{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "ig-110-isotropic-graphite",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbon-materials",
  "name": "IG-110 isotropic graphite",
  "abbreviation": "IG-110",
  "role": "isostatically pressed nuclear graphite grade (Toyo Tanso), studied by ORNL for a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor",
  "category": "carbon",
  "type": "graphite",
  "summary": "IG-110 is a fine-grained, isostatically pressed graphite made by Toyo Tanso and qualified by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as a candidate material for a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. ORNL measured a bulk density of 1.77 g/cm3 before irradiation, per its 2018 summary report. Neutron irradiation sharply lowered thermal conductivity: one specimen irradiated at a measured 256 degC read 2.80 W/m/K at 25 degC, against 129 W/m/K before irradiation in the axial direction.\n",
  "best_for": "Reference nuclear graphite where ORNL baseline and irradiation data for the grade matter, such as reactor-core qualification studies",
  "weakest_at": "Irradiation and air oxidation: thermal conductivity falls sharply after neutron irradiation, and the graphite oxidizes in air at high temperature",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "C (carbon; synthetic graphite made from petroleum-based carbon materials)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "IG-110",
        "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
        "where": "Section 2.1 (Grade IG-110, Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd.)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
    "where": "Table 1 (manufacturer Toyo Tanso, LTD; coke type Petroleum; forming method Isostatically pressed)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Bulk density, pre-irradiation specimens",
      "value": 1.77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "isostatically pressed IG-110, as received",
        "specimens": "all specimen shapes",
        "reported_as": "average plus or minus 1 sigma"
      },
      "method": "Measured by ORNL on pre-irradiation specimens and printed in the report table",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 0.017 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Density (g/cm3), all specimens",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Bulk density, ORNL 2022 Table 1",
      "value": 1.761,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "bulk density by mensuration, IG-110 column",
        "grade_column": "Isotropic"
      },
      "method": "Measured at ORNL and printed in Table 1 of the 2022 review",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The 2018 ORNL report gives 1.77 and this 2022 table gives 1.761; both values are printed by ORNL and both are kept here.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Bulk density (mensuration)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic Young's modulus, MB specimens, axial",
      "value": 9.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen_shape": "MB, as printed",
        "orientation": "AX (axial, with gravity during pressing)",
        "temperature": "not printed in Table 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Dynamic Young's modulus measured by ORNL on pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 0.23 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Dynamic Young's Modulus (GPa), MB, AX",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic Young's modulus, MB specimens, transverse",
      "value": 9.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen_shape": "MB, as printed",
        "orientation": "TR (transverse)",
        "temperature": "not printed in Table 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Dynamic Young's modulus measured by ORNL on pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 0.22 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Dynamic Young's Modulus (GPa), MB, TR",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compression strength, CRS specimens, axial",
      "value": 77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen_shape": "CRS, as printed",
        "orientation": "AX (axial)",
        "temperature": "not printed in Table 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Compression test by ORNL on pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 3.3 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Compression Strength (MPa), CRS, AX",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compression strength, CRS specimens, transverse",
      "value": 77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen_shape": "CRS, as printed",
        "orientation": "TR (transverse)",
        "temperature": "not printed in Table 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Compression test by ORNL on pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 2.1 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Compression Strength (MPa), CRS, TR",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "4-point flexural strength, MB specimens, axial",
      "value": 34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "4-point flexural",
        "specimen_shape": "MB, as printed",
        "orientation": "AX (axial)"
      },
      "method": "4-point flexural test by ORNL on a small subset of pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 1.8 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), 4-point Flexural Strength (MPa), MB, AX",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "4-point flexural strength, MB specimens, transverse",
      "value": 36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "4-point flexural",
        "specimen_shape": "MB, as printed",
        "orientation": "TR (transverse)"
      },
      "method": "4-point flexural test by ORNL on a small subset of pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 1.3 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), 4-point Flexural Strength (MPa), MB, TR",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion at 500 °C, MB axial",
      "value": 4.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "mean CTE at 500 °C, as printed",
        "specimen_shape": "MB, as printed",
        "orientation": "AX (axial)"
      },
      "method": "Mean CTE measured by ORNL; the source prints the unit as 10-6 K-1, and the number is unchanged in ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 0.04 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Mean CTE at 500°C (10-6 K-1), MB, AX",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion at 500 °C, MB transverse",
      "value": 4.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "mean CTE at 500 °C, as printed",
        "specimen_shape": "MB, as printed",
        "orientation": "TR (transverse)"
      },
      "method": "Mean CTE measured by ORNL; the source prints the unit as 10-6 K-1, and the number is unchanged in ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 0.11 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Mean CTE at 500°C (10-6 K-1), MB, TR",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "isotropy_ratio",
      "label": "Isotropy ratio of thermal expansion",
      "value": 1.057,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "ratio as printed in Table 2.2, pre-irradiation specimens"
      },
      "method": "Ratio printed by ORNL in the same table as the CTE rows",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Isotropy Ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 25 °C, TD4 specimens, axial",
      "value": 129,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C, as printed",
        "specimen_shape": "TD4, as printed",
        "orientation": "AX (axial)"
      },
      "method": "Thermal conductivity measured by ORNL on a few pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 7.2 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Thermal Conductivity at 25°C (W/m/K), TD4, AX",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 25 °C, TD4 specimens, transverse",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C, as printed",
        "specimen_shape": "TD4, as printed",
        "orientation": "TR (transverse)"
      },
      "method": "Thermal conductivity measured by ORNL on a few pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 3.7 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Thermal Conductivity at 25°C (W/m/K), TD4, TR",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 500 °C, TD4 specimens, axial",
      "value": 73,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "500 °C, as printed",
        "specimen_shape": "TD4, as printed",
        "orientation": "AX (axial)"
      },
      "method": "Thermal conductivity measured by ORNL on a few pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 3.5 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Thermal Conductivity at 500°C (W/m/K), TD4, AX",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 500 °C, TD4 specimens, transverse",
      "value": 77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "500 °C, as printed",
        "specimen_shape": "TD4, as printed",
        "orientation": "TR (transverse)"
      },
      "method": "Thermal conductivity measured by ORNL on a few pre-irradiation specimens",
      "status": "ground",
      "uncertainty": "± 1.4 (1σ)",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Table 2.2 (page 3), Thermal Conductivity at 500°C (W/m/K), TD4, TR",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "grain_size",
      "label": "Average grain size",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average grain size, IG-110 column, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed by ORNL as an average value in the general properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Grain size (µm), IG-110 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ash_content",
      "label": "Ash content",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ppm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "printed as less than 10 ppm"
      },
      "method": "Printed by ORNL in the general properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Ash content (ppm), IG-110 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, ORNL 2022 Table 1",
      "value": 14.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "IG-110 column of the general properties table; test method not printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed by ORNL in the general properties table; the table does not name the test",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The test method is not printed. This is a different test from the 34 MPa flexural value in the 2018 report, so the two are not directly comparable.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Tensile strength (MPa), IG-110 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compressive strength, ORNL 2022 Table 1",
      "value": 73.44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "IG-110 column of the general properties table; test method not printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed by ORNL in the general properties table; the table does not name the test",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The test method is not printed. The 2018 report gives 77 MPa for axial compression specimens (Table 2.2), so the two sources are shown side by side.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Compressive strength (MPa), IG-110 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic Young's modulus, ORNL 2022 Table 1",
      "value": 8.767,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "IG-110 column of the general properties table"
      },
      "method": "Printed by ORNL in the general properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "This 2022 value differs from the 9.1 GPa axial and 9.7 GPa transverse values in the 2018 report; both are kept.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Dynamic young's modulus (GPa), IG-110 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio",
      "value": 0.157,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "IG-110 column of the general properties table"
      },
      "method": "Printed by ORNL in the general properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 1, row Poisson ratio, IG-110 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_activation_energy",
      "label": "Activation energy for air oxidation, Smith data set",
      "value": 195,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/mol",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "air (21% O2)",
        "temperature_range": "536 to 695 °C",
        "flow_rate": "10 L/min",
        "specimen": "cylinder, 2.54 D x 5.08 H cm"
      },
      "method": "Arrhenius fit of oxidation rate data for IG-110 in air, as tabulated by ORNL",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 187 kJ/mol for the Fuller data set and 169 kJ/mol for the Chi data set, measured over other temperature ranges.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 3 (Selected kinetic parameters oxidation of IG-110 by air), Smith row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_activation_energy",
      "label": "Activation energy for air oxidation, Fuller data set",
      "value": 187,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/mol",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "air (21% O2)",
        "temperature_range": "450 to 750 °C",
        "flow_rate": "0.5 L/min",
        "specimen": "cylinder, 0.84 D x 1.90 H cm"
      },
      "method": "Arrhenius fit of oxidation rate data for IG-110 in air, as tabulated by ORNL",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 3 (Selected kinetic parameters oxidation of IG-110 by air), Fuller row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_activation_energy",
      "label": "Activation energy for air oxidation, Chi data set",
      "value": 169,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/mol",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "air (21% O2)",
        "temperature_range": "603 to 808 °C",
        "flow_rate": "10 L/min",
        "specimen": "cylinder, 2.54 D x 2.54 H cm"
      },
      "method": "Arrhenius fit of oxidation rate data for IG-110 in air, as tabulated by ORNL",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 3 (Selected kinetic parameters oxidation of IG-110 by air), Chi row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity after neutron irradiation, sample T11T15",
      "value": 2.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "after neutron irradiation",
        "specimen": "TD3, TR orientation",
        "design_temperature": "300 °C",
        "measured_temperature": "256 °C",
        "test_temperature": "25 °C",
        "fluence": "printed in the source with an exponent, not reproduced here"
      },
      "method": "Post-irradiation thermal conductivity at 25 °C measured by ORNL on one specimen of the irradiation set",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "One row of the appendix table; irradiated values in that table are far below the 129 W/m/K unirradiated axial value.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Appendix B.5.1 (Room Temperature), row T11T15",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "volume_change",
      "label": "Volume change after neutron irradiation, sample T10T06",
      "value": -7.39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "after neutron irradiation",
        "specimen": "MB, TR orientation",
        "design_temperature": "300 °C",
        "measured_temperature": "410 °C",
        "fluence": "printed in the source with an exponent, not reproduced here"
      },
      "method": "Post-irradiation volume change (delta V over V0) measured by ORNL",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
      "where": "Appendix B.1 (Post-irradiation dimension and Young's modulus), row T10T06",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
        "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air at high temperature (dry air, oxidation in the kinetic regime)",
      "headline": "In air, IG-110 oxidizes, and the rate rises steeply with temperature.",
      "effect": "ORNL's 2022 review tabulates apparent activation energies for IG-110 oxidation in air of 195 kJ/mol (Smith data set) and 187 kJ/mol (Fuller data set). The review says the kinetic regime lies 'approximately between' the quoted range for specimens of the standard shape, provided oxidant supply is ample.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "536 to 695 °C in the Smith data set",
        "atmosphere": "air"
      },
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Table 3 and Section 4.3.5 (Conclusions on Acute Oxidation Tests)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Metal impurities in the graphite",
      "headline": "Metal impurities can speed oxidation in an uncontrolled way.",
      "effect": "ORNL's review states that metal impurities that may act as oxidation catalysts may accelerate oxidation rates in an uncontrollable way.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement in the conclusions, not a measured IG-110 value"
      },
      "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
      "where": "Section 4.3.5 (Conclusions on Acute Oxidation Tests), last bullet"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's Carbon record says: 'This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 40.2% (1095 of 2727) of reports.' No graphite-specific safety data sheet for IG-110 was found in this run.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-carbon",
        "where": "GHS Classification section of the Carbon record (CID 5462310)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Carbon record lists eye-irritation and respiratory-irritation codes for some company notifications only. It is an element entry, not a record for IG-110.",
        "ghs": [
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-carbon",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, Hazard Statements list"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation of hot graphite in air",
        "trigger": "Air at high temperature; the Smith data set covers 536 to 695 °C",
        "consequence": "Oxidation rises steeply with temperature (activation energy 195 kJ/mol in the Smith data set). The review reports property changes after oxidation to 'nominally 2.5% and 7.5% weight loss' from older Japanese data, shown in figures only.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
        "where": "Table 3 and Section 5.3 (Degradation of oxidized graphite IG-110 properties)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Thermal conductivity loss under neutron irradiation",
        "trigger": "Neutron irradiation at a 300 °C design temperature",
        "consequence": "Thermal conductivity at 25 °C falls to 2.80 W/m/K in the sampled specimen, against 129 W/m/K axially before irradiation.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
        "where": "Appendix B.5.1 and Table 2.2"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Dimensional change under neutron irradiation",
        "trigger": "Neutron irradiation at a 300 °C design temperature and 410 °C measured temperature",
        "consequence": "Volume changes by -7.39% in sample T10T06 (MB, TR). ORNL reports that length change differs between the two orientations, which it calls unexpected for near-isotropic graphite.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
        "where": "Appendix B.1 and Section 4 conclusions"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Irradiation changes the dimensions and the thermal properties of the same graphite, so a part can change shape and lose conduction at the same time (ORNL reports both).",
        "affects": "Core graphite in a reactor, where heat must still leave the graphite",
        "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
        "where": "Section 4 conclusions and Appendix B"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's Carbon record gives precautionary statement codes for handling, but the wording of those codes is not printed in the record fetched in this run.",
        "source": "pubchem-carbon",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, Precautionary Statements"
      },
      {
        "text": "ORNL measured the oxidation of IG-110 in air at high temperature, so hot graphite should be kept away from air where the process allows.",
        "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
        "where": "Section 4.3.2 (Graphite IG-110)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "ORNL states it is \"imperative\" to examine property changes in both distinct directions after irradiation, because length change differed between them.",
        "source": "ornl-tm2018-1040",
        "where": "Section 4 conclusions"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Core graphite structures in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (candidate material, not a deployed use)",
      "example": "ORNL and Toyo Tanso ran a joint program to qualify IG-110 as a candidate material for use in the Generation-IV high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor.",
      "source": "ornl-tm2017-705",
      "where": "Section 1 (Introduction)"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Semiconductor manufacturing parts made from isotropic graphite (the industry is named; IG-110 is not named)",
      "example": "Toyo Tanso names the semiconductor industry, where innovation is rapidly advancing, as a user of its isotropic graphite.",
      "source": "toyo-tanso-special",
      "where": "Industries section of the special graphite page"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Graphite, natural (USGS covers natural graphite; IG-110 is a synthetic grade)",
      "abundance": "World resources exceed 800 million tons of recoverable graphite outside the United States (USGS, World Resources).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 82,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "share_percent": 4.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Tanzania",
          "share_percent": 4.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "EU critical raw materials, Fifth list 2023 (Natural Graphite is listed; the Commission page does not mark it strategic)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: 'The abundance of graphite in the world market inhibits increased recycling efforts.'",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: synthetic graphite powder, scrap from machined shapes and calcined petroleum coke compete for iron and steel uses; synthetic graphite powder and secondary synthetic graphite from machined shapes compete for battery uses."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-graphite",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 1,800,000 t, rounded); China share from the text (estimated 82% of total world production); Madagascar and Tanzania shares calculated by Space Mushroom from 80,000 t and 75,000 t against the 1,800,000 t total. EU list status from the European Commission page (source key ec-crm)."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040: Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (prepared for Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd.)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "ORNL/TM-2017/705: Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub104952.pdf",
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "title": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839: Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Carbon (CID 5462310), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5462310",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-graphite.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Toyo Tanso special graphite property data page (lists IG-11, not IG-110)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.toyotanso.com/Products/Special_graphite/data.html"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No IG-110 safety data sheet was found. The hazard entries use PubChem's Carbon record (CID 5462310), an element entry, not a graphite-specific record.",
    "The Toyo Tanso property data page lists IG-11 but not IG-110, so no manufacturer datasheet value for IG-110 is used.",
    "Irradiation values are recorded for one thermal conductivity row and one volume change row only. Fluence is printed with an exponent in the source and is left out. Irradiated strength, modulus, CTE and creep values are not recorded.",
    "Oxidation rate constants (pre-exponential factors) are printed with exponents, so they are left out. Oxidized strength and fracture-toughness changes (ORNL 2022 Section 5.3) are shown in figures only.",
    "Density differs between ORNL sources: 1.77 g/cm3 (2018 report) and 1.761 g/cm3 (2022 review). Both are kept; the difference is not resolved.",
    "The 2022 review's tensile and compressive values do not name the test method. The porosity column layout in the extracted text is unclear, so no porosity value is recorded.",
    "Thermal conductivity and CTE at temperatures other than 25 and 500 °C were not found for IG-110 in these sources.",
    "Supply data cover natural graphite only (USGS). No production-country data for synthetic isostatically pressed graphite such as IG-110 was found.",
    "USGS 2025 critical minerals list status for graphite was not verified in this run. The EU list status is recorded.",
    "Carbon atomic weight and atom counts were not read; the recipe gives components, not a formula ratio.",
    "No space flight, vacuum or space-radiation data were found. The irradiation data are reactor tests (HFIR at ORNL).",
    "Non-canonical property names used: grain_size, ash_content, compressive_strength, volume_change, isotropy_ratio, oxidation_activation_energy."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "IG-110 is an isotropic nuclear graphite made by Toyo Tanso. Isotropic means its properties are nearly the same in every direction. ORNL and Toyo Tanso ran a joint program to qualify it for a Generation-IV high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The program measured its baseline properties and how neutron irradiation changes them, and the results are published in ORNL reports.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Reactor core candidate",
        "line": "ORNL and Toyo Tanso qualified IG-110 as a candidate material for a Generation-IV high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The sources we hold describe this as a qualification role, not a deployed use."
      },
      {
        "where": "Semiconductor industry",
        "line": "Toyo Tanso names the semiconductor industry as a user of its isotropic graphite. Its page does not name IG-110 in that list, so this is an industry-level claim."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "ORNL measured a bulk density of 1.77 g/cm3 before irradiation, so one cubic centimetre of the graphite weighs about 1.77 grams.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Grain size",
        "line": "The average grain size is 20 µm, printed in ORNL's 2022 review. This is the finest of the three nuclear graphites that review compares.",
        "benchmark": "grain_size",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Flexural strength is 34 MPa in the axial direction and 36 MPa in the transverse direction, before irradiation, in ORNL's 2018 report.",
        "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat conduction",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity at 25 °C is 129 W/m/K in the axial direction before irradiation. After irradiation, one specimen read 2.80 W/m/K.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Oxidation in air",
        "line": "Air oxidation has an activation energy of 195 kJ/mol in one data set and 187 kJ/mol in another, both printed in ORNL's 2022 review.",
        "benchmark": "oxidation_activation_energy",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Among the three nuclear graphites that ORNL compares in its 2022 review, IG-110 has by far the finest average grain. PCEA is extruded and NBG-18 is vibrationally molded, while IG-110 is isostatically pressed. The forming method and the fine grain are the two features that separate IG-110 from the other two grades in that review.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Bulk density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity at 25 °C",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Air oxidation activation energy",
        "benchmark": "oxidation_activation_energy",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep hot graphite away from air where the process allows. ORNL measured oxidation of IG-110 in air at high temperature.",
      "The hazard data are thin. The nearest record, PubChem's Carbon entry, lists eye and respiratory irritation codes for some company notifications, so control dust."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Reference data. ORNL measured baseline values for IG-110 in two reports and one 2022 review.",
      "Reactor-core qualification work, where irradiation data for this grade already exist.",
      "Parts that need similar strength in both directions: the flexural strength is 34 MPa axially and 36 MPa transversely."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Thermal conductivity falls sharply after irradiation. One specimen dropped from 129 W/m/K to 2.80 W/m/K.",
      "Hot IG-110 oxidizes in air. The 2022 review reports activation energies of 195 kJ/mol and 187 kJ/mol.",
      "Density differs between ORNL sources: 1.77 g/cm3 in the 2018 report and 1.761 g/cm3 in the 2022 review."
    ],
    "verdict": "IG-110 is a well-documented nuclear graphite with ORNL baseline and irradiation data. Its weak points are irradiation-driven conductivity loss and oxidation in air at high temperature.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "IG-110 is a synthetic graphite made from petroleum-based carbon materials and formed by isostatic pressing. ORNL describes nuclear graphite as a composite of filler, binder and pores, and says the vendor's process details are proprietary.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon filler",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Carbon particles from a petroleum-based coke that form most of the graphite skeleton",
          "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
          "where": "Section 3 (Structure and properties) and Table 1, coke type Petroleum"
        },
        {
          "name": "Binder carbon",
          "role": "Carbon that binds the filler together after forming, baking and graphitization",
          "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
          "where": "Section 3 (filler, binder and pores; manufacturing sequence)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Pores",
          "role": "Open and closed voids that set the density and strength of the finished block",
          "source": "ornl-tm2022-1839",
          "where": "Section 3 and Table 2 (pore volumes)"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No safety data sheet for IG-110 itself was found. The nearest record is PubChem's Carbon entry.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Most company notifications in the Carbon record do not meet GHS hazard criteria. Where codes appear, they are eye irritation and respiratory irritation."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "No IG-110 hazard data found; nearest is carbon"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it is heated in air",
        "lead": "These results come from laboratory oxidation tests, not from incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Air oxidation",
            "line": "Air oxidation of IG-110 has activation energies of 195 kJ/mol and 187 kJ/mol in two data sets. ORNL's review shows oxidation rates rising steeply with temperature."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Oxidizes in air when hot"
      },
      {
        "title": "In a reactor",
        "lead": "Irradiation changes the material. ORNL's data show a large drop in conductivity and a measurable volume change.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Thermal conductivity",
            "line": "After irradiation, one specimen read 2.80 W/m/K at 25 °C, against 129 W/m/K before irradiation in the axial direction."
          },
          {
            "label": "Shape",
            "line": "In another specimen the volume changed by -7.39% after irradiation."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Irradiation cuts thermal conductivity sharply"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-02",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 26,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Values re-read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-02 from the ORNL PDFs (text extracted with pdftotext) and the USGS graphite summary. Two values carry caveats: the 2022 density and tensile test method."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ornl-tm2018-1040": {
      "title": "Summary Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2018/1040)",
      "id": "ORNL/TM-2018/1040",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub118793.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
    },
    "ornl-tm2017-705": {
      "title": "Report on Effects of Irradiation on Material IG-110 (ORNL/TM-2017/705)",
      "id": "ORNL/TM-2017/705",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub104952.pdf",
      "year": 2017,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
    },
    "ornl-tm2022-1839": {
      "title": "Oxidation Behavior and Property Degradation of Nuclear Graphites (ORNL/TM-2022/1839)",
      "id": "ORNL/TM-2022/1839 (Contescu and Paul, March 2022)",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub172937.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited (ORNL)"
    },
    "toyo-tanso-special": {
      "title": "Toyo Tanso special graphite (isotropic graphite applications)",
      "url": "https://www.toyotanso.com/Products/Special_graphite/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "toyo-tanso-data": {
      "title": "Toyo Tanso special graphite property data (lists IG-11, not IG-110)",
      "url": "https://www.toyotanso.com/Products/Special_graphite/data.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-graphite": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-graphite.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-carbon": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Carbon (CID 5462310), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 5462310",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5462310",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "ec-crm": {
      "title": "Critical raw materials (European Commission, Fifth list 2023 of critical raw materials for the EU)",
      "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "European Commission web page"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ig-110-isotropic-graphite/"
}