{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "inconel-617",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Inconel 617",
  "abbreviation": "Alloy 617",
  "role": "high-temperature structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Inconel 617 (UNS N06617, EN 2.4663) is a solid-solution nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy with 8.36 g/cm3 density and a melting range of 1330 to 1380 °C. A typical plate (Haynes) gives 368 MPa yield and 808 MPa tensile strength at room temperature, and 108 MPa yield at 982 °C. It is used for combustion cans, ducting and transition liners in gas turbines, and for catalyst-grid supports in nitric acid plants. The sources read here record no spacecraft or rocket flight use; SpaceMatDB lists its space experience as limited.\n",
  "best_for": "Hot parts that must keep strength and resist oxidation above 1800 °F (982 °C), such as gas-turbine combustion cans, ducting and transition liners",
  "weakest_at": "Nickel content: the main element is nickel (PubChem notifications classify nickel as a sensitiser and suspected carcinogen), and the alloy loses ductility after long exposure at 650 °C",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Solid-solution Ni-Cr-Co-Mo alloy. Limits (Special Metals, wt %): Ni min 44.5, Cr 20 to 24, Co 10 to 15, Mo 8 to 10, Al 0.8 to 1.5, C 0.05 to 0.15, Ti max 0.6, Fe max 3. Haynes nominal (wt %): Ni balance, Co 12.5, Cr 22, Mo 9, Al 1.2, Ti 0.3, C 0.07, Fe 1",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N06617",
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B166",
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB-166",
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Key Words line, ASME SB-166, Boiler Code Sections I, VIII"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5887",
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5888",
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5889",
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4663",
        "source": "metalcor-617",
        "where": "Standards table, Material No. field"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "NiCr23Co12Mo",
        "source": "metalcor-617",
        "where": "Standards table, EN Designation field"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Inconel 617",
        "source": "aircraftmaterials-617",
        "where": "Page title and product text"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Nicrofer 617",
        "source": "azom-617",
        "where": "Other designations line"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "HAYNES® 617 alloy",
        "source": "haynes-617",
        "where": "Brochure title"
      }
    ],
    "source": "special-metals-617",
    "where": "Component table, wt % limits for the ASTM B166 grade"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 8.36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "room temperature (printed as RT)",
        "unit_in_source": "0.302 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure (Haynes International H-3171D, 2020)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density, RT",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, solidus to liquidus",
      "value": 1330,
      "value_high": 1380,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "unit_in_source": "2430 to 2520 °F",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Solidus and liquidus printed in the manufacturer datasheet (Special Metals, data provided by the manufacturer)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, rows Solidus 1330 °C and Liquidus 1380 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range (Haynes)",
      "value": 1330,
      "value_high": 1375,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "unit_in_source": "2430 to 2510 °F",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Range, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 13.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m-°C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor technical data table (High Temp Metals), calculated from electrical resistivity by the source",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Electrical and Thermal Properties table, row 20 °C, column Thermal Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Inconel 617 technical data (High Temp Metals, 2015)",
        "url": "https://www.hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempInconel617data.php",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 800 °C",
      "value": 25.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m-°C; 185 BTU-in/ft2-hr-°F at 1600 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity, row 800 °C, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 26 °C",
      "value": 419,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "26 °C (78 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "J/kg-°C; 0.100 Btu/lb-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor technical data table (High Temp Metals), marked as a calculated value by the source",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Electrical and Thermal Properties table, row Specific heat at 78°F (26°C), J/kg-°C column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Inconel 617 technical data (High Temp Metals, 2015)",
        "url": "https://www.hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempInconel617data.php",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C",
      "value": 11.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "µm/m-°C; 6.44 µin/in-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row CTE linear 20°C, comment 20-100°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 450 °C",
      "value": 13.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "20 to 450 °C (mean)",
        "unit_in_source": "µm/m-°C; 7.6 µin/in-°F for 70 to 800 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 20-450 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic modulus of elasticity at 20 °C",
      "value": 211,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "20 °C (70 °F)",
        "method_in_source": "dynamic modulus",
        "unit_in_source": "30.6 x 10^6 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, measured by the dynamic method",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity, row 70°F / 20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear modulus",
      "value": 81,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value listed in the SpaceMatDB product data for Inconel 617",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "spacematdb-617",
      "where": "Elastic properties, row Shear Modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SpaceMatDB product data: Inconel 617",
        "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/m-datasearch.php?name=Inconel+617",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "SpaceMatDB (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 0.000122,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.000122 ohm-cm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Electrical Resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 21 °C",
      "value": 122,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temperature": "21 °C (70 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "48.1 µohm-in at 70 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity, row 70°F / 21°C, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, solution annealed, room temperature",
      "value": 340,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "unit_in_source": "49300 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength Yield, row Solution Annealed, room temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, solution annealed, room temperature",
      "value": 710,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "103000 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength Ultimate, row Solution Annealed, room temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, solution annealed",
      "value": 62,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Elongation at Break, Solution Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, typical plate, room temperature",
      "value": 368,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT)",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "unit_in_source": "53.4 ksi",
        "condition_note": "table does not name the heat treatment; the brochure says the alloy is normally supplied solution annealed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer brochure, which says the values are not guaranteed minimums",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Typical Tensile Properties Plate, row RT, 0.2% Offset Yield Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical plate, room temperature",
      "value": 808,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT)",
        "unit_in_source": "117.2 ksi",
        "condition_note": "table does not name the heat treatment"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer brochure, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Typical Tensile Properties Plate, row RT, Ultimate Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, typical plate, room temperature",
      "value": 53.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT)",
        "condition_note": "table does not name the heat treatment"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer brochure, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Typical Tensile Properties Plate, row RT, Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, bar, hot rolled",
      "value": 318,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "product_form": "bar",
        "production": "hot rolling",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "46.1 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a distributor technical data table, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Bar, production Hot Rolling, column Yield Strength 0.2% offset MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Inconel 617 technical data (High Temp Metals, 2015)",
        "url": "https://www.hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempInconel617data.php",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, bar, hot rolled",
      "value": 769,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "product_form": "bar",
        "production": "hot rolling",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "111.5 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a distributor technical data table, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Bar, production Hot Rolling, column Tensile Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Inconel 617 technical data (High Temp Metals, 2015)",
        "url": "https://www.hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempInconel617data.php",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 982 °C, plate",
      "value": 108,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "982 °C (1800 °F)",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "unit_in_source": "15.7 ksi",
        "condition_note": "table does not name the heat treatment"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer brochure, not a guaranteed minimum",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Typical Tensile Properties Plate, row 1800 °F / 982 °C, 0.2% Offset Yield",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 650 °C, solution annealed",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "temper": "solution annealed prior to test",
        "temperature": "650 °C",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "unit_in_source": "31900 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength Yield at Elevated Temperature, 650 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
        "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_rupture_strength",
      "label": "Stress to cause rupture in 1000 h at 760 °C, sheet",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "UNS N06617",
        "form": "sheet",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "760 °C (1400 °F)",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "criterion": "rupture (row R)",
        "unit_in_source": "20 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Approximate initial stress printed in a manufacturer brochure; the brochure marks extrapolated entries separately",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Creep-Rupture Strength table, Solution annealed sheet, 1400 °F / 760 °C, row R, 1,000 Hours column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Minimum 0.2% yield strength, EN 2.4663, 20 °C",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Alloy 617 / EN 2.4663",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "measure": "0.2% offset Rp",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm2 (minimum printed with the sign for at least)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet for the EN grade",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties 20 °C table, row 0.2% Yield strength Rp",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 617 (2.4663), N06617 datasheet (Metalcor GmbH)",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/103/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Minimum tensile strength, EN 2.4663, 20 °C",
      "value": 690,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Alloy 617 / EN 2.4663",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm2 (minimum printed with the sign for at least)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet for the EN grade",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties 20 °C table, row Tensile strength Rm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 617 (2.4663), N06617 datasheet (Metalcor GmbH)",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/103/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Minimum elongation A5, EN 2.4663, 20 °C",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Alloy 617 / EN 2.4663",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "measure": "A5"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet for the EN grade",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor-617",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties 20 °C table, row Elongation A5",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 617 (2.4663), N06617 datasheet (Metalcor GmbH)",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/103/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Oxidation in still air at 982 °C (1800 °F)",
      "headline": "A thin subsurface oxide zone forms and a protective chromium oxide layer keeps metal loss low.",
      "effect": "After 8640 h in still air at 1800 °F (982 °C), the average metal loss for high-temperature sheet was 0.7 mils (18 µm), with 3.7 mils (94 µm) of average metal affected. The brochure gives 21.3 mils (541 µm) metal loss after 2100 °F (1149 °C) for the same time.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "still air",
        "cycling": "samples cycled to room temperature once per month",
        "sample": "high-temperature sheet 0.060 to 0.125 in"
      },
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Oxidation Resistance Continued, still-air table, row 617"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxidation of wrought plate, 0.001 to 0.002 in oxide zone",
      "headline": "High-temperature oxidation forms a subsurface oxide zone that supports a protective chromium oxide film.",
      "effect": "Chromium and aluminium form a thin subsurface zone of oxide particles that reaches 0.001 to 0.002 in thickness, which provides the diffusion conditions for the chromium oxide surface layer and helps prevent spalling.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer distributor description, no rate given"
      },
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Oxidation and Carburization text"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Burner-rig combustion gases at 982 °C (1800 °F) for 1000 h",
      "headline": "In a rotating burner rig, 617 lost 2.4 mils of metal against 2.8 mils for 230 alloy.",
      "effect": "In the dynamic burner-rig test in fuel-oil combustion gases at about 0.3 Mach, 617 lost 2.4 mils (61 µm) of metal and had 5.7 mils (145 µm) of average metal affected after 1000 h at 1800 °F. The 230 alloy lost 2.8 mils (71 µm) under the same conditions. At 2000 °F for 500 h, 617 lost 13.3 mils (338 µm).",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "products of combustion of fuel oil, air to fuel ratio about 50:1",
        "velocity": "about 0.3 mach",
        "cycling": "samples removed every 30 minutes and fan cooled"
      },
      "source": "haynes-617",
      "where": "Oxidation Resistance Continued, Dynamic Oxidation Testing (Burner Rig) table, rows 617 and 230"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Boiling nitric acid, under 20 % and at 70 %",
      "headline": "Corrosion is very low in dilute boiling nitric acid and still low at 70 %.",
      "effect": "In boiling nitric acid below 20 % concentration, the corrosion rate was less than 1 mpy (0.025 mm/yr). At 70 % it was 20 mpy (0.5 mm/yr), from 72 h tests.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "boiling",
        "duration": "72 h",
        "basis": "laboratory tests"
      },
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Corrosion by Acids, nitric acid paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sulfuric acid at 80 °C and at boiling",
      "headline": "The alloy resists sulfuric acid up to about 30 % at 175 °F (80 °C) but not at boiling 30 %.",
      "effect": "At 175 °F (80 °C), the corrosion rate for 30 % sulfuric acid was 44 mpy (1.12 mm/yr). At boiling temperature, 30 % sulfuric acid gave 464 mpy (11.89 mm/yr), and 40 % gave 838 mpy (21.29 mm/yr).",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "80 °C (175 °F) and boiling",
        "duration": "48 to 72 h",
        "basis": "average of two tests"
      },
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Corrosion Rates in Sulfuric Acid table"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hydrochloric acid at 80 °C (175 °F)",
      "headline": "Moderate to poor resistance: corrosion is high at 10 % to 30 % hydrochloric acid.",
      "effect": "The supplier reports rates of 150 mpy (3.8 mm/yr) at 10 %, 95 mpy (2.4 mm/yr) at 20 % and 50 mpy (1.3 mm/yr) at 30 %, at 175 °F.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "175 °F (80 °C)",
        "basis": "laboratory tests"
      },
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Corrosion by Acids, hydrochloric acid paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hydrofluoric acid at 80 °C (175 °F), liquid phase",
      "headline": "Useful only in the vapour phase, up to about 20 %; the liquid acid is poor.",
      "effect": "At 175 °F, 20 % hydrofluoric acid gave 32 mpy (0.81 mm/yr) in the vapour phase and 302 mpy (7.67 mm/yr) in the liquid phase.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "175 °F (80 °C)",
        "phase": "vapour and liquid",
        "basis": "average of two tests"
      },
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Corrosion Rates in Hydrofluoric Acid at 175 °F table, row 20"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Gas carburization in hydrogen with 2 % methane at 980 °C",
      "headline": "Carbon pickup is low, lower than for alloys of similar strength.",
      "effect": "After 100 h at 1800 °F (980 °C), weight gain was 35 g/m2 for 617, against 82 for alloy 263, 86 for alloy 188 and 138 for L-605.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "hydrogen with 2 % methane",
        "duration": "100 h",
        "temperature": "1800 °F (980 °C)"
      },
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Oxidation and Carburization table"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Contact with other metals in a spacecraft assembly",
      "headline": "Galvanic compatibility depends on the metal it touches; most metals need specific measures.",
      "effect": "SpaceMatDB, using the ECSS-Q-ST-70C Rev.1 Table 5.1 compatibility table, lists 400-series stainless steel as an unrestricted partner. Connection in a non-controlled environment is allowed with 300-series stainless steel, titanium, copper and brasses. In a clean room, silver, tin and lead alloys, low-carbon steel and gold are also listed. All others need specific measures.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "compatibility table, not a measured corrosion rate",
        "standard": "ECSS-Q-ST-70C Rev.1 Table 5.1"
      },
      "source": "spacematdb-617",
      "where": "Relevant properties for use in space community, row Bimetallic Corrosion"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem ECHA summary for nickel metal, the main element of this alloy: H317 allergic skin reaction (99.9 % of codes given), H372 damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (99.7 %), H351 suspected of causing cancer (72.9 %), H350 may cause cancer (22.5 %), H341 suspected of causing genetic defects (13.5 %), H360F may damage fertility (18 %), H334 breathing and allergy symptoms if inhaled (10.3 %), H412 harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects (47.2 %). Signal word Danger. Codes shown only where above 10 %.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H372",
          "H351",
          "H350",
          "H341",
          "H360F",
          "H334",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (reference 36)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The sources read for this profile do not give a classification for the alloy itself. Special Metals gives the nickel minimum as 44.5 % by weight, so the nickel classification applies to a large share of the material. The safety data sheet, which Haynes says gives the element concentrations and health effects, was not read.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "special-metals-617",
        "where": "Component table, Ni Min 44.5"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation metal loss in hot air",
        "trigger": "Long exposure to still air at 982 °C (1800 °F)",
        "consequence": "Average metal loss of 0.7 mils (18 µm) and 3.7 mils (94 µm) of average metal affected after 8640 h. High Temp Metals says the subsurface oxide zone reaches 0.001 to 0.002 in.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "haynes-617",
        "where": "Oxidation Resistance Continued, still-air table, row 617"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of ductility after long high-temperature exposure",
        "trigger": "12000 h at 650 °C (1200 °F) in the solution-annealed state",
        "consequence": "Elongation fell from 68 % unexposed to 32 % after 12000 h, while yield rose to 534 MPa and tensile to 993 MPa. The source attributes the strengthening to carbide formation and gamma prime precipitation, with no embrittling phases formed.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "hightempmetals-617",
        "where": "Stability of Properties table, exposure 1200 °F / 650 °C, 12000 h row, and No Exposure row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Galvanic corrosion at a joint with another metal",
        "trigger": "Connection to a metal outside the 400-series stainless steel group without specific measures",
        "consequence": "The compatibility table requires specific measures for most metals. The table is a design guide, not a test of a joint in service.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "spacematdb-617",
        "where": "Bimetallic Corrosion row, ECSS-Q-ST-70C Rev.1 Table 5.1"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Carburization in methane-bearing gas",
        "trigger": "100 h at 980 °C in hydrogen with 2 % methane",
        "consequence": "Weight gain of 35 g/m2 for 617, against 138 g/m2 for L-605, so carbon pickup is lower but still measurable.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "hightempmetals-617",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance, carburization table"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "The brochure says the alloy's low density, compared with tungsten-containing alloys of similar strength, matters in aircraft gas turbines where a high strength-to-weight ratio is wanted. The density is 8.36 g/cm3.",
        "affects": "Mass of hot-section parts",
        "source": "haynes-617",
        "where": "Physical Properties table, density; brochure text on the alloy's low density"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Before welding, clean grease, oil, crayon marks, sulfur compounds and other foreign matter from the joint, and keep copper or copper-bearing materials out of the joint area.",
        "source": "haynes-617",
        "where": "Base Metal Preparation section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Preheat is not required and the interpass temperature should stay below 200 °F (93 °C). Submerged-arc welding is not recommended because the high heat input and slow cooling can promote cracking.",
        "source": "haynes-617",
        "where": "Fabrication and Welding and Preheating sections"
      },
      {
        "text": "Normal supply is solution annealed at 2100 to 2150 °F (1149 to 1177 °C) depending on product form, then water quenched or rapidly air cooled.",
        "source": "haynes-617",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Heavy forming or forging at 1850 to 2200 °F; light working down to 1700 °F. Cold forming should be done in the fine-grain condition with frequent intermediate anneals.",
        "source": "hightempmetals-617",
        "where": "Hot and Cold Forming section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Combustion cans, ducting and transition liners in aircraft and land-based gas turbines",
      "example": "Special Metals lists gas turbines for combustion cans, ducting and transition liners. High Temp Metals says the combination of high strength and oxidation resistance above 1800 °F makes the alloy attractive for these parts in aircraft and land-based gas turbines.",
      "source": "special-metals-617",
      "where": "Material Notes paragraph; see also hightempmetals-617 Application text"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Catalyst-grid supports in nitric acid production",
      "example": "Resistance to high-temperature corrosion suits the alloy for catalyst-grid supports in nitric acid production, and for heat-treating baskets and molybdenum reduction boats (High Temp Metals).",
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Application text"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Components of fossil-fuelled and nuclear power plants",
      "example": "High Temp Metals says the alloy offers attractive properties for components of power-generating plants, both fossil-fuelled and nuclear, and SpaceMatDB records the same gas turbine use.",
      "source": "hightempmetals-617",
      "where": "Application text; see also spacematdb-617 Use in Spacecraft row"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production, the main element of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for about 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025. Most secondary nickel is the nickel content of stainless steel scrap, and most recycled nickel goes into new alloys and stainless steel.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels replace austenitic grades in construction; nickel-free specialty steels replace stainless in power and petrochemical plants; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, world total 3,900,000 t (shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed tonnes: Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; Canada 140,000; New Caledonia 140,000); Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy hosted on aerospacemetals.com)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "High Temp Metals: Inconel 617 technical data",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempInconel617data.php",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Metalcor datasheet: Alloy 617 (2.4663), N06617",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/103/"
    },
    {
      "title": "AircraftMaterials: Nickel Alloy 617 / Inconel 617 (UNS N06617) technical data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/inconel617.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "AZoM: Super Alloy Inconel 617 (UNS N06617)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=7746"
    },
    {
      "title": "SpaceMatDB: Inconel 617 product data",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/m-datasearch.php?name=Inconel+617"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Nickel (CID 935), ECHA C&L notifications summary",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No spacecraft, satellite or rocket flight or engine use of Inconel 617 was found in the sources read. SpaceMatDB gives its space experience as limited and names only aircraft and land-based gas turbines, so no space use is entered under uses.",
    "NASA outgassing (total mass loss), cold welding in vacuum, atomic-oxygen erosion and radiation effects were not looked up for this alloy.",
    "Hardness was printed in the sources as Brinell (172 to 181 BHN) and Rockwell B (88 to 91 HRBW), but no canonical hardness property is used, so it is not entered.",
    "Creep and stress-rupture data use the benchmark creep_rupture_strength, which is not in spores/property-canon.yaml; only one entry (760 °C, 1000 h, sheet) was read from the brochure.",
    "The composition for the EN grade (Co 11 to 14, Cr 20 to 23) differs from the ASTM B166 limits (Co 10 to 15, Cr 20 to 24); both are recorded in identity and story where they apply, and the Haynes nominal composition is recorded in the recipe.",
    "Cobalt and molybdenum supply and their critical-mineral status were not fetched; the USGS nickel summary read here does not state nickel's critical-minerals status.",
    "Electrical resistivity in the High Temp Metals table is printed in units that did not survive text extraction, so only the Special Metals and Haynes values are entered.",
    "The ASTM B166, AMS 5887 to 5889 and EN 10095 standards were named in the sources but not opened, so their product-form and test requirements are not recorded.",
    "The Haynes SDS and any alloy-specific classification were not found; the hazard entries use the PubChem record for nickel metal.",
    "Thermal stability, burner-rig and oxidation tables are summarised in corrosion and failure risks only; the full tables are not entered as properties."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Inconel 617 is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy that keeps its strength and resists oxidation above 1800 °F (982 °C). Its room-temperature yield strength in the solution-annealed state is 340 MPa and its tensile strength is 710 MPa (Special Metals). Its use is in hot gas-path parts: combustion cans, ducting and transition liners in gas turbines, and catalyst-grid supports in nitric acid plants. At 982 °C a typical plate still gives 108 MPa yield, and the alloy's density of 8.36 g/cm3 is lower than tungsten-containing alloys of similar strength.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Gas turbines",
        "line": "Combustion cans, ducting and transition liners in aircraft and land-based gas turbines, according to Special Metals and High Temp Metals."
      },
      {
        "where": "Nitric acid plants",
        "line": "Catalyst-grid supports for nitric acid production, plus heat-treating baskets and molybdenum reduction boats (High Temp Metals)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Power plants",
        "line": "Components of fossil-fuelled and nuclear power plants (High Temp Metals). No spacecraft or rocket use was found in the sources."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Hot strength",
        "line": "A typical plate gives 108 MPa yield strength at 982 °C (Haynes). Solution-annealed material gives 220 MPa at 650 °C (Special Metals).",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "108 MPa yield at 982 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Creep",
        "line": "The brochure gives an approximate stress of 138 MPa to cause rupture in 1000 h at 760 °C for solution-annealed sheet.",
        "benchmark": "creep_rupture_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "138 MPa for 1000 h at 760 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Room-temperature strength",
        "line": "Solution-annealed material at room temperature has 340 MPa yield, 710 MPa tensile strength and 62 % elongation (Special Metals).",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "340 MPa yield, 710 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Minimum properties",
        "line": "The EN 2.4663 datasheet prints minimum values of 300 MPa yield, 690 MPa tensile strength and 35 % elongation at 20 °C (Metalcor).",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "300 MPa yield, 690 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The density is 8.36 g/cm3 in the Haynes brochure, and the Special Metals datasheet prints the same figure as 8.36 g/cc.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.36 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The melting range is 1330 to 1380 °C in the Special Metals datasheet, and 1330 to 1375 °C in the Haynes brochure.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1330 to 1380 °C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Haynes lists 230 alloy as a replacement to consider for modern applications. In the 982 °C burner-rig test for 1000 h, 617 lost 2.4 mils of metal against 2.8 mils for 230, so the two are close. Against tungsten-containing alloys of similar strength, 617 has the lower density (8.36 g/cm3), which the brochure says matters for aircraft gas turbines. Compare the rows as examples, because the sources use different conditions.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Clean grease, oil, crayon marks and sulfur compounds from the joint, and keep copper out of the joint area.",
      "Preheat is not required. Keep the interpass temperature below 200 °F (93 °C) and do not use submerged-arc welding.",
      "Solution anneal at 2100 to 2150 °F (1149 to 1177 °C) and water quench or rapidly air cool.",
      "Hot forming at 1850 to 2200 °F; light work down to 1700 °F."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Hot gas-path parts that need strength and oxidation resistance above 1800 °F (982 °C).",
      "Corrosion in dilute boiling nitric acid: under 1 mpy (0.025 mm/yr) below 20 %.",
      "Parts that need strength at 650 °C and resistance to long-term oxidation."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Nickel is the main element, and PubChem's notifications classify nickel as a skin sensitiser and suspected carcinogen.",
      "Hot sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid attack the alloy strongly: 464 mpy at boiling 30 % sulfuric acid and 150 mpy at 10 % hydrochloric acid.",
      "Long exposure at 650 °C lowers ductility from 68 % to 32 %.",
      "Galvanic compatibility: most metals need specific measures.",
      "No spacecraft, rocket or outgassing data was found for this alloy."
    ],
    "verdict": "Inconel 617 is a strong, oxidation-resistant nickel alloy for hot gas-turbine and chemical-plant parts, with 340 MPa yield and 710 MPa tensile strength at room temperature in the solution-annealed state. It is a poor choice for hot sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, and its nickel content carries a sensitisation and cancer classification for the metal. The profile has no spacecraft, rocket or vacuum-outgassing data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Solid-solution nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy. The Haynes nominal composition is nickel as balance, cobalt 12.5, chromium 22, molybdenum 9, aluminium 1.2, titanium 0.3 and carbon 0.07 wt %, with small amounts of iron, manganese and silicon (Haynes). Aluminium with chromium gives the oxidation resistance. The alloy is normally supplied solution annealed at 2100 to 2150 °F (1149 to 1177 °C) and water quenched or rapidly air cooled (Haynes).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The matrix. The ASTM B166 limit is a minimum of 44.5 wt % (Special Metals); the Haynes nominal is the balance.",
          "share_percent": 44.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms the protective chromium oxide film that resists oxidation and wet corrosion (Haynes nominal, ASTM B166 range 20 to 24 wt %).",
          "share_percent": 22
        },
        {
          "name": "Cobalt",
          "symbol": "Co",
          "role": "Solid-solution strengthening (Haynes nominal, ASTM B166 range 10 to 15 wt %).",
          "share_percent": 12.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Solid-solution strengthening and resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion (Haynes nominal, ASTM B166 range 8 to 10 wt %).",
          "share_percent": 9
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "With chromium, gives the oxidation resistance at high temperature (Haynes nominal, ASTM B166 range 0.8 to 1.5 wt %).",
          "share_percent": 1.2
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Carbide former (Haynes nominal, ASTM B166 range 0.05 to 0.15 wt %).",
          "share_percent": 0.07
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Minor addition (Haynes nominal, ASTM B166 maximum 0.6 wt %).",
          "share_percent": 0.3
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy has no hazard classification of its own in the sources read. Its main concern is the nickel content, which PubChem's notifications classify as a skin sensitiser and suspected carcinogen.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel",
            "line": "The ECHA summary for nickel metal gives H317 (allergic skin reaction) for 99.9 % of codes reported, H372 (organ damage from repeated exposure) for 99.7 %, and H351 (suspected cancer) for 72.9 %. The signal word is Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Haynes advises cleaning the joint and keeping copper out of it. Its safety data sheet, which was not read here, gives the element concentrations and health effects."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel classification"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes come from oxidation tests, one long exposure test and a compatibility table. None of them is a flight result.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Oxidation",
            "line": "In still air at 982 °C for 8640 h, average metal loss was 0.7 mils (18 µm)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Long exposure",
            "line": "After 12000 h at 650 °C, elongation fell from 68 % to 32 %."
          },
          {
            "label": "Contact with other metals",
            "line": "SpaceMatDB says the alloy can be connected without restriction only to 400-series stainless steel; most other metals need specific measures."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Keep the interpass temperature below 200 °F (93 °C) and avoid submerged-arc welding."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Supply is normally solution annealed at 2100 to 2150 °F (1149 to 1177 °C), then water quenched or rapidly air cooled."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 26,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry (Haynes and Special Metals text extracted from PDFs; SpaceMatDB, High Temp Metals and Metalcor from HTML). Caveats: strength values are typical or minimum values from distributors and one brochure, not a single standard; the Special Metals and Haynes values for the same property differ by condition and are kept separate; supply shares are calculated from printed tonnes; the hazard classes are for nickel metal, not for the alloy."
  },
  "sources": {
    "special-metals-617": {
      "title": "Special Metals INCONEL Alloy 617 datasheet (copy on aerospacemetals.com, data provided by the manufacturer)",
      "url": "https://www.aerospacemetals.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Special-Metals-INCONEL%C2%AE-Alloy-617.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "haynes-617": {
      "title": "HAYNES 617 alloy brochure, H-3171D (Haynes International, 2020)",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/617-brochure.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "hightempmetals-617": {
      "title": "Inconel 617 technical data (High Temp Metals, 2015)",
      "url": "https://www.hightempmetals.com/techdata/hitempInconel617data.php",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor technical data (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "metalcor-617": {
      "title": "Alloy 617 (2.4663), N06617 datasheet (Metalcor GmbH)",
      "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/103/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "aircraftmaterials-617": {
      "title": "Nickel Alloy 617 / Inconel 617 (UNS N06617) technical data sheet (AircraftMaterials)",
      "url": "https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/inconel617.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "azom-617": {
      "title": "Super Alloy Inconel 617 (UNS N06617), AZoM",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=7746",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "spacematdb-617": {
      "title": "SpaceMatDB product data: Inconel 617",
      "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/m-datasearch.php?name=Inconel+617",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "SpaceMatDB (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (USGS, February 2026)",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Nickel (CID 935), including ECHA C&L notifications summary",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to ECHA and others"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/inconel-617/"
}