{ "spore": "profile", "id": "inconel-625", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "nickel-alloys", "name": "Inconel 625", "abbreviation": "IN625 (UNS N06625)", "role": "corrosion-resistant solid-solution nickel superalloy", "category": "metals", "type": "nickel-superalloys", "summary": "Inconel 625 (UNS N06625, W.Nr. 2.4856) is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy. Its strength comes from solid solution, so it needs no precipitation-hardening treatment. Special Metals gives a melting range of 1290 to 1350 C and a yield strength of 60 to 95 ksi for the annealed (grade 1) condition, which is stronger than the solution-annealed (grade 2) condition. It is used for corrosion-resistant chemical plant and marine parts, and for aerospace ducting and rocket tubing.\n", "best_for": "Corrosion-resistant parts that also need strength and good weldability, such as chemical plant, marine hardware, aerospace ducting and rocket tubing", "weakest_at": "Long exposure near 1200 F hardens the annealed alloy and cuts its room-temperature elongation from 54 to 30 percent after 2000 hours", "identity": { "formula": "Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium solid-solution alloy: 58.0 min Ni, 20.0 to 23.0 Cr, 8.0 to 10.0 Mo, 3.15 to 4.15 Nb plus Ta, 5.0 max Fe, 1.0 max Co (if determined), 0.50 max Mn, 0.50 max Si, 0.40 max Al, 0.40 max Ti, 0.10 max C, 0.015 max P, 0.015 max S (wt%)", "designations": [ { "system": "UNS", "code": "N06625", "source": "sm625", "where": "Introduction, and Available Products and Specifications (designated as UNS N06625)" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "2.4856", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications; the Wikipedia infobox also gives EN 2.4856" }, { "system": "ISO", "code": "NW6625", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B 443", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications, plate, sheet and strip" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B 444", "note": "B 829; ASME SB 444, SB 829", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications, pipe and tube" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B 446", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications, rod, bar, wire and forging stock" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "5599", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "ATI TDS, Specifications: AMS 5599 with ASTM B 443 (sheet, strip, plate); AMS 5666 (bars, forgings, extrusions, rings); AMS 5837 (welding wire)" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "5666", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "ATI TDS, Specifications: AMS 5599 with ASTM B 443 (sheet, strip, plate); AMS 5666 (bars, forgings, extrusions, rings); AMS 5837 (welding wire)" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "5837", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "ATI TDS, Specifications: AMS 5599 with ASTM B 443 (sheet, strip, plate); AMS 5666 (bars, forgings, extrusions, rings); AMS 5837 (welding wire)" }, { "system": "MIL", "code": "N-24687", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "ATI TDS, Specifications: bars, forgings, extrusions and rings" }, { "system": "MIL", "code": "MIL-DTL-24799", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "ATI TDS, Specifications: bars, forgings, extrusions and rings" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "10095", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications: rod, bar and sections; plate, sheet and strip" }, { "system": "NACE", "code": "MR-01-75", "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications: listed in NACE MR-01-75; the Wikipedia infobox gives NACE MR0175-3" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "INCONEL alloy 625", "source": "sm625", "where": "Datasheet title (Special Metals trademark)" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "ATI 625", "source": "ati-page", "where": "ATI product page, ATI 625 Nickel-Based Alloy" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Haynes 625", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Introduction, other well known names" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Nickelvac 625", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Introduction, other well known names" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Nicrofer 6020", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Introduction, other well known names" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Altemp 625", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Introduction, other well known names" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Chronin 625", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Introduction, other well known names" } ], "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition, % (Special Metals datasheet); UNS N06625 and W.Nr. 2.4856 from the introduction and the Available Products section" }, "tags": { "environments": [ "launch" ], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "propulsion-and-tanks", "structures", "thermal-control" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "value": 8.44, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "datasheet physical constant, no test temperature printed", "unit_in_source": "gram/cc (0.305 lb/cu in printed alongside)" }, "method": "Table 2, Physical Constants, Density, printed as 0.305 lb/cu in and 8.44 gram/cc; the gram/cc value is kept", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 2, Density, gram/cc row", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "value": 1290, "value_high": 1350, "bound": "range", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "melting range as printed in Table 2 (2350 to 2460 F)" }, "method": "Table 2, metric row printed as 1290-1350 C; the ATI TDS prints 1,288 to 1,343 C (2,350 to 2,450 F), and the Special Metals range is kept here", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 2, Melting Range, C row", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "value": 410, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "at 70 F (21 C); printed as 0.098 Btu/lb F", "unit_in_source": "J/kg °C" }, "method": "Table 2, metric value in parentheses; the datasheet marks the row as calculated (footnote a)", "status": "calculated", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 2, Specific Heat, 70 F (21 C) row", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "curie_temperature", "value": -196, "bound": "upper", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "printed as less than -320 F; metric value -196 C" }, "method": "Table 2, Curie Temperature, C row; the metric row has no less-than sign, so the value is recorded as an upper bound", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 2, Curie Temperature, C row", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "value": 9.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/m°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "at 21 C (70 F); material annealed 2100 F for 1 h (footnote c); measured at Battelle (footnote b)" }, "method": "Table 3, Thermal Conductivity, metric column; the same row prints 68 Btu·in/ft²·h·°F at 70 F", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 3, Thermal Conductivity, row 21 C (70 F)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "value": 25.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/m°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "at 982 C (1800 F); material annealed 2100 F for 1 h (footnote c)" }, "method": "Table 3, Thermal Conductivity, metric column, row 982 C (1800 F)", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 3, Thermal Conductivity, row 982 C (1800 F)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity", "value": 129, "bound": "exact", "unit": "µΩ-cm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "at 21 C (70 F); material annealed 2100 F for 1 h (footnote c)" }, "method": "Table 3, Electrical Resistivity, metric column; the imperial column prints 776 ohm circ mil/ft at 70 F", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 3, Electrical Resistivity, row 21 C (70 F)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "value": 12.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "mean linear expansion from 21 C (70 F) to 93 C (200 F), footnote a", "material": "not stated in the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "µm/µm·°C" }, "method": "Table 3, Mean Linear Expansion, metric column (µm/µm·°C is the same unit as ppm/°C); the imperial column prints 7.1 x 10^-6 in/in·°F at 200 F", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 3, Mean Linear Expansion, row 93 C (200 F)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "value": 14.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "mean linear expansion from 21 C (70 F) to 649 C (1200 F), footnote a", "material": "not stated in the datasheet", "unit_in_source": "µm/µm·°C" }, "method": "Table 3, Mean Linear Expansion, metric column, row 649 C; the imperial column prints 8.2 x 10^-6 in/in·°F at 1200 F", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 3, Mean Linear Expansion, row 649 C (1200 F)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "value": 207.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "temperature": "21 C (70 F)", "basis": "tension modulus, measured dynamically on 3/4 in hot-rolled rod (footnote a)" }, "method": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, tension, GPa column; the imperial column prints 30.1 x 10^3 ksi for the same row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, row 70 F (21 C), Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "value": 204.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2; Special Metals calls it solution-treated)", "temperature": "21 C (70 F)", "basis": "tension modulus, measured dynamically on 3/4 in hot-rolled rod (footnote a)" }, "method": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, tension, GPa column; the imperial column prints 29.7 x 10^3 ksi for the same row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, row 70 F (21 C), Solution-Treated column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "value": 147.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "temperature": "871 C (1600 F)", "basis": "tension modulus, measured dynamically on 3/4 in hot-rolled rod (footnote a)" }, "method": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, tension, GPa column; the imperial column prints 21.4 x 10^3 ksi for the same row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, row 1600 F (871 C), Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "value": 148.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2; Special Metals calls it solution-treated)", "temperature": "871 C (1600 F)", "basis": "tension modulus, measured dynamically on 3/4 in hot-rolled rod (footnote a)" }, "method": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, tension, GPa column; the imperial column prints 21.5 x 10^3 ksi for the same row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, row 1600 F (871 C), Solution-Treated column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "value": 0.278, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "temperature": "21 C (70 F)" }, "method": "Table 4, Poisson ratio column, annealed, printed for the 70 F row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 4, Poisson ratio, row 70 F (21 C), Annealed column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "value": 0.312, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2; Special Metals calls it solution-treated)", "temperature": "21 C (70 F)" }, "method": "Table 4, Poisson ratio column, solution-treated, printed for the 70 F row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 4, Poisson ratio, row 70 F (21 C), Solution-Treated column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 120, "value_high": 150, "bound": "range", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "rod, bar and plate, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature" }, "method": "Table 5, printed as 120-150 ksi (827-1034 MPa); the table footnote says these are composites and are not for specification", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, Nominal Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties, ROD BAR PLATE, Annealed row, Tensile Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 60, "value_high": 95, "bound": "range", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "rod, bar and plate, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature, 0.2 percent offset" }, "method": "Table 5, printed as 60-95 ksi (414-655 MPa); composite values, not for specification", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, ROD BAR PLATE, Annealed row, Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 30, "value_high": 60, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "rod, bar and plate, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature" }, "method": "Table 5 prints 60-30 percent; recorded here low to high", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, ROD BAR PLATE, Annealed row, Elongation", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 105, "value_high": 130, "bound": "range", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2; Special Metals calls it solution-treated)", "product": "rod, bar and plate, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature" }, "method": "Table 5, printed as 105-130 ksi (724-896 MPa); composite values, not for specification", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, ROD BAR PLATE, Solution-Treated row, Tensile Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 42, "value_high": 60, "bound": "range", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2; Special Metals calls it solution-treated)", "product": "rod, bar and plate, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature, 0.2 percent offset" }, "method": "Table 5, printed as 42-60 ksi (290-414 MPa); composite values, not for specification", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, ROD BAR PLATE, Solution-Treated row, Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 40, "value_high": 65, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2; Special Metals calls it solution-treated)", "product": "rod, bar and plate, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature" }, "method": "Table 5 prints 65-40 percent; recorded here low to high", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, ROD BAR PLATE, Solution-Treated row, Elongation", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 120, "value_high": 150, "bound": "range", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "sheet and strip, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature" }, "method": "Table 5, SHEET and STRIP, Annealed, printed as 120-150 ksi (827-1034 MPa); composite values, not for specification", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, SHEET and STRIP, Annealed row, Tensile Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 60, "value_high": 90, "bound": "range", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "sheet and strip, composite for sizes up to 4 in", "temperature": "room temperature, 0.2 percent offset" }, "method": "Table 5, SHEET and STRIP, Annealed, printed as 60-90 ksi (414-621 MPa); composite values, not for specification", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 5, SHEET and STRIP, Annealed row, Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 143.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1); 1 h anneal at 1800 F (982 C), inside the 1700-1900 F annealing range", "product": "hot-rolled rod", "temperature": "room temperature", "basis": "annealing study, one hour at each temperature" }, "method": "Table 8, Effect of Annealing (1 Hour) on Room-Temperature Properties of Hot-Rolled Rod, 1800 F row", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 8, row 1800 F (982 C), Tensile Strength column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 83.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1); 1 h anneal at 1800 F (982 C), inside the 1700-1900 F annealing range", "product": "hot-rolled rod", "temperature": "room temperature, 0.2 percent offset", "basis": "annealing study, one hour at each temperature" }, "method": "Table 8, same row, Yield Strength (0.2% offset) column", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 8, row 1800 F (982 C), Yield Strength column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 116, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2); 1 h anneal at 2100 F (1149 C), inside the 2000-2200 F solution treatment range", "product": "hot-rolled rod", "temperature": "room temperature", "basis": "annealing study, one hour at each temperature" }, "method": "Table 8, row 2100 F (1149 C), Tensile Strength column, printed as 116.0 ksi", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 8, row 2100 F (1149 C), Tensile Strength column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 50, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "solution-annealed (grade 2); 1 h anneal at 2100 F (1149 C), inside the 2000-2200 F solution treatment range", "product": "hot-rolled rod", "temperature": "room temperature, 0.2 percent offset", "basis": "annealing study, one hour at each temperature" }, "method": "Table 8, row 2100 F (1149 C), Yield Strength (0.2% offset) column, printed as 50.0 ksi", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 8, row 2100 F (1149 C), Yield Strength column", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 146.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1), hot-rolled annealed bar", "exposure": "2000 hours at 1200 F (649 C) before test", "temperature": "1200 F (649 C), tested at the exposure temperature" }, "method": "Table 6, Effect of Intermediate-Temperature Exposure (2000 hrs), properties at exposure temperature, tensile strength, 1200 F row (1010.1 MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 6, row 1200 (649), Properties at Exposure Temperature, Tensile Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 106.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1), hot-rolled annealed bar", "exposure": "2000 hours at 1200 F (649 C) before test", "temperature": "1200 F (649 C), tested at the exposure temperature, 0.2 percent offset" }, "method": "Table 6, same row, Properties at Exposure Temperature, Yield Strength (0.2% offset), printed as 106.5 ksi (734.3 MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 6, row 1200 (649), Properties at Exposure Temperature, Yield Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 54, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1), hot-rolled annealed bar", "exposure": "none (unexposed reference)", "temperature": "room temperature" }, "method": "Table 6, No Exposure row, Properties at Room Temperature, Elongation", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 6, No Exposure row, Properties at Room Temperature, Elongation", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 30, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1), hot-rolled annealed bar", "exposure": "2000 hours at 1200 F (649 C) before test", "temperature": "room temperature, after exposure" }, "method": "Table 6, row 1200 (649), Properties at Room Temperature, Elongation", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 6, row 1200 (649), Properties at Room Temperature, Elongation", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "fatigue_strength", "value": 90000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed, cold-rolled annealed sheet (condition as printed)", "specimen": "smooth", "test": "endurance limit at 10^8 cycles, completely reversed bending, room temperature" }, "method": "Fatigue Strength section, printed as 90,000 psi for smooth bar; the text names bar for a sheet test, and the value is kept as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Fatigue Strength section, first paragraph", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "fatigue_strength", "value": 35000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed, cold-rolled annealed sheet (condition as printed)", "specimen": "notched, Kt+3.3", "test": "endurance limit at 10^8 cycles, completely reversed bending, room temperature" }, "method": "Fatigue Strength section, printed as 35,000 psi for the notched specimen (Kt+3.3)", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Fatigue Strength section, first paragraph", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "value": 982, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "datasheet service range statement; the sentence says service from cryogenic to 1800 F (982 C) and is a range, not a specification limit" }, "method": "Introduction, printed as 1800 F (982 C) and recorded here in C", "status": "ground", "source": "sm625", "where": "Introduction, first paragraph", "source_detail": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 120, "bound": "lower", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "plate (ASTM B443, ASME SB-443, AMS 5599)", "basis": "minimum as printed on the ATI product page" }, "method": "ATI product page, plate table, printed as 120 min ksi (827 min MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-page", "where": "ATI product page, Plate table, annealed (Grade 1) condition, Tensile Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 625 Nickel-Based Alloy product page", "id": "ATI product page, read in this run (2026-10-24)", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-625", "kind": "web", "license": "ATI terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 60, "bound": "lower", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "plate (ASTM B443, ASME SB-443, AMS 5599)", "basis": "minimum as printed on the ATI product page" }, "method": "ATI product page, plate table, printed as 60 min ksi (414 min MPa)", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-page", "where": "ATI product page, Plate table, annealed (Grade 1) condition, Yield Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 625 Nickel-Based Alloy product page", "id": "ATI product page, read in this run (2026-10-24)", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-625", "kind": "web", "license": "ATI terms (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 30, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "annealed (grade 1)", "product": "plate (ASTM B443, ASME SB-443, AMS 5599)", "basis": "minimum as printed on the ATI product page" }, "method": "ATI product page, plate table, printed as 30% min", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-page", "where": "ATI product page, Plate table, annealed (Grade 1) condition, Elongation", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 625 Nickel-Based Alloy product page", "id": "ATI product page, read in this run (2026-10-24)", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-625", "kind": "web", "license": "ATI terms (cited, not reproduced)" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Mild aqueous media: atmosphere, fresh and sea water, neutral salts and alkaline media", "headline": "Almost no attack in mild environments (Special Metals).", "effect": "Special Metals says that in the atmosphere, fresh and sea water, neutral salts and alkaline media there is almost no attack. The statement is qualitative, and no exposure time or corrosion rate is printed.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statement, no exposure time or corrosion rate printed" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Aqueous Corrosion, first paragraph" }, { "environment": "Oxidising and non-oxidising chemicals, including hydrochloric and nitric acid wastes", "headline": "Resists oxidising and non-oxidising chemicals, and was recommended for a storage tank for chemical wastes that include hydrochloric and nitric acid.", "effect": "Nickel and chromium give resistance to oxidising chemicals, and high nickel and molybdenum give resistance to non-oxidising environments. Special Metals notes that materials resisting one of these acids are normally severely attacked by the other.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statements, no concentration, temperature or exposure time printed" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Aqueous Corrosion, first two paragraphs" }, { "environment": "Chloride pitting and crevice attack", "headline": "Very resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion because of its high molybdenum content (Special Metals; ATI).", "effect": "Special Metals says the high molybdenum content makes the alloy very resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion, and the ATI sheet says the same. The sources give no critical pitting temperature or ASTM G48 result.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statements, no test method printed" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Aqueous Corrosion, first paragraph" }, { "environment": "Chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking", "headline": "Freedom from chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking, credited to the high nickel content (Special Metals).", "effect": "Special Metals says the high nickel content gives freedom from chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking. The ATI sheet says the alloy shows good corrosion resistance to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking.", "rating": "none", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statements, no test stress or medium printed" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Aqueous Corrosion, first paragraph" }, { "environment": "Sour oil and gas service (NACE MR0175)", "headline": "Listed in NACE MR-01-75 (Special Metals); no sour-service test result was read.", "effect": "Special Metals says the alloy is listed in NACE MR-01-75, and the Wikipedia infobox gives NACE MR0175-3. No sour-service test data were read in this run.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "standard": "NACE MR-01-75 (listed)" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Available Products and Specifications" }, { "environment": "Welding and heat-affected zones", "headline": "Niobium stabilises the alloy against sensitisation, which prevents intergranular cracking after welding (Special Metals).", "effect": "Special Metals says niobium acts to stabilise the alloy against sensitisation during welding, which prevents later intergranular cracking. The 625 welding products have a higher alloy content to offset segregation that can cause preferential weld corrosion.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statement, no weld test printed" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Aqueous Corrosion, first paragraph; Welding section" }, { "environment": "Air oxidation and scaling at high temperature", "headline": "Excellent oxidation resistance up to 2,000 F (1,093 C) according to ATI; good scaling resistance in the Special Metals cyclic test at 1800 F.", "effect": "ATI says the alloy shows excellent oxidation resistance up to 2,000 F (1,093 C). Special Metals says it has good resistance to oxidation and scaling at high temperature. Its cyclic scaling comparison at 1800 F is printed only as a graph, so no mass-loss number was read.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "temperature": "up to 2000 F (1093 C), ATI; cyclic test at 1800 F, Special Metals", "test": "cyclic weight-loss scaling test, shown as a graph (Figure 15 of the datasheet)" }, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Oxidation Resistance, page 1 of the ATI TDS" }, { "environment": "Long exposure at intermediate temperatures near 1200 F", "headline": "Hardens on exposure near 1200 F and loses ductility; no embrittling sigma phase was found after 1000 to 1800 F exposure (Special Metals).", "effect": "Annealed rod exposed for 2000 hours at 1200 F gained room-temperature strength and lost ductility (Table 6). Special Metals says the hardening is sluggish precipitation of a niobium-rich gamma prime phase, which transforms to orthorhombic Ni3Nb on long heating. Its stability tests from 1000 to 1800 F showed no embrittling intermetallic phases such as sigma.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "temperature": "1200 F (649 C) for 2000 hours; stability tests 1000 to 1800 F", "test": "room-temperature tensile tests after exposure" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Table 6; Microstructure section" }, { "environment": "Creep and rupture at high temperature under stress", "headline": "The solution-annealed grade is recommended for the best creep and rupture resistance; the creep curves are graphs only.", "effect": "Special Metals recommends the solution-treated condition for components that need optimum resistance to creep or rupture, and says annealed material is adequate for many creep uses. The creep and rupture curves (Figures 11 to 14) are graphs and were not read as numbers.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statement; graphical creep data not read" }, "source": "sm625", "where": "Creep and Rupture Strength section; Mechanical Properties section" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for nickel metal, from 4778 company reports and 86 ECHA C&L notifications: H317 in 99.9% of the reports that give a code, H351 in 72.9%, H372 in 99.7%, H350 in 22.5%, H360F in 18%, H341 in 13.5%, H334 in 10.3% and H412 in 47.2%. The record is for nickel, which is about 58 percent of this alloy, not for the alloy itself.", "ghs": [ "H317", "H351", "H372", "H350", "H360F", "H341", "H334", "H412" ], "source": "pubchem-nickel", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (PubChem PUG View JSON, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications)" }, { "text": "Renishaw safety data sheet for Inconel 625 metal powder (document H-5800-3483-02-A_EN, SDS date 1/27/2023, version 1.0): classified Skin Sens. 1, Resp. Sens. 1, Carc. 1B, Repr. 1B and STOT RE 1, with signal word Danger. This applies to the powder for additive manufacture, not to solid stock.", "ghs": [ "H317", "H334", "H350", "H360F", "H372" ], "source": "renishaw-sds", "where": "Sections 1 and 2 (identification, hazard classification and label elements)" }, { "text": "The powder SDS says it may form an explosible dust-air mixture when dispersed, and that dust deposits should not be allowed to accumulate because they may form an explosive mixture.", "ghs": [], "source": "renishaw-sds", "where": "Section 2 (other hazards); Section 6 (accidental release measures)" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Ageing and loss of ductility near 1200 F", "trigger": "Long exposure, tested after 2000 hours at 1200 F", "consequence": "Room-temperature tensile strength rises from 140.0 ksi unexposed to 176.0 ksi after exposure, while elongation falls from 54 to 30 percent (Special Metals Table 6).", "severity": "moderate", "source": "sm625", "where": "Mechanical Properties, Table 6" }, { "mode": "Precipitation that weakens creep resistance", "trigger": "Exposure in the range 923 to 1148 K; gamma double prime forms at 973 K and delta phase begins to form at 998 K (Wikipedia)", "consequence": "Precipitates detrimental to creep properties form in that range. Wikipedia reports that rupture elongation is about half of the solution-treated value when they form, citing Mathew et al.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Creep and microstructure sections (Wikipedia Inconel 625)" }, { "mode": "Notch sensitivity in fatigue", "trigger": "A notched specimen, Kt+3.3, cut from cold-rolled annealed sheet, tested in completely reversed bending at room temperature", "consequence": "The endurance limit at 10^8 cycles falls from 90,000 psi for a smooth specimen to 35,000 psi for the notched specimen.", "severity": "high", "source": "sm625", "where": "Fatigue Strength section" }, { "mode": "Duplex grain structure in hot forming", "trigger": "Non-uniform reductions during hot forming", "consequence": "A duplex grain structure can form. The datasheet asks for uniform reductions and final minimum reductions of 15 to 20 percent for open-die work.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "sm625", "where": "Hot and cold forming section" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Anneal hot- or cold-formed parts at 1700 to 1900 F for times set by thickness, and solution treat at 2000 to 2200 F (Special Metals). ATI gives 1600 to 1900 F for the anneal (ATI TDS).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Working Instructions, Heating" }, { "text": "Remove sulphur-bearing lubricants before heat treating and pickling (ATI TDS).", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Special Precautions" }, { "text": "Use a fused-salt bath before pickling to remove the oxide that heating forms (Special Metals).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Pickling" }, { "text": "Hot form in a furnace held at no more than 2150 F, with heavy forging from 2150 to 1850 F and lighter reductions down to 1700 F. Use uniform reductions to guard against duplex grain (Special Metals).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Hot and cold forming" }, { "text": "Stress-relieve cold-drawn material at 1100 to 1400 F; stress relief is virtually complete at 1600 F (Special Metals).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Working Instructions, Heating (stress relief); Tables 8 and 9" }, { "text": "For welds, use INCONEL Filler Metal 625 (gas-tungsten-arc) or Welding Electrode 112 (shielded-metal-arc). The datasheet says the weld metal needs no postweld heat treatment to keep its strength and ductility (Special Metals).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Welding section" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Above 1200 F, specify the solution-treated (solution-annealed, grade 2) condition where creep or rupture resistance is critical. At 1200 F and below, the datasheet recommends hot-finished, cold-finished or annealed conditions (Special Metals).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Mechanical Properties, service recommendations" }, { "text": "Heating to 1148 K for 5 hours dissolves the gamma double prime and delta precipitates back into the matrix, which recovers creep properties (Wikipedia).", "source": "wiki625", "where": "Microstructure section (Wikipedia Inconel 625)" }, { "text": "Control powder dust: do not breathe dust (P260), and wear respiratory protection where ventilation is inadequate (P284) (Renishaw SDS, powder).", "source": "renishaw-sds", "where": "Section 2, precautionary statements" }, { "text": "Use the matching over-alloyed filler metals for welds. The 625 welding products offset segregation that can cause preferential weld corrosion (Special Metals).", "source": "sm625", "where": "Welding section; All-Weld-Metal Properties" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "propulsion-and-tanks", "device": "Thrust-chamber tubing for rocket engines, fuel and hydraulic line tubing, and engine exhaust systems", "example": "Special Metals lists thrust-chamber tubing for rocket engines, fuel and hydraulic line tubing, engine exhaust systems and combustion-system transition liners among its aerospace uses.", "source": "sm625", "where": "Introduction, aerospace paragraph" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Aircraft ducting systems, resistance-welded honeycomb structures housing engine controls, and turbine shroud rings", "example": "Special Metals names these aerospace uses. The ATI TDS says the alloy is widely used in aerospace for airframe and jet engine applications.", "source": "sm625", "where": "Introduction, aerospace paragraph; ATI TDS, Introduction" }, { "application": "thermal-control", "device": "Heat-exchanger tubing in environmental control systems", "example": "Special Metals lists heat-exchanger tubing in environmental control systems among its aerospace uses.", "source": "sm625", "where": "Introduction, aerospace paragraph" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Nickel", "abundance": "Globally, nickel resources have been estimated to contain more than 350 million tons of nickel (USGS)", "producers": [ { "country": "Indonesia", "share_percent": 66.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Philippines", "share_percent": 6.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 5.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Canada", "share_percent": 3.6, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "In 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "Low-nickel, duplex, or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction. Titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments (USGS)." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed world total of 3,900,000 t (not printed as shares); Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Chromium", "abundance": "World resources are greater than 12 billion tons of shipping-grade chromite (USGS)", "producers": [ { "country": "South Africa", "share_percent": 45.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Turkey", "share_percent": 17.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "share_percent": 13.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "India", "share_percent": 5.9, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "In 2025, recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys, the major strategic end use (USGS)." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed world total of 51,000 thousand t; Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Molybdenum", "abundance": "Identified resources in the United States are about 5.4 million tons and, in the rest of the world, about 20 million tons (USGS)", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 37.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Chile", "share_percent": 16.2, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "United States", "share_percent": 15.4, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 15, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Mexico", "share_percent": 6.5, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap; the recycled amount may be as much as 30% of apparent supply (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "There is little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons. Potential substitutes in alloy steels include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium (USGS)." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed world total of 260,000 t; Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Niobium", "abundance": "World resources of niobium are more than adequate to supply projected needs (USGS)", "producers": [ { "country": "Brazil", "share_percent": 92.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Canada", "share_percent": 5.4, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Niobium scrap recovery was negligible; recycled niobium may have been as much as 20% of apparent consumption (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "Ceramic matrix composites, molybdenum, tantalum and tungsten can replace niobium in high-temperature superalloy applications, with a performance loss or higher cost (USGS)." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-niobium", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (niobium content), shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed world total of 112,000 t; Recycling; Substitutes" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Special Metals INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet (2013 Aug 13)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013 }, { "title": "ATI 625 Alloy Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (3/4/2012), Allvac version", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_625_allvac_version_tds_en_v1.pdf", "year": 2012 }, { "title": "ATI 625 Nickel-Based Alloy product page (plate minimums, Grade 1 and Grade 2 condition statement)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-625" }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Niobium (Columbium)", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-niobium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification" }, { "title": "Renishaw safety data sheet, Inconel 625 metal powder (document H-5800-3483-02-A_EN, SDS date 1/27/2023)", "type": "sds", "url": "https://www.renishaw.com/media/pdf/en/ec20c331517e4b0ba85c69455df4e8f3.pdf", "year": 2023 } ], "gaps": [ "Grade 2 (solution-annealed) ASTM B 443 and B 446 minimum strengths were not read on a fetched standard or manufacturer page. The solution-annealed values here are Special Metals ranges and the Table 8 anneal results.", "The ASTM standard texts are paywalled and the ASTM B 443 page did not load, so the designations come from the datasheets and the Wikipedia infobox.", "The EN steel name NiCr22Mo9Nb is not printed in any source read here, so only W.Nr. 2.4856 and EN 10095 are listed.", "No numeric minimum service temperature is printed. The datasheet says service from cryogenic temperatures, so min_service_temp is left out.", "Creep and rupture curves (datasheet Figures 11 to 14), elevated-temperature tensile curves (Figures 3 to 5) and the scaling chart (Figure 15) are graphs and were not read as numbers.", "Charpy impact at -320 F (Table 7) and Brinell hardness (Table 5) are printed but not added: the impact results are triplicate values with no canonical name, and hardness has no canonical name.", "The USGS 2026 summaries for nickel, chromium, molybdenum and niobium print no critical-mineral list status (nickel is mentioned only in an executive order), so there are no critical_lists entries.", "The Renishaw SDS covers the powder form only. No safety data sheet for solid Inconel 625 stock was read, so the hazards for solid alloy rely on the nickel record.", "No quantitative corrosion test (critical pitting temperature, ASTM G48, corrosion rate or SCC threshold) was read in this run. The corrosion entries are qualitative, from the Special Metals and ATI datasheets.", "The Special Metals datasheet is dated 2013 and the ATI sheet is dated 2012 (Allvac version). The USGS production figures are 2025 estimates, and the shares are calculated from printed tonnages.", "Table 5 values are composites for product sizes up to 4 in and are not specification values. No size-specific data were read.", "ATI notes that lower-carbon versions can be age hardened (aged up to 120 hours at 1050 to 1350 F). No property data for that version were read, so it is not covered.", "The ATI bar (AMS 5666) minimums are not used because the bar rows do not state the condition." ], "story": { "why": "Inconel 625 was first developed as a steam-line piping material and has since spread to chemical processing, marine and nuclear equipment and aerospace ducting (Wikipedia; ATI). Its strength comes from molybdenum and niobium stiffening the nickel-chromium matrix, so it needs no precipitation-hardening step (Special Metals). That combination gives resistance to a wide range of corrosive media, including chloride stress-corrosion cracking, and good oxidation resistance (Special Metals; ATI).", "uses": [ { "where": "Rocket engines and fuel lines", "line": "Special Metals lists thrust-chamber tubing for rocket engines, fuel and hydraulic line tubing, engine exhaust systems and combustion-system transition liners among its aerospace uses." }, { "where": "Aircraft structures and ducting", "line": "Aircraft ducting systems, resistance-welded honeycomb structures housing engine controls, and turbine shroud rings are named in the datasheet. ATI says the alloy is widely used in aerospace for airframe and jet engine applications." }, { "where": "Heat exchangers in environmental control systems", "line": "Special Metals lists heat-exchanger tubing in environmental control systems among its aerospace uses." }, { "where": "Chemical plant and marine service", "line": "Special Metals names bubble caps, tubing, reaction vessels, distillation columns, heat exchangers and valves for chemical processing, and wire rope for mooring cables, propeller blades and sheathing for undersea cables for marine service." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength in the annealed grade", "line": "Annealed (grade 1) rod, bar and plate give 60 to 95 ksi yield and 120 to 150 ksi tensile strength at room temperature (Special Metals Table 5, composite ranges).", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Lower strength in the solution-annealed grade", "line": "Solution-annealed (grade 2) rod, bar and plate give 42 to 60 ksi yield and 105 to 130 ksi tensile strength, so the two grades differ in strength (Table 5).", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "Young modulus is 207.5 GPa for the annealed grade and 204.8 GPa for the solution-annealed grade at 21 C (Table 4).", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Oxidation at high temperature", "line": "The datasheet gives service up to 1800 F (982 C), and ATI rates oxidation resistance as excellent up to 2,000 F (1,093 C).", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Corrosion in mild and severe media", "line": "Almost no attack in the atmosphere, fresh and sea water, neutral salts and alkaline media, and freedom from chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking (Special Metals).", "scope": "material" } ], "compare": "Compare with [Inconel 718](/profiles/inconel-718/), the age-hardened sibling. Its strength comes from precipitates formed in heat treatment, while Inconel 625 is solid-solution strengthened and the Special Metals datasheet says no precipitation-hardening treatment is required. The 718 profile carries its own precipitation and heat-treatment data.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Melting range", "benchmark": "melting_point", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Anneal hot- or cold-formed parts at 1700 to 1900 F for times set by thickness (annealed, grade 1). Solution treat at 2000 to 2200 F where optimum creep-rupture strength is needed (solution-annealed, grade 2) (Special Metals). ATI gives 1600 to 1900 F for the anneal.", "Remove sulphur-bearing lubricants before heat treating and pickling (ATI).", "Remove heating scale with a fused-salt bath before pickling (Special Metals).", "Hot form in a furnace held at no more than 2150 F, with heavy forging from 2150 to 1850 F and lighter reductions to 1700 F. Use uniform reductions to avoid duplex grain (Special Metals).", "Stress-relieve cold-drawn material at 1100 to 1400 F. Stress relief is virtually complete at 1600 F (Special Metals).", "For welds, use INCONEL Filler Metal 625 or Welding Electrode 112. The datasheet says the weld metal needs no postweld heat treatment to keep its strength and ductility (Special Metals)." ], "good_for": [ "Corrosion-resistant parts that must also carry strength, such as chemical plant equipment, marine hardware and sea-water service (Special Metals).", "Hot ducting and exhaust parts up to 1800 F (982 C) where oxidation resistance matters (Special Metals; ATI).", "Welded assemblies that need corrosion resistance matched to the base alloy (Special Metals)." ], "watch_out": [ "Long exposure near 1200 F hardens the annealed alloy and drops room-temperature elongation from 54 to 30 percent after 2000 hours (Special Metals Table 6).", "The annealed (grade 1) and solution-annealed (grade 2) grades differ in strength, so the grade must be stated on any design basis (Special Metals; ATI).", "Strength ranges are composites for product sizes up to 4 in and are not specification values (Special Metals).", "Notched fatigue strength is far below smooth fatigue strength, 35,000 psi against 90,000 psi (Special Metals).", "The corrosion entries are qualitative. No corrosion rate or critical pitting temperature was read in this run." ], "verdict": "Inconel 625 is a corrosion-resistant solid-solution alloy for strength up to 1800 F. Its annealed and solution-annealed grades differ in strength, so state the grade for each design, and keep long exposures near 1200 F in mind.", "recipe": { "line": "Inconel 625 is a solid-solution nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy, made by vacuum induction melting followed by electroslag remelting (ATI TDS). Special Metals gives the limiting composition in weight percent: at least 58 percent nickel, 20 to 23 percent chromium, 8 to 10 percent molybdenum, 3.15 to 4.15 percent niobium plus tantalum, and up to 5 percent iron, with small maximum limits on the other elements.", "parts": [ { "name": "Nickel", "symbol": "Ni", "role": "Matrix of the alloy, a face-centred-cubic solid solution", "share_percent": 58, "share_note": "minimum (the matrix)", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition" }, { "name": "Chromium", "symbol": "Cr", "role": "Gives resistance to oxidising chemicals and to oxidation and scaling at high temperature", "share_percent": 20, "share_high": 23, "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition" }, { "name": "Molybdenum", "symbol": "Mo", "role": "Stiffens the matrix and makes the alloy very resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion", "share_percent": 8, "share_high": 10, "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition" }, { "name": "Niobium plus tantalum", "symbol": "Nb", "role": "Stiffens the matrix, which is the main strengthening effect, and stabilises the alloy against sensitisation during welding", "share_percent": 3.15, "share_high": 4.15, "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition" }, { "name": "Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "role": "Residual element, limited to 5.0 percent", "share_note": "5.0 maximum", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition" }, { "name": "Cobalt", "symbol": "Co", "role": "Residual element", "share_note": "1.0 maximum, if determined", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1, footnote a" }, { "name": "Minor elements", "role": "Residual limits. The datasheet says precipitation-hardening treatments are not required.", "share_note": "C 0.10, Mn 0.50, Si 0.50, Al 0.40, Ti 0.40, P 0.015 and S 0.015 maximum (wt%)", "source": "sm625", "where": "Table 1; Introduction" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "No GHS classification was read for the solid alloy. The hazard flags come from the PubChem nickel record (nickel is about 58 percent of this alloy) and from the Renishaw safety data sheet for the metal powder.", "points": [ { "label": "Solid metal", "line": "The PubChem aggregated nickel record lists skin sensitisation (H317, 99.9 percent of reports), suspected cancer (H351, 72.9 percent) and organ damage from prolonged exposure (H372, 99.7 percent)." }, { "label": "Powder and dust", "line": "The Renishaw safety data sheet for the metal powder carries the signal word Danger and the codes H317, H334, H350, H360F and H372, and says the powder may form an explosible dust-air mixture." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Solid metal flagged by the nickel record; powder is Danger" }, { "title": "If a part is held in the wrong temperature range", "lead": "These results come from the datasheets and the Wikipedia summary of phase behaviour, not from field incidents.", "points": [ { "label": "Long exposure near 1200 F", "line": "After 2000 hours at 1200 F, room-temperature tensile strength rises from 140.0 to 176.0 ksi and elongation falls from 54 to 30 percent (Special Metals Table 6)." }, { "label": "Precipitates from 923 to 1148 K", "line": "Wikipedia says precipitates form in the range 923 to 1148 K that are detrimental to creep properties, and that delta phase begins to form at 998 K." } ] }, { "title": "Handling and heat treatment", "points": [ { "label": "Forming", "line": "Hot forming uses a furnace held at no more than 2150 F, with heavy forging from 2150 to 1850 F and lighter reductions down to 1700 F (Special Metals)." }, { "label": "Scale removal", "line": "Heating scale is tightly adherent, so a fused-salt bath before pickling is usually recommended (Special Metals)." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-24", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 37, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 15, "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from the Special Metals 625 datasheet (2013), the ATI 625 TDS (2012) and product page, the Renishaw powder SDS, the USGS 2026 nickel, chromium, molybdenum and niobium summaries, the PubChem nickel GHS record and Wikipedia (designations, trade names and phase data only). Every number was read from a page fetched in this run; none came from search snippets. The file structure is copied from the Inconel 718 sibling (inconel-718), which the compare paragraph links to." }, "sources": { "sm625": { "title": "INCONEL alloy 625 datasheet, Special Metals Corporation", "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2013 (Aug 13)", "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf", "year": 2013, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)" }, "ati-tds": { "title": "ATI 625 Alloy Technical Data Sheet (Allvac version)", "id": "ATI Allegheny Technologies, version 1 (3/4/2012)", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_625_allvac_version_tds_en_v1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "ATI terms (cited, not reproduced)" }, "ati-page": { "title": "ATI 625 Nickel-Based Alloy product page", "id": "ATI product page, read in this run (2026-10-24)", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-625", "kind": "web", "license": "ATI terms (cited, not reproduced)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel", "id": "USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US Government work (public domain)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium", "id": "USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US Government work (public domain)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum", "id": "USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US Government work (public domain)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-niobium": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Niobium (Columbium)", "id": "USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-niobium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US Government work (public domain)" }, "pubchem-nickel": { "title": "Nickel, PubChem CID 935, GHS classification (aggregated ECHA C&L notifications)", "id": "PubChem CID 935", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem (NIH, public domain)" }, "renishaw-sds": { "title": "Renishaw safety data sheet, Inconel 625 metal powder", "id": "Renishaw plc, document H-5800-3483-02-A_EN, SDS date 1/27/2023, version 1.0", "url": "https://www.renishaw.com/media/pdf/en/ec20c331517e4b0ba85c69455df4e8f3.pdf", "year": 2023, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Renishaw terms (cited, not reproduced)" }, "wiki625": { "title": "Inconel 625", "id": "Wikipedia, English article (read in this run, 2026-10-24)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel_625", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/inconel-625/" }