{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "inconel-600",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Inconel 600",
  "abbreviation": "Alloy 600 (UNS N06600, W.Nr. 2.4816)",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant nickel-chromium-iron alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Inconel 600 is a solid-solution nickel-chromium-iron alloy with at least 72 % nickel plus cobalt, 14 to 17 % chromium and 6 to 10 % iron. The Special Metals bulletin gives a density of 0.306 lb/in3 (8.47 Mg/m3), a melting range of 1354 to 1413 °C and a Curie temperature of -124 °C. It is not precipitation hardenable, so it is strengthened only by cold work: annealed rod and plate have a yield strength of 170 to 345 MPa and a tensile strength of 550 to 690 MPa. It is virtually immune to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking, and its Charpy toughness at -196 °C is still 82.4 J in the transverse direction of 1/2 in plate.\n",
  "best_for": "Hot or cryogenic-to-hot parts in oxidising and corrosive chemical service where chloride stress-corrosion cracking must be avoided, such as furnace parts, heater sheaths, electronic support parts and springs",
  "weakest_at": "Strength in the annealed state (170 to 345 MPa yield, so cold work is needed for more), and sensitization between 540 and 760 °C, which makes it prone to intergranular attack; it also cracks in high-temperature, high-strength caustic alkali unless stress-relieved",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium-iron solid-solution alloy: 72.0 min nickel (plus cobalt), 14.0 to 17.0 chromium, 6.00 to 10.00 iron, with maximum carbon 0.15, manganese 1.00, silicon 0.50, copper 0.50 and sulfur 0.015 (wt%); balance not specified beyond these limits",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N06600",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Introduction, first paragraph (UNS N06600/W.Nr. 2.4816)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4816",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Introduction, first paragraph (UNS N06600/W.Nr. 2.4816)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "NiCr15Fe",
        "source": "metalcor",
        "where": "Standards heading, EN name"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "NA14",
        "source": "wiki-inconel",
        "where": "Other designations list, Alloy 600 entry (NA14, BS3076, 2.4816 ...)"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "17742",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Identification row (DIN 17742)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B166",
        "note": "bar",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Bar row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B168",
        "note": "sheet, plate and strip",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Sheet, Plate, or Strip row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B167",
        "note": "seamless pipe and tube",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Pipe - Seamless row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B163",
        "note": "seamless tube",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Tube - Seamless row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B517",
        "note": "welded pipe",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Pipe - Welded row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B516",
        "note": "welded tube",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Tube - Welded row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B564",
        "note": "forging and bar",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Forging row"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5665",
        "note": "bar and forgings",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Bar and Forging rows"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5540",
        "note": "sheet, strip and plate",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Sheet, Plate, or Strip row"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5580",
        "note": "seamless tubing",
        "source": "hpalloys",
        "where": "Common Specifications table, Tube - Seamless row"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "INCONEL alloy 600",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Page header INCONEL alloy 600 and first paragraph INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600"
      }
    ],
    "source": "sm600",
    "where": "Table 1, Limiting Chemical Composition (Special Metals bulletin SMC-027); UNS N06600 and W.Nr. 2.4816 from the first paragraph"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, annealed (typical)",
      "value": 0.306,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lb/in3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical physical constant, not for specification use (bulletin text)",
        "unit_in_source": "lb/in3 (printed with 8.47 Mg/m3)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals physical constants table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Constants, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, 20 °C (datasheet for material 2.4816)",
      "value": 8.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "grade": "2.4816 (NiCr15Fe)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a German datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor",
      "where": "Physical Properties 20 °C section, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 600 (2.4816, N06600) technical datasheet, Metalcor",
        "id": "Metalcor datasheet 108, Standards, Physical Properties 20 °C and Mechanical Properties 20 °C",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/108/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range",
      "value": 1354,
      "value_high": 1413,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2470 to 2575 °F",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a Special Metals physical constants table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Constants, Melting Range, °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature",
      "value": -124,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "-192 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals physical constants table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 2, Physical Constants, Curie Temperature, °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 °C",
      "value": 444,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg °C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C (the matching row of Table 3 is 20 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "0.106 Btu/lb-°F at 70 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals physical constants table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 2, Specific Heat, J/kg-°C row (metric row of Table 3 at 20 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 1.03,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "μΩ-m (620 ohm·circ mil/ft at 70 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the metric column of a Special Metals thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The metalcor datasheet gives 0.98 Ω·mm2/m for the same grade without a stated temperature; the bulletin value is used.",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 3, Thermal Properties, Electrical Resistivity column, row 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 14.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m°C; 103 Btu·in/ft2·h·°F at 70 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the metric column of a Special Metals thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 3, Thermal Properties, Thermal Conductivity column, row 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 800 °C",
      "value": 27.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "800 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m°C; 145 Btu·in/ft2·h·°F at 800 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the metric column of a Special Metals thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 3, Thermal Properties, Thermal Conductivity column, row 800 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion at 20 °C",
      "value": 10.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C (room-temperature value measured from -196 °C, per Table 3 footnote a)",
        "unit_in_source": "μm/m·°C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the metric column of a Special Metals thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 3, Thermal Properties, Coefficient of Expansion column, row 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity at 22 °C",
      "value": 214,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "GPa (metric row of Table 4)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals modulus table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, Young Modulus column, GPa, row 22 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio at 22 °C",
      "value": 0.324,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "22 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals modulus table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 4, Modulus of Elasticity, Poisson's Ratio column, metric row 22 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, cold-drawn rod and bar, annealed (typical range)",
      "value": 170,
      "value_high": 345,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-drawn rod and bar",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "25 to 50 ksi",
        "note_in_source": "composite range for various sizes, not suitable for specification"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a Special Metals mechanical property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 6, Typical Mechanical-Property Ranges, Rod and Bar, Cold-Drawn, Annealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, cold-drawn rod and bar, annealed (typical range)",
      "value": 550,
      "value_high": 690,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-drawn rod and bar",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "80 to 100 ksi",
        "note_in_source": "composite range for various sizes, not suitable for specification"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a Special Metals mechanical property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 6, Typical Mechanical-Property Ranges, Rod and Bar, Cold-Drawn, Annealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, cold-drawn rod and bar, annealed (typical range)",
      "value": 35,
      "value_high": 55,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-drawn rod and bar",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Nominal range printed in a Special Metals mechanical property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 6, Typical Mechanical-Property Ranges, Rod and Bar, Cold-Drawn, Annealed row, Elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, hot-rolled plate annealed 1600 °F (870 °C) 1 hr",
      "value": 331,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hot-rolled plate, 0.875 in",
        "temper": "annealed 1600 °F (870 °C)/1 hr",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "48.0 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals room-temperature property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 9, Room-Temperature Properties of Hot-Rolled Plate, row 1600 °F (870 °C), Yield Strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, hot-rolled plate annealed 1600 °F (870 °C) 1 hr",
      "value": 675.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hot-rolled plate, 0.875 in",
        "temper": "annealed 1600 °F (870 °C)/1 hr",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "98.0 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals room-temperature property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 9, Room-Temperature Properties of Hot-Rolled Plate, row 1600 °F (870 °C), Tensile Strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, hot-rolled plate annealed 1600 °F (870 °C) 1 hr",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hot-rolled plate, 0.875 in",
        "temper": "annealed 1600 °F (870 °C)/1 hr",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals room-temperature property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 9, Room-Temperature Properties of Hot-Rolled Plate, row 1600 °F (870 °C), Elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fatigue_strength",
      "label": "Rotating-beam fatigue strength at 10^8 cycles, annealed",
      "value": 268.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "test": "rotating-beam, polished specimens",
        "cycles": "10^8",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "unit_in_source": "39.0 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a Special Metals fatigue table, rotating-beam tests on polished specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 16, Room-Temperature Fatigue Strength, Annealed row, Fatigue Strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy",
      "label": "Charpy keyhole impact energy, 1/2 in plate, transverse, -196 °C (-320 °F)",
      "value": 82.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "-196 °C (-320 °F)",
        "orientation": "transverse",
        "form": "1/2 in (13 mm) thick hot-rolled plate",
        "average": "three tests",
        "unit_in_source": "60.8 ft-lb"
      },
      "method": "Average of three Charpy keyhole tests printed in a Special Metals impact table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "charpy_impact_energy is a custom benchmark name because no canonical name fits; the bulletin gives 86.1 J at 21 °C in the same orientation.",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 12, Impact Strength (Charpy Keyhole) of Plate, Transverse, -320 °F (-196 °C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
        "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
        "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2 minimum, datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "value": 175,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "minimum (shown with a greater-than sign on the datasheet)",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm2"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a German datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties 20 °C section, Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 600 (2.4816, N06600) technical datasheet, Metalcor",
        "id": "Metalcor datasheet 108, Standards, Physical Properties 20 °C and Mechanical Properties 20 °C",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/108/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "value": 490,
      "value_high": 640,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm2"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a German datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties 20 °C section, Tensile strength (Rm) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 600 (2.4816, N06600) technical datasheet, Metalcor",
        "id": "Metalcor datasheet 108, Standards, Physical Properties 20 °C and Mechanical Properties 20 °C",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/108/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A5 minimum, datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "minimum (shown with a greater-than sign on the datasheet)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a German datasheet for material 2.4816",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "metalcor",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties 20 °C section, Elongation (A5) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 600 (2.4816, N06600) technical datasheet, Metalcor",
        "id": "Metalcor datasheet 108, Standards, Physical Properties 20 °C and Mechanical Properties 20 °C",
        "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/108/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Chloride-containing water and solutions",
      "headline": "Virtually immune to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking, because nickel content is at least 72 % in this grade.",
      "effect": "The bulletin says austenitic stainless steels can crack transgranularly in chloride solutions, and that this tendency falls as nickel rises. With a minimum of 72 % nickel, Inconel 600 is virtually immune to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking. It also has excellent resistance to high-purity water in nuclear reactor systems, with no chloride cracking detected.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement, no exposure time or test medium given"
      },
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Stress-Corrosion Cracking section and Introduction (nuclear paragraph)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "High-temperature, high-strength caustic alkalies, and mercury at high temperature",
      "headline": "Subject to stress-corrosion cracking in hot, strongly caustic solutions unless it is stress-relieved before use.",
      "effect": "The bulletin says Inconel 600 is subject to stress-corrosion cracking in high-temperature, high-strength caustic alkalies, and that material for this service should be fully stress-relieved at 1650 °F for 1 hr or 1450 °F for 4 hr (900 °C for 1 hr or 790 °C for 4 hr) with operating stresses kept to a minimum. Cracking can also occur with mercury at elevated temperatures.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement from the bulletin, no corrosion rate given",
        "stress_relief": "1650 °F/1 hr or 1450 °F/4 hr"
      },
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Stress-Corrosion Cracking section, second paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sulfur-containing gases at high temperature",
      "headline": "Resists sulfur compounds at moderate temperatures, but is subject to sulfidation at high temperatures.",
      "effect": "The bulletin says the alloy resists attack by sulfur compounds at moderate temperatures, but is subject to sulfidation in high-temperature sulfur-containing environments. Molybdenum disulfide lubricant should not be used on parts that will later see temperatures above 800 °F (427 °C).",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement, no temperature or rate given for sulfidation"
      },
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "High-Temperature Applications section, last paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Carburizing atmosphere, hydrogen with 2 % methane, 100 h",
      "headline": "Low weight gain in carburizing tests, against more for 800HT and type 330 stainless steel.",
      "effect": "Gas carburization tests in hydrogen with 2 % methane for 100 h gave a weight gain of 2.66 mg/cm2 at 1700 °F (925 °C) and 12.30 mg/cm2 at 2000 °F (1095 °C) for Inconel 600. The 2000 °F test atmosphere also contained 5 % argon. The same table gives 4.94 and 21.58 mg/cm2 for INCOLOY alloy 800HT, and 6.42 and 24.00 mg/cm2 for type 330 stainless steel at the same two temperatures.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "hydrogen with 2 % methane",
        "time": "100 h",
        "temperature": "1700 °F (925 °C) and 2000 °F (1095 °C)"
      },
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 24, Gas Carburization Tests (100 h) in Hydrogen/2% Methane"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air at high temperature, furnace and heat-treating use",
      "headline": "Used for retorts, muffles and furnace parts because it resists oxidation and scaling at high temperature.",
      "effect": "The bulletin says Inconel 600 is widely used in furnace and heat-treating work for retorts, boxes, muffles, wire belts and roller hearths, and is the standard material for nitriding containers. Its resistance to oxidation at 1800 °F (980 °C) is shown as a cyclic weight-change curve (Figure 11), which was not transcribed here.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "cyclic oxidation, 15 min heating and 5 min cooling in air at 1800 °F (980 °C)"
      },
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "High-Temperature Applications section, Figure 11"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General atmosphere, indoor and ambient",
      "headline": "No corrosion protection is normally required, and the surface stays bright indoors.",
      "effect": "SpaceMatDB lists general corrosion status as no specific corrosion protection required, and says the alloy stays bright indefinitely indoors. The database prints no test source for these fields, so this is a database statement, not a test result.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "database field statement, no test data printed"
      },
      "source": "spacematdb",
      "where": "General corrosion status and Atmospheric corrosion fields"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS record for nickel: H317 may cause an allergic skin reaction, H351 is suspected of causing cancer and H372 causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Signal word Danger, pictograms GHS07 and GHS08. The record is for nickel metal, and nickel is at least 72 % of this alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated hazard statements for nickel (CID 935)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Sensitization by chromium carbide precipitation",
        "trigger": "Exposure in the range 1000 to 1400 °F (540 to 760 °C), or slow cooling through that range",
        "consequence": "Chromium carbides precipitate at grain boundaries and can make the alloy prone to intergranular attack in aggressive media. The bulletin says the alloy should be rapidly cooled through the range when it is to be pickled or used in an environment that needs freedom from sensitization.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Microstructure section and Heat Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Caustic stress-corrosion cracking",
        "trigger": "High-temperature, high-strength caustic alkali, or mercury at high temperature, when parts are not fully stress-relieved",
        "consequence": "Stress-corrosion cracking. The bulletin advises full stress relief at 1650 °F for 1 hr or 1450 °F for 4 hr, and keeping operating stresses to a minimum.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Stress-Corrosion Cracking section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Sulfidation in sulfur-containing gases",
        "trigger": "High-temperature sulfur-containing environments",
        "consequence": "Sulfidation attack. The bulletin gives no rate or temperature limit for this attack.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "High-Temperature Applications section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Reduced ductility of welds made with Inconel Welding Electrode 182",
        "trigger": "Extended exposure of the weld metal to 1000 to 1400 °F (540 to 760 °C)",
        "consequence": "Weld metal can lose ductility after extended exposure in that range. The bulletin states this for Electrode 182 welds, not for the wrought alloy.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Welding section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Low ductility during hot working",
        "trigger": "Working between 1200 and 1600 °F (650 to 870 °C)",
        "consequence": "The alloy has low ductility in that range and should not be worked there. Heavy hot work belongs in 1900 to 2250 °F (1040 to 1230 °C).",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Hot and Cold Forming section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Clean the material before heating and heat it in a sulfur-free atmosphere. Forging or open annealing should use a slightly reducing furnace atmosphere to prevent excessive oxidation.",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Heating and Pickling section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use the normal hot-working range of 1600 to 2250 °F (870 to 1230 °C). Do not work between 1200 and 1600 °F (650 to 870 °C).",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Hot and Cold Forming section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avoid molybdenum disulfide lubricant on parts that will later see temperatures above 800 °F (427 °C).",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "High-Temperature Applications section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Fine-grain material is preferred for corrosion resistance and for tensile, fatigue and impact strength. Annealing at about 1850 °F (1010 °C) for 15 min gives soft material without coarse grains.",
        "source": "sm600",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, grain size and annealing paragraphs"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aeronautical engine and airframe components (lockwire, exhaust liners and turbine seals)",
      "example": "The bulletin names lockwire, exhaust liners and turbine seals as engine and airframe components that must withstand high temperatures.",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Introduction, aeronautical field paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Electronic parts: cathode-ray tube spiders, thyratron grids, tube support members and springs",
      "example": "The bulletin lists these electronic parts as uses of Inconel 600.",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Introduction, electronic field paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Spring-temper wire",
      "example": "Spring-temper wire has a tensile strength of 170 to 220 ksi (1170 to 1520 MPa) and a yield strength of 150 to 210 ksi (1035 to 1450 MPa), per the bulletin's typical range table.",
      "source": "sm600",
      "where": "Table 6, Typical Mechanical-Property Ranges, Wire, Spring Temper row"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel is in stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column, shares calculated against the printed world total of 3,900,000 t (Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; Canada 140,000); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the major strategic end use."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (thousand t), shares calculated against the printed world total of 51,000 (South Africa 23,000; Turkey 9,000; Kazakhstan 7,000; India 3,000); Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Special Metals INCONEL alloy 600 technical bulletin, publication SMC-027 (2008)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/935"
    },
    {
      "title": "HP Alloys, Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) product page with common specifications",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hpalloys.com/Alloys/600"
    },
    {
      "title": "Metalcor datasheet for Alloy 600 (2.4816, N06600)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/108/"
    },
    {
      "title": "SpaceMatDB material record: Inconel 600",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/datasearch.php?name=Inconel+600"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No safety data sheet for the finished alloy was read. Hazards come from PubChem's nickel record, which is for nickel metal and not the alloy.",
    "The open-access 2014 molten-salt corrosion paper on Inconel 600 (doi 10.1155/2014/696081) and the 2021 Rare Metals oxidation paper (Springer 10.1007/s12598-018-1148-1) were blocked or redirected, so no molten-salt or oxidation-rate numbers are recorded.",
    "Figure-only data were not transcribed: cyclic oxidation curve at 1800 °F (Figure 11), high-temperature tensile curves (Figures 1, 4 and 5), low-cycle fatigue (Tables 17 and 18 not transcribed), creep and rupture (Tables 20 to 22), weld tensile and rupture (Tables 28 and 29).",
    "Hardness is in Table 6 (65 to 85 HRB annealed) but was not added in this pass.",
    "Critical-mineral list status for nickel and chromium was not in the USGS excerpts read, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "Space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation, cold welding) were not found in the sources read. SpaceMatDB lists space experience as good, with no printed source, so it is not used as a value.",
    "SpaceMatDB gives a specific gravity of 8.42 with no conditions and no source; it is not used. Metalcor gives electrical resistivity of 0.98 ohm mm2/m without a temperature; the bulletin value at 20 °C is used instead.",
    "ASME SB numbers (printed on the HP Alloys page), DIN 17750 to 17754 (printed as a range) and the nuclear grade INCONEL alloy 600T were left out: the first two do not give a single printed code, and 600T is a variant grade with its own specification.",
    "NiCr15Fe8 (listed by Wikipedia as a DE name) and NA14 were checked only against the Wikipedia list; NiCr15Fe is confirmed by a datasheet, while NA14 rests on Wikipedia alone.",
    "Upmet, Rolled Alloys and Alloys International pages were blocked or not read; ASTM and AMS requirements are taken from the HP Alloys common-specifications table, not from the standards themselves.",
    "charpy_impact_energy is a custom benchmark name because property-canon has no impact-energy entry; the Charpy value is kept, not converted.",
    "The bulletin is a 2008 publication with typical values, not specification minimums, except where the datasheet gives a minimum (metalcor).",
    "Cost, machinability ranking (slightly more machinable than type 304) and welding fume limits are not recorded as properties."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Inconel 600 is used where a nickel alloy must resist chloride stress-corrosion cracking and high-temperature oxidation while keeping useful strength. Its high nickel content makes it virtually immune to chloride cracking, and its chromium resists oxidising and sulfur-bearing conditions. Because it is not age hardened, its strength comes from cold work and annealing. The Special Metals bulletin gives a usable toughness at -196 °C, a Charpy energy of 82.4 J in 1/2 in plate, and states that it keeps its place in furnace, chemical and electronic parts.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Aeronautical engine and airframe parts",
        "line": "The bulletin lists lockwire, exhaust liners and turbine seals for aeronautical engines and airframes."
      },
      {
        "where": "Electronic parts",
        "line": "The bulletin lists cathode-ray tube spiders, thyratron grids, tube support members and springs as electronic uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Springs",
        "line": "Spring-temper wire has a tensile strength of 170 to 220 ksi (1170 to 1520 MPa) in the bulletin's typical range table."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength at room temperature",
        "line": "Cold-drawn rod and bar, annealed, have a typical yield strength of 170 to 345 MPa. An annealed hot-rolled plate reaches 331 MPa yield and 675.7 MPa tensile at room temperature.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "170 to 345 MPa yield"
      },
      {
        "label": "Toughness when cold",
        "line": "Charpy keyhole energy for 1/2 in plate, transverse, is 82.4 J at -196 °C (60.8 ft-lb), close to its 86.1 J at 21 °C.",
        "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "82.4 J at -196 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Modulus of elasticity is 214 GPa at 22 °C, with a Poisson's ratio of 0.324.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "214 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The datasheet gives 8.5 g/cm3 at 20 °C, and the bulletin gives 0.306 lb/in3 (8.47 Mg/m3) as a typical density.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.5 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat conduction",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 14.9 W/(m·K) at 20 °C and 27.5 W/(m·K) at 800 °C in the bulletin's thermal table.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "14.9 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The melting range is 1354 to 1413 °C, from the bulletin's physical constants table.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1354 to 1413 °C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Inconel 600 is the solid-solution member of the nickel-alloy family in this collection. Unlike the age-hardened nickel superalloys in this collection, it is not precipitation hardened, so its strength comes from cold work and annealing rather than precipitates, and it is weaker in the annealed state. The datasheets rate its resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking, oxidation and carburization as strong, but they give no corrosion rates for the furnace and oxidising tests.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting range",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Clean the material before heating and heat it in a sulfur-free atmosphere (Special Metals).",
      "Cool rapidly through 1000 to 1400 °F (540 to 760 °C) when the surface must be pickled or sensitization must be avoided (Special Metals).",
      "Stress-relieve parts for hot caustic service at 1650 °F for 1 hr or 1450 °F for 4 hr (Special Metals).",
      "Keep molybdenum disulfide lubricant away from parts that will later see temperatures above 800 °F (427 °C) (Special Metals)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Chloride-bearing and oxidising chemical service, where the bulletin says the alloy is virtually immune to chloride stress-corrosion cracking.",
      "Furnace and heat-treating hardware, such as retorts, muffles and roller hearths.",
      "Cold to warm structural and electronic parts that need a Charpy energy of 82.4 J at -196 °C."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Sensitization between 1000 and 1400 °F (540 to 760 °C) makes the alloy prone to intergranular attack unless it is cooled quickly through that range.",
      "Hot caustic alkali can cause stress-corrosion cracking; stress-relieve parts first.",
      "Annealed strength is modest (170 to 345 MPa yield), so cold work is needed where higher strength is required.",
      "The sources read give no corrosion rates, no space-environment test results and no molten-salt data for this grade."
    ],
    "verdict": "Inconel 600 is a chloride-resistant, oxidation-resistant nickel alloy with a documented toughness at -196 °C, and it is not age hardened. Its main risks are sensitization between 540 and 760 °C and caustic stress-corrosion cracking, and the profile lacks corrosion rates, space-environment data and a safety data sheet for the alloy itself.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Inconel 600 is a solid-solution nickel-chromium-iron alloy with a stable austenitic matrix. Its composition is the limiting chemical composition in the Special Metals bulletin (UNS N06600): at least 72.0 % nickel plus cobalt, 14.0 to 17.0 % chromium, 6.00 to 10.00 % iron, and maximum carbon, manganese, silicon, copper and sulfur. It is not precipitation hardenable, so the alloy is hardened only by cold work, and its annealing and heat treatment are set by the grain size and amount of cold work.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy and the main source of its resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking. The bulletin gives 72.0 % as a minimum.",
          "share_percent": 72,
          "share_note": "minimum, plus cobalt"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Gives resistance to sulfur compounds and to oxidising conditions at high temperature, according to the bulletin.",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "share_high": 17
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The balance of the matrix with nickel and chromium.",
          "share_percent": 6,
          "share_high": 10
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon, manganese, silicon, copper and sulfur",
          "symbol": "C, Mn, Si, Cu, S",
          "role": "Impurity and minor-element limits in the limiting chemical composition. Carbon can precipitate as chromium carbides at 540 to 760 °C.",
          "share_note": "maximum 0.15 C, 1.00 Mn, 0.50 Si, 0.50 Cu, 0.015 S"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The only hazard source read is PubChem's entry for nickel, and no safety data sheet for the finished alloy was read. Nickel is at least 72 % of this alloy.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The metal",
            "line": "PubChem's aggregated GHS record for nickel gives H317 (allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (damage to organs through repeated exposure), signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and fume",
            "line": "Grinding, cutting and welding fume should be controlled, because nickel makes up most of this alloy. The sources read give no fume limits."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Nickel hazards apply"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These come from the bulletin's temperature and stress notes, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Sensitization",
            "line": "Between 1000 and 1400 °F (540 to 760 °C) chromium carbides precipitate at grain boundaries, which can make the alloy prone to intergranular attack. Cool rapidly through that range when that matters."
          },
          {
            "label": "Caustic cracking",
            "line": "Hot, strongly caustic solutions can crack the alloy unless it is stress-relieved first, at 1650 °F for 1 hr or 1450 °F for 4 hr."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and heat treatment",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heating",
            "line": "Clean the material and heat it in a sulfur-free atmosphere. A slightly reducing atmosphere is used for forging or open annealing."
          },
          {
            "label": "Working",
            "line": "Hot work runs from 1600 to 2250 °F (870 to 1230 °C). The alloy has low ductility from 1200 to 1600 °F and should not be worked there."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-25",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 22,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the Special Metals bulletin SMC-027 (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24 and text), the HP Alloys and Metalcor pages, Wikipedia's Inconel page, SpaceMatDB, the PubChem nickel record and the USGS 2026 nickel and chromium summaries. Blocked: the 2014 Wiley/Hindawi molten-salt paper (403), the Rare Metals paper (redirect), Upmet (403) and Rolled Alloys (404). Caveats: bulletin values are typical, not specification minimums; metalcor minimums are from a datasheet; the hazard record is for nickel metal; supply shares are calculated from printed tonnages."
  },
  "sources": {
    "sm600": {
      "title": "INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 technical bulletin, Special Metals publication SMC-027",
      "id": "Special Metals Corporation, copyright 2008 (Sept 08)",
      "url": "https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Special Metals terms (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "USGS, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work (public domain)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "id": "USGS, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work (public domain)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "Nickel, PubChem CID 935, GHS classification (aggregated ECHA notifications)",
      "id": "PubChem CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/935",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NIH, public domain)"
    },
    "wiki-inconel": {
      "title": "Inconel, Wikipedia (other designations list)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, English article (checked 2026-10-25)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "hpalloys": {
      "title": "Alloy 600 (UNS N06600), HP Alloys product page, Common Specifications and Chemistry tables",
      "id": "HP Alloys, Inconel 600 - UNS N06600 - W. Nr. 2.4816",
      "url": "https://hpalloys.com/Alloys/600",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "metalcor": {
      "title": "Alloy 600 (2.4816, N06600) technical datasheet, Metalcor",
      "id": "Metalcor datasheet 108, Standards, Physical Properties 20 °C and Mechanical Properties 20 °C",
      "url": "http://www.metalcor.de/en/datenblatt/108/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "spacematdb": {
      "title": "SpaceMatDB material record: Inconel 600",
      "id": "SpaceMatDB material datasearch, record Inconel 600",
      "url": "https://www.spacematdb.com/spacemat/datasearch.php?name=Inconel+600",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "SpaceMatDB terms (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/inconel-600/"
}