthal A-1, at 600 °C",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "600 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal conductivity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table, 600 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Kanthal A-1, at 1000 °C",
      "value": 26,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal conductivity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table, 1000 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Kanthal A-1, at 1400 °C",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1400 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal conductivity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table, 1400 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 250 °C",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 250 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x 10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal expansion table of the datasheet; unit converted from x 10-6/K, which is the same as ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Coefficient of thermal expansion table, 20 to 250 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 500 °C",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 500 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x 10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal expansion table of the datasheet; unit converted from x 10-6/K, which is the same as ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Coefficient of thermal expansion table, 20 to 500 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 750 °C",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 750 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x 10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal expansion table of the datasheet; unit converted from x 10-6/K, which is the same as ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Coefficient of thermal expansion table, 20 to 750 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 1000 °C",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 1000 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x 10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the thermal expansion table of the datasheet; unit converted from x 10-6/K, which is the same as ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Coefficient of thermal expansion table, 20 to 1000 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 °C",
      "value": 0.46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "kJ kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the specific heat capacity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Specific heat capacity table, 20 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 400 °C",
      "value": 0.63,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "400 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "kJ kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the specific heat capacity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Specific heat capacity table, 400 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 600 °C",
      "value": 0.75,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "600 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "kJ kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the specific heat capacity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Specific heat capacity table, 600 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 1400 °C",
      "value": 0.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1400 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "kJ kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the specific heat capacity table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Specific heat capacity table, 1400 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus at 20 °C",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Young's modulus table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Young's modulus table, 20 °C row (printed as 220 [32] GPa [Msi])",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus at 600 °C",
      "value": 170,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "600 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Young's modulus table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Young's modulus table, 600 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus at 1000 °C",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Young's modulus table of the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Young's modulus table, 1000 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
        "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie point, Kanthal A-1 (magnetic below this temperature)",
      "value": 600,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "printed as approximately 600°C; the datasheet says the material is magnetic up to approximately this temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the magnetic properties text of the strip datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Printed as 'approximately 600°C (Curie point)'; the value is approximate as printed.",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-strip",
      "where": "Magnetic properties, sentence on magnetism up to approximately 600°C (Curie point)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kanthal® A-1 strip datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (strip)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/products/material-datasheets/strip/kanthal-a-1",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air at high temperature",
      "headline": "The maker rates Kanthal A-1 for use in air up to 1400 °C and calls its oxidation resistance very good.",
      "effect": "The datasheet says the alloy is 'characterized by high resistivity and very good oxidation resistance'. It does not name the oxide scale, give an oxidation rate, or state a test duration.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air",
        "basis": "manufacturer datasheet statement; no oxidation test data printed"
      },
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph of the wire datasheet"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Repeated heating and cooling (cyclic service)",
      "headline": "No cycling or oxidation test data were found for Kanthal A-1 in the sources read.",
      "effect": "The wire and strip datasheets give property tables only, with no cycling test, scale-adhesion result or weight-change data. Resistance to repeated heating and cooling is therefore not established by this profile.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "no test data in the sources read"
      },
      "source": "kanthal-a1-strip",
      "where": "Whole strip datasheet read; no oxidation or cycling section printed"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Kanthal's safety information sheet lists Kanthal A1 together with A, AE, AF, AMR, AX2, D, DT and LT in one document. It gives GHS statement H351 (Warning, suspected of causing cancer), H317 (Warning, may cause an allergic skin reaction) and H372 (Danger, causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure). The sheet covers several grades at once, so these are family-level statements, not a separate classification for Kanthal A-1. It prints no pictograms.",
        "ghs": [
          "H351",
          "H317",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "kanthal-a1-sis",
        "where": "Multi-grade safety information sheet, product line and GHS statements (Italian page, sheet revised 2026-08-25)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation or overheating above the 1400 °C air limit",
        "trigger": "Continuous service above 1400 °C in air",
        "consequence": "The datasheet gives no time to failure above the limit and prints no oxidation rate.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
        "where": "Physical properties, row 'Max continuous operating temperature in air'"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of strength when hot",
        "trigger": "Load applied at 900 °C or above",
        "consequence": "Tensile strength in the datasheet's elevated-temperature table falls from 34 MPa at 900 °C to 4 MPa at 1300 °C. Creep is given only at 800 °C and 1000 °C.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
        "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature table; creep strength table"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "No storage, handling, forming or welding advice is printed in the Kanthal A-1 datasheets read. The safety information sheet that lists A1 is cited under risks.hazards.",
        "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
        "where": "Whole wire datasheet read; no handling section printed"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Keep service at or below the printed 1400 °C continuous limit in air; the datasheet gives no higher rating.",
        "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
        "where": "Physical properties, row 'Max continuous operating temperature in air'"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Electrical heating elements in high-temperature furnaces",
      "example": "The Kanthal datasheet says typical applications for Kanthal A-1 are electrical heating elements in high-temperature furnaces.",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Application sentence in the datasheet text"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Furnaces for heat treatment, ceramics, glass, steel and electronics industries",
      "example": "The same datasheet sentence names heat treatment, ceramics, glass, steel and electronics as the industries that use these furnaces. This is a ground use.",
      "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
      "where": "Application sentence in the datasheet text (same sentence as the furnace heating-element use)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 37.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 11.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS iron ore chapter: 'None'. It refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: the only source of primary iron is iron ore, used directly as direct-shipping ore or converted to briquettes, concentrates, DRI, iron nuggets, pellets, or sinter."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, usable ore, 2025e (world total 2,600,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that printed total). Recycling and Substitutes sections. Critical list status from the USGS 2025 final list page (iron not on it)."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025, recycled chromium (contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts) accounted for 21% of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys, the major strategic end use."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom; Kazakhstan value estimated by USGS); Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list from the USGS 2025 final list page."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 28% of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: copper can replace aluminum in electrical and heat-exchange applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum",
      "where": "World Smelter Production table, 2025e column (world total 74,000 thousand t, rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that printed total). Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list from the USGS 2025 final list page (the USGS spelling is Aluminum)."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Kanthal A-1 resistance heating wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1"
    },
    {
      "title": "Kanthal A-1 strip datasheet (Kanthal)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/products/material-datasheets/strip/kanthal-a-1"
    },
    {
      "title": "Kanthal FeCrAl alloys list (Kanthal), table row for Kanthal A-1",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/materials-in-wire-and-strip-form/wire/list-of-alloys/list-of-fecral-alloys/"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron Ore",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Kanthal safety information sheet, multi-grade sheet listing Kanthal A1 (Kanthal prodshop)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://prodshop.kanthal.com/it/prodotti/datasheets/safety-information-sheets/safety-information-sheet/kanthal/"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "The only hazard statements found are in a safety information sheet that covers Kanthal A1 with eight other FeCrAl grades in one document, so they are family-level. The official single-grade Kanthal A-1 safety sheet page returned not found in this run, and no separate A-1 classification was read.",
    "No PubChem GHS record for the alloy or its elements was read: the PubChem page returned a browser check in this run.",
    "No UNS, EN (1.xxxx or name), DIN, AISI, ASTM, SAE or JIS designation is printed for Kanthal A-1 in any source read. Only the trade name is listed.",
    "Poisson's ratio 0.30 is printed on the wire and strip datasheets without a unit, so it is left out rather than given a unit.",
    "Emissivity of fully oxidized material, 0.70, is printed without a unit or temperature, so it is left out.",
    "The Ct temperature factor for electrical resistivity (100 to 1400 °C) on the strip datasheet is not a canonical property and is not recorded.",
    "Hardness values printed in Hv on the wire and strip datasheets are not recorded in this profile.",
    "The composition nominal row lost its column headers in the extracted page; the 5.8 aluminium figure and the Fe balance are assigned by column order, and the carbon, silicon and manganese figures are maximums only.",
    "The room-temperature mechanical table prints no test temperature, and the elevated-temperature table prints no wire size. Hot tensile values are therefore not tied to a wire diameter.",
    "The wire datasheet gives 2550 °F in its text and 2552 °F in its table for the 1400 °C limit; the Celsius value is the same in both.",
    "No oxidation rate, scale composition, weight-change, cyclic-oxidation or steam-exposure data for Kanthal A-1 were found. The Kanthal APM and D steam-oxidation paper found in a search concerns sibling grades and is not used.",
    "No space or flight application for Kanthal A-1 was found. Both listed uses are terrestrial furnace uses.",
    "Atomic weights and a CAS number for the alloy were not read from a fetched page, so the recipe carries percentages only.",
    "The trade name is printed as Kanthal® A-1 on both datasheets, with the registered mark written as an HTML entity. The verifier could not match that encoding, so the trade name is not listed in identity.designations; the name field carries it.",
    "EU critical raw materials list not checked for iron, chromium or aluminium. Only the USGS 2025 list is recorded.",
    "Supply abundance (crustal abundance) for iron, chromium and aluminium was not read in this run.",
    "No images were read or published for this profile, so the media list is empty.",
    "The Wikipedia article on the Kanthal alloy family gives composition ranges for the family as a whole; those are not Kanthal A-1 values and are not used as properties."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Kanthal A-1 is a resistance heating alloy from the Kanthal FeCrAl family, which was first developed in Hallstahammar, Sweden, according to Wikipedia. Its wire datasheet gives a melting point of 1500 °C, a maximum continuous operating temperature in air of 1400 °C and an electrical resistivity of 1.45 Ω mm2/m at 20 °C. It is a heater alloy because current passing through it produces heat at high temperature. The trade-off is strength: room-temperature tensile strength is 760 MPa for 1.0 mm wire, but falls to 34 MPa at 900 °C.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electric heating elements",
        "line": "The Kanthal datasheet says typical applications for Kanthal A-1 are electrical heating elements in high-temperature furnaces."
      },
      {
        "where": "Furnaces for heat treatment and other industries",
        "line": "The same datasheet sentence names heat treatment, ceramics, glass, steel and electronics as the industries that use these furnaces. These are ground uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Space use",
        "line": "No space or flight application for Kanthal A-1 was found in the sources read."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Heat in air",
        "line": "The datasheet gives a maximum continuous operating temperature in air of 1400 °C, as printed in its property list.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1400 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melt",
        "line": "The melting point is printed as 1500 °C, the value in the datasheet's physical properties list.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1500 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "The electrical resistivity at 20 °C is 1.45 Ω mm2/m. This is the property that makes the alloy suitable as a heater.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.45 Ω mm2/m"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength at room temperature",
        "line": "Room-temperature tensile strength is 760 MPa for 1.0 mm wire and 680 MPa for 4.0 mm wire, in the datasheet's room-temperature table, which prints no test temperature.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "760 MPa for 1.0 mm wire"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "The datasheet prints a density of 7.10 g/cm3 with no temperature condition.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.10 g/cm3"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Kanthal A-1 is one grade in the Kanthal range of FeCrAl heating alloys. The Kanthal FeCrAl list prints its maximum continuous operating temperature in air (1400 °C) and its electrical resistivity at 20 °C (1.45 Ω mm2/m) in one table row, next to the other FeCrAl grades. No second grade was profiled in this run, so the compare rows use Kanthal A-1's own figures only.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Maximum continuous operating temperature in air",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Treat the 1400 °C figure as the continuous limit in air. The datasheet does not give a short-term rating.",
      "The datasheets read carry no storage, forming, welding or descaling advice for this grade.",
      "The safety information sheet gives statements on suspected cancer risk, skin sensitisation and organ damage from prolonged exposure for the grade family. Check the current Kanthal sheet before handling dust, swarf or fume."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Heating elements in air: a maximum continuous operating temperature of 1400 °C and a resistivity of 1.45 Ω mm2/m at 20 °C, both from the datasheet.",
      "Furnace heating in high-temperature industries, the use the datasheet names first."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength falls steeply with temperature: 34 MPa tensile at 900 °C and 4 MPa at 1300 °C in the datasheet's elevated-temperature table.",
      "Creep data exist only at 800 °C (1.2 MPa) and 1000 °C (0.5 MPa), each for 1 % elongation in 1000 h.",
      "All values come from one manufacturer's datasheets; no independent test data for this grade were found."
    ],
    "verdict": "Kanthal A-1 is a heating-element alloy with a maker's continuous limit of 1400 °C in air. The datasheet supports that use, but it gives little strength data above 900 °C. The safety sheet for a group of grades that includes A1 lists three hazard statements and no separate A-1 classification.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Kanthal A-1 is a ferritic iron-chromium-aluminium alloy, sold under the Kanthal trademark, with no UNS or EN number printed in any source read. The datasheet's composition table gives chromium at 20.5 to 23.5 %, aluminium at 5.8 % (nominal) and iron as the balance, with maximum limits on carbon, silicon and manganese. The melting and rolling process is not described in the sources read.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy. The datasheet prints Fe as the balance (Bal.) in its nominal row.",
          "share_note": "balance",
          "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, nominal row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "The second main alloying element in the datasheet composition table. The datasheet gives a minimum and maximum, not a nominal figure.",
          "share_percent": 20.5,
          "share_high": 23.5,
          "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, min and max rows"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "The nominal aluminium figure printed in the datasheet composition table. The column header was lost in extraction, so this assignment is by column order.",
          "share_percent": 5.8,
          "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, nominal row (5.8)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "A trace element; the datasheet gives a maximum only.",
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08",
          "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, max row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "A trace element; the datasheet gives a maximum only.",
          "share_note": "maximum 0.7",
          "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, max row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "A trace element; the datasheet gives a maximum only.",
          "share_note": "maximum 0.4",
          "source": "kanthal-a1-wire",
          "where": "Chemical composition table, max row"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The Kanthal safety information sheet that lists A1 gives three GHS statements for the grade family. The datasheets read carry no hazard, storage or handling statements.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "The safety information sheet, which covers A1 with eight other grades in one document, gives three GHS statements, listed under risks.hazards. It prints no separate classification for A-1 alone."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fumes and dust",
            "line": "No source read covers fume or dust from grinding, cutting or welding this alloy, so none is stated here."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Family-level GHS statements only"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it overheats",
        "lead": "The datasheet gives a continuous limit in air, and no failure time above it.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Above 1400 °C",
            "line": "The maximum continuous operating temperature in air is 1400 °C. The datasheet gives no time to failure above that value."
          },
          {
            "label": "Strength when hot",
            "line": "In the datasheet's elevated-temperature table, tensile strength is 34 MPa at 900 °C and 4 MPa at 1300 °C. These are short tests at a stated deformation rate, not design loads."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Design limit",
            "line": "Keep service at or below 1400 °C in air. The datasheet gives no storage, forming or welding advice."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 36,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the Kanthal A-1 wire and strip datasheets and the Kanthal FeCrAl list page, and from the USGS 2026 commodity chapters. Caveats: all Kanthal values are manufacturer figures with no test standard printed; the composition column assignment is by position; the creep and Curie entries use non-canonical or approximate wording as printed."
  },
  "sources": {
    "kanthal-a1-wire": {
      "title": "Kanthal® A-1 resistance heating wire and resistance wire datasheet (Kanthal)",
      "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (wire)",
      "url": "https://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-and-resistance-wire/kanthal-a-1",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kanthal-a1-strip": {
      "title": "Kanthal® A-1 strip datasheet (Kanthal)",
      "id": "Kanthal material datasheet, kanthal-a-1 (strip)",
      "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/products/material-datasheets/strip/kanthal-a-1",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kanthal-fecral-list": {
      "title": "Kanthal FeCrAl wire alloys: list of FeCrAl alloys (Kanthal)",
      "id": "Kanthal product list, FeCrAl alloys",
      "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/materials-in-wire-and-strip-form/wire/list-of-alloys/list-of-fecral-alloys/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-kanthal-alloy": {
      "title": "Kanthal (alloy), Wikipedia: history and family of FeCrAl alloys",
      "id": "Wikipedia article Kanthal (alloy)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanthal_(alloy)",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia); cited for history only"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-iron": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Aluminum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list of 60 minerals)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "kanthal-a1-sis": {
      "title": "Kanthal safety information sheet, multi-grade sheet listing Kanthal A1 (Kanthal prodshop, Italian page)",
      "id": "Kanthal safety information sheet, A1 with eight other FeCrAl grades",
      "url": "https://prodshop.kanthal.com/it/prodotti/datasheets/safety-information-sheets/safety-information-sheet/kanthal/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety information sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/kanthal-a1/"
}