{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "haynes-230",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Haynes 230",
  "abbreviation": "H230 (UNS N06230)",
  "role": "oxidation-resistant solid-solution nickel superalloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Haynes 230 (UNS N06230, W.Nr. 2.4733) is a nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum alloy that is strengthened by solid solution, so it needs no precipitation-hardening treatment. Haynes International rates it for oxidising environments up to 2100 °F (1149 °C) for prolonged exposure and gives a melting range of 1301 to 1371 °C. At 70 °F its sheet has a yield strength of 417 MPa and a tensile strength of 837 MPa, and at 1000 °F the sheet still yields at 294 MPa. It is used for gas turbine combustion cans and transition ducts. A 2022 NASA trade study listed it as eligible for a nuclear thermal propulsion chamber but rated its hydrogen embrittlement risk high.\n",
  "best_for": "Hot-gas parts that must resist oxidation to 2100 °F (1149 °C) and keep strength, such as gas turbine combustion cans, transition ducts and flame holders",
  "weakest_at": "Hydrogen service (a 2022 NASA trade study rates its hydrogen embrittlement risk high) and long exposure at 1400 °F (760 °C), which cuts room-temperature elongation to 32 % after 8,000 h",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum solid-solution alloy, nominal 57 Ni (balance), 22 Cr, 14 W, 2 Mo, 3 Fe max, 5 Co max, 0.5 Mn, 0.4 Si, 0.3 Al, 0.1 C, 0.02 La (weight %)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N06230",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Principal Features page, first paragraph; Specifications and Codes table, UNS N06230"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4733",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, DIN row: 17744 No. 2.4733"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "NiCr22W14Mo",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, DIN row, short name NiCr22W14Mo"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5878",
        "note": "sheet, plate and strip",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Sheet, Plate & Strip"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5891",
        "note": "billet, rod, bar and forgings",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, rows Billet, Rod & Bar and Forgings"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 435",
        "note": "sheet, plate and strip",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Sheet, Plate & Strip: SB 435/B 435"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 572",
        "note": "billet, rod and bar",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Billet, Rod & Bar: SB 572/B 572"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 472",
        "note": "billet, rod and bar",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Billet, Rod & Bar"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 622",
        "note": "seamless pipe and tube",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Seamless Pipe & Tube: SB 622/B 622"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 619",
        "note": "welded pipe and tube",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Welded Pipe & Tube: SB 619/B 619"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 626",
        "note": "welded pipe and tube",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Welded Pipe & Tube: SB 626/B 626"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 366",
        "note": "fittings",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Fittings: SB 366/B 366"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 564",
        "note": "forgings",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Specifications and Codes table, row Forgings: SB 564/B 564"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Haynes 230",
        "source": "aircraftmaterials-230",
        "where": "Page title, Nickel Alloy 230 / Haynes 230"
      }
    ],
    "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
    "where": "Nominal Composition table (weight %) and first paragraph of the Principal Features page (UNS N06230)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "thermal-control"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Haynes 230 (wrought)",
      "value": 8.97,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)",
        "unit_in_source": "0.324 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row, Metric Units column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, Haynes 230",
      "value": 1301,
      "value_high": 1371,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2375-2500 °F",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Melting range printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Melting Temperature row, Metric Units column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at room temperature",
      "value": 8.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)",
        "unit_in_source": "62 Btu-in/ft2-hr-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, RT, Metric Units column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat at room temperature",
      "value": 397,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg·°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)",
        "unit_in_source": "0.095 Btu/lb-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties (continued) table, Specific Heat row, RT, Metric Units column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 100 °C",
      "value": 11.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "25 to 100 °C (mean)",
        "unit_in_source": "11.8 x 10-6 m/m·°C; 6.5 µin/in-°F for 70 to 200 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties (continued) table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row 70-200 °F and 25-100 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic modulus of elasticity at room temperature",
      "value": 209,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)",
        "method_in_source": "dynamic modulus",
        "unit_in_source": "30.3 x 10^6 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table (dynamic, not static, modulus)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties (continued) table, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity row, RT, Metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic shear modulus at room temperature",
      "value": 79,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)",
        "unit_in_source": "11.5 x 10^6 psi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties (continued) table, Dynamic Shear Modulus row, RT, Metric units column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio at room temperature",
      "value": 0.31,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties (continued) table, Poisson's Ratio row, RT",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at room temperature",
      "value": 125,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µohm-m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (RT, as printed)",
        "unit_in_source": "49.2 µohm-in"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, RT, Metric Units column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, sheet, 70 °F",
      "value": 417,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "unit_in_source": "60.4 ksi",
        "measure": "0.2% offset"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table (one test value per temperature)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column 0.2% Yield Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, sheet, 70 °F",
      "value": 837,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "unit_in_source": "121.4 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, sheet, 70 °F",
      "value": 47.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, plate, 70 °F",
      "value": 383,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "unit_in_source": "55.5 ksi",
        "measure": "0.2% offset"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Plate table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column 0.2% Yield Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, plate, 70 °F",
      "value": 852,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "unit_in_source": "123.6 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Plate table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, plate, 70 °F",
      "value": 46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "plate",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Plate table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, sheet, 1000 °F",
      "value": 294,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "1000 °F (538 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "unit_in_source": "42.6 ksi",
        "measure": "0.2% offset"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 1000 °F / 538 °C, column 0.2% Yield Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, sheet, 1000 °F",
      "value": 690,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "1000 °F (538 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "unit_in_source": "100.1 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 1000 °F / 538 °C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, sheet, 1000 °F",
      "value": 51.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet",
        "temperature": "1000 °F (538 °C)",
        "temper": "as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 1000 °F / 538 °C, column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Rockwell B hardness, solution annealed sheet, room temperature",
      "value": 92,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRBW",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "sheet",
        "condition": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure hardness table (Rockwell B, tungsten indenter)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Hardness and Grain Size table, row Sheet, column Hardness HRBW",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "stress_rupture_life",
      "label": "Stress-rupture life, bar and plate, 1400 °F at 15.0 ksi",
      "value": 8200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "h",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1400 °F (760 °C)",
        "stress": "15.0 ksi (103 MPa)",
        "product_form": "bar and plate",
        "basis": "Larson-Miller extrapolation"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure stress-rupture table, with the table footnote on Larson-Miller extrapolation",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table lists alloy 625 at 19,000 h at 1400 °F and 14,000 h at 1600 °F, and 230 at 65,000 h at 1600 °F.",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Stress-Rupture Lives for Various Alloys table (Bar and Plate), row 230, column 1400 °F (760 °C) 15.0 ksi",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hydrogen_notch_strength_ratio",
      "label": "Notched tensile strength ratio, hydrogen to air, 3000 psig hydrogen",
      "value": 0.92,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)",
        "pressure": "3000 psig (21 MPa) hydrogen",
        "notch": "KT 8.0",
        "hydrogen_grade": "MIL-P-27201B"
      },
      "method": "Ratio printed in the manufacturer brochure hydrogen embrittlement table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Hydrogen Embrittlement table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, 3000 psig, column Ratio of Notched Tensile Strength Hydrogen/Air",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dynamic_oxidation_metal_loss",
      "label": "Metal loss, dynamic oxidation at 2100 °F for 200 h (30-minute cycles)",
      "value": 163,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "2100 °F (1149 °C)",
        "exposure": "200 h, 30-minute cycles, burner rig",
        "unit_in_source": "6.4 mils"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure comparative dynamic oxidation table (burner rig)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same row gives an average metal affected of 13.1 mils (333 µm).",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Comparative Dynamic Oxidation table, row 230, 2100 °F (1150 °C) 200 h column, Metal Loss",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "corrosion_rate_hcl",
      "label": "Corrosion rate in 10 % hydrochloric acid at 150 °F",
      "value": 112,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mils per year",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "medium": "10 % HCl",
        "temperature": "150 °F (66 °C)",
        "method": "weight change over four 24-hour periods"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure aqueous corrosion table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table lists 0.6 mils per year in 10 % H2SO4 and 0.3 mils per year in boiling 10 % HNO3; 316 SS in 10 % HCl at 150 °F is listed at 3408 mils per year.",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Aqueous Corrosion Resistance table, row 230, column 10% HCl 150°F (66°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nitrogen_absorption",
      "label": "Nitrogen absorption in flowing ammonia at 1800 °F for 168 h",
      "value": 1.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mg/cm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1800 °F (982 °C)",
        "exposure": "168 h in flowing ammonia"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure nitriding table, determined by chemical analysis",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Nitriding Resistance table, row 230, column 1800°F (982°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation_after_aging",
      "label": "Room-temperature elongation after 8,000 h at 1400 °F",
      "value": 32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_of_exposure": "1400 °F (760 °C)",
        "exposure": "8,000 h",
        "test_temperature": "room temperature",
        "condition_before": "MA (as received)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the manufacturer brochure thermal stability table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The as-received (MA) row gives 50 % elongation at room temperature in the same table.",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Thermal Stability, Room-Temperature Properties after Thermal Exposure table, row +1400/8,000 hr, column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air and combustion gases at 2100 °F",
      "headline": "Resists oxidation to 2100 °F (1149 °C) for prolonged exposure.",
      "effect": "In burner-rig dynamic oxidation at 2100 °F for 200 h, with 30-minute cycles, the metal loss was 163 µm (6.4 mils) and the average metal affected was 333 µm (13.1 mils).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "burner-rig dynamic oxidation, 30-minute cycles",
        "temperature": "2100 °F (1149 °C)",
        "duration": "200 h"
      },
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Oxidation Resistance section, Comparative Dynamic Oxidation table, row 230"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water vapour in air at 1600 °F",
      "headline": "Water vapour causes little metal loss over 1008 hours.",
      "effect": "Cycled once a week for 1008 hours at 1600 °F in air with 10 % water vapour, 230 lost 0.53 mils per side as average metal affected (0.013 mm). With 20 % water vapour the figure was 0.21 mils (0.005 mm).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1600 °F (871 °C)",
        "duration": "1008 h, cycled once a week",
        "atmosphere": "air plus 10 % or 20 % H2O"
      },
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Oxidation Resistance (continued), Water Vapor Testing table, row 230"
    },
    {
      "environment": "10 % hydrochloric acid at 150 °F",
      "headline": "Hydrochloric acid attacks the alloy strongly; dilute sulphuric and nitric acid do not.",
      "effect": "In 10 % HCl at 150 °F the corrosion rate was 112 mils per year, against 3408 mils per year for 316 stainless steel in the same test. In 10 % H2SO4 at 150 °F the rate was 0.6 mils per year, and in boiling 10 % HNO3 it was 0.3 mils per year.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "weight change, four 24-hour periods",
        "temperature": "150 °F (66 °C) for HCl and H2SO4; boiling for HNO3"
      },
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Aqueous Corrosion Resistance table, row 230"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ammonia at 1800 °F (nitriding)",
      "headline": "Nitrogen uptake is low compared with stainless steels.",
      "effect": "After 168 h in flowing ammonia at 1800 °F, 230 absorbed 1.4 mg/cm2 of nitrogen, against 7.3 mg/cm2 for 304 stainless steel at 1800 °F. The brochure calls the alloy one of the most nitriding-resistant materials available.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1800 °F (982 °C)",
        "duration": "168 h, flowing ammonia"
      },
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Nitriding Resistance table, row 230 and row 304 SS, column 1800°F (982°C)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Haynes general safety data sheet H2071-12 classifies all products in its Section 1, a list that includes HAYNES 230 alloy, as Danger for carcinogenicity (H350, may cause cancer) and respiratory sensitisation (H334), and as Warning for skin sensitisation (H317), skin irritation (H315), acute inhalation toxicity (H332) and acute oral toxicity (H302). The SDS states that these health hazards apply to dust and metal fume and do not apply under normal handling of the solid form.",
        "ghs": [
          "H350",
          "H334",
          "H317",
          "H315",
          "H332",
          "H302"
        ],
        "source": "sds-h2071",
        "where": "Section 2.1 GHS Hazard Classification table; Section 2 introduction (solid form); H302 row excludes a list that does not name HAYNES 230 alloy"
      },
      {
        "text": "Breathing dust or fume of this alloy, such as from grinding or welding, can cause metal fume fever and respiratory irritation. The SDS lists excessive inhalation of nickel and cobalt, and exposure to insoluble nickel compounds and hexavalent chromium, as linked to lung and nasal cancers.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sds-h2071",
        "where": "Section 2 Health hazards text (inhalation and chronic effects)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Hydrogen embrittlement in service",
        "trigger": "Notched parts exposed to hydrogen at room temperature",
        "consequence": "In the brochure's notched tensile test, the hydrogen-to-air strength ratio was 0.92 at 3000 psig and 1.07 at 5000 psig, so the brochure calls the alloy resistant to hydrogen embrittlement.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Hydrogen Embrittlement table, rows 70 °F / 21 °C at 3000 and 5000 psig"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Hydrogen environmental embrittlement rated high",
        "trigger": "Hydrogen environment in a nuclear thermal propulsion chamber",
        "consequence": "A JANNAF 2022 NASA trade study rated the hydrogen environmental embrittlement risk of H230 as High, which conflicts with the brochure's notched-bar test; the study's rating was inferred from similar alloys, not tested on this grade.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nasa-ntp-jannaf",
        "where": "Material Trade: Hydrogen Embrittlement table, row H230; Conclusions table, row Haynes 230 (Eligible, H2 Risk High)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperature",
        "trigger": "8,000 h at 1400 °F (760 °C)",
        "consequence": "Room-temperature elongation fell from 50 % (as received) to 32 % after 8,000 h at 1400 °F. The brochure says no sigma or mu phase forms after 16,000 h at 1200 to 1600 °F, but it does not state the cause of this ductility loss.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Thermal Stability section, Room-Temperature Properties after Thermal Exposure table, row +1400/8,000 hr"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Metal loss at very high temperature",
        "trigger": "Dynamic oxidation at 2100 °F (1149 °C) for 200 h with thermal cycling",
        "consequence": "Metal loss of 163 µm and an affected layer of 333 µm in the burner-rig test, so parts at this temperature need allowance for wall loss.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Comparative Dynamic Oxidation table, row 230, 2100 °F (1150 °C) 200 h"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Solution annealing below the 2150 to 2275 °F range precipitates carbides and can marginally reduce strength and ductility. The brochure reports no sigma or mu phase after 16,000 h at 1200 to 1600 °F (649 to 871 °C).",
        "affects": "Strength and ductility of annealed or aged parts",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Heat-Treatment section; Thermal Stability section"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Solution heat-treat at 2150 to 2275 °F (1177 to 1246 °C) and rapidly cool or water-quench for optimum properties. Hold at 2150 °F (1177 °C) until the whole piece reaches temperature before hot working.",
        "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
        "where": "Heat-Treatment section and Easily Fabricated section of the Principal Features page"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use local ventilation when grinding, cutting or welding. The SDS precautionary statement P284 says to wear respiratory protection if ventilation is inadequate.",
        "source": "sds-h2071",
        "where": "Section 2.2 precautionary statements (P284) and Section 2 health text"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Gas turbine combustion cans, transition ducts and flame holders",
      "example": "The brochure lists combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders and thermocouple sheaths as the alloy's main gas turbine uses. A photo caption shows a Textron Lycoming gas turbine combustor made of HAYNES 230 alloy.",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Applications page of the Principal Features section, and the photo caption on the Applications page"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Regenerative chamber of a nuclear thermal propulsion engine (evaluated, not selected)",
      "example": "A NASA JANNAF 2022 material trade study for 12.5k and 25k lbf nuclear thermal propulsion engines listed Haynes 230 as eligible for the regenerative chamber. The study selected GRCop-42 and NASA HR-1 instead.",
      "source": "nasa-ntp-jannaf",
      "where": "Executive Summary bullet list; Conclusions table, row Haynes 230 (Eligible)"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Aerospace gas turbine hot-section components",
      "example": "Haynes International's 2026 aerospace tech brief says the alloy is used for combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders, thermocouple sheaths and other important gas turbine components.",
      "source": "aerospace-brief-2026",
      "where": "HAYNES 230 alloy entry, Aerospace Alloys and Applications brief, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Furnace retorts, heat-treating baskets and trays",
      "example": "A heat-treating basket for vacuum furnace service to 2300 °F (1260 °C) was made from 1/2-inch diameter 230 bar, according to a photo caption; the brochure also lists furnace retorts, trays and recuperator internals.",
      "source": "haynes-230-brochure",
      "where": "Applications, Continued page, photo caption for the vacuum furnace heat-treating basket"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production)",
      "abundance": "More than 350 million tons of nickel in global resources, of which 54 % is in laterites and 35 % in magmatic sulfide deposits (USGS, 2026)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025. Most recycled nickel goes into new alloys and stainless steel.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels, nickel-free specialty steels, and titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t, rounded); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Indonesia 2,600,000 t, Philippines 270,000 t and Russia 200,000 t; Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Tungsten (mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 78.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "share_percent": 3.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 2.8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tungsten",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (world total 85,000 t, rounded); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from China 67,000 t, Vietnam 3,000 t and Kazakhstan 2,400 t"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy Principal Features web page, Haynes International",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/en/?p=1916"
    },
    {
      "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy brochure, Haynes International (Principal Features, Applications, Physical Properties, Tensile, Oxidation, Specifications and Codes)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes International general safety data sheet H2071-12, corrosion-resistant and high-temperature alloys (2025 PDF)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/H2071-12-Corrosion-Resistant-Alloys-and-High-Temperature-Alloys-2025.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA JANNAF 2022, Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Material Trade for Additively Manufactured Regenerative Chambers (Tinker, Lusk, Gradl)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220018322/downloads/2022-11-21-NTP-NNE-MaterialTrade_Pres.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tungsten",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes International Aerospace Alloys and Applications tech brief (2026)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Aerospace-Alloy-Tech-Brief.pdf.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Nickel Alloy 230 / Haynes 230 (aircraftmaterials.com data page)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/230.html"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "The Ulbrich datasheet for Haynes 230 (minimum mechanical properties and composition limits) could not be read: the PDF link redirected to a page that returned an error. The brochure's sheet and plate tensile values were used instead, and they are typical values, not guaranteed minima.",
    "No HAYNES 230-specific safety data sheet was opened. The general Haynes SDS H2071-12 was used; its composition column for 230 was not clear enough to copy numbers, so no composition from the SDS is recorded.",
    "PubChem nickel record (GHS hazard codes and notifier percentages) was blocked by a verification page, so nickel-compound hazard data from PubChem are not recorded.",
    "The 2025 U.S. critical minerals status of nickel and tungsten is not printed in the USGS summaries that were opened, so no critical_lists entry is recorded for either.",
    "A news article says the alloy was used in the Mars Sky Crane thrusters; no NASA or JPL source was found to confirm this, so it is not recorded.",
    "Specification minimums for AMS 5878, AMS 5891 and ASTM B435 (yield, tensile, elongation) were not opened; the mechanical values are the brochure's typical tensile data.",
    "Creep and stress-rupture data at other temperatures, and the brochure's low cycle fatigue results, are not entered. Only the 1400 °F, 15.0 ksi rupture life is recorded.",
    "No atomic oxygen, outgassing, cold-welding, erosion-yield or radiation data for Haynes 230 were found in the sources opened.",
    "Chromium, molybdenum and cobalt supply, and their critical-mineral status, were not entered; only nickel and tungsten were checked in USGS 2026.",
    "Electrical conductivity in MS/m or %IACS, and thermal conductivity in other units, are only given as printed by the brochure; no conversion was made.",
    "The brochure's Wikipedia-style history and the ASM Alloy Digest entry were not found in an openly readable source."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Haynes 230 is chosen for hot gas parts that must keep their strength and resist oxidation. In the brochure's sheet tests it yields at 417 MPa and reaches 837 MPa at 70 °F, and still yields at 294 MPa at 1000 °F. Its melting range of 1301 to 1371 °C is well above the 2100 °F (1149 °C) limit for prolonged oxidising exposure. The alloy is solid-solution strengthened, so it does not depend on precipitation hardening. The brochure says it has lower thermal expansion than most high-temperature alloys, with a mean coefficient of 11.8 ppm/K from 25 to 100 °C.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Gas turbine hot section",
        "line": "The brochure lists combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders and thermocouple sheaths, and a photo caption shows a Textron Lycoming combustor made of the alloy."
      },
      {
        "where": "Nuclear thermal propulsion (evaluated)",
        "line": "A NASA JANNAF 2022 trade study listed Haynes 230 as eligible for the regenerative chamber of 12.5k and 25k lbf nuclear thermal propulsion engines, but it selected GRCop-42 and NASA HR-1."
      },
      {
        "where": "Furnace and heat treatment",
        "line": "Heat-treating baskets, retorts and trays are made from the alloy. One basket is used in a vacuum furnace at 2300 °F (1260 °C)."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Oxidation to 2100 °F",
        "line": "Long-term continuous exposure up to 2100 °F (1149 °C). In the 200-hour burner rig test at 2100 °F the metal loss was 163 µm.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2100 °F"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength at 1000 °F",
        "line": "Sheet yields at 294 MPa and reaches 690 MPa in tension at 1000 °F (538 °C), with 51.7 % elongation.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "294 MPa yield"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The density is 8.97 g/cm3 at room temperature.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.97 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The dynamic modulus of elasticity is 209 GPa at room temperature.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "209 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Long rupture life",
        "line": "At 1400 °F and 15.0 ksi, bar and plate reach 8200 h to rupture, by Larson-Miller extrapolation.",
        "benchmark": "stress_rupture_life",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8200 h"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The brochure's rupture table is mixed: 230 reaches 65,000 h at 1600 °F against 14,000 h for alloy 625, but at 1400 °F it reaches 8,200 h against 19,000 h for 625. Read the comparison rows as examples, not a ranking, because the test stresses and product forms differ between alloys.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Solution treat at 2150 to 2275 °F (1177 to 1246 °C) and rapidly cool, to restore the best balance of properties.",
      "Do not anneal below the solution range, because carbides precipitate and reduce strength and ductility.",
      "Assume hydrogen embrittlement is a risk until tested for your part, since the NASA study rated it high."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Oxidation resistance to 2100 °F (1149 °C), shown by the burner rig test.",
      "Retained elongation after long exposure: 32 % after 8,000 h at 1400 °F.",
      "Forming and welding: the brochure says it is readily formed, forged and welded by GTAW, GMAW and resistance welding."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Hydrogen: the NASA 2022 study rated hydrogen embrittlement risk high, despite the brochure's 0.92 notched ratio.",
      "Dust and fume are classified as carcinogenic and sensitising (H350, H334, H317) in the general Haynes SDS.",
      "Hydrochloric acid attacks it: 112 mils per year in 10 % HCl at 150 °F."
    ],
    "verdict": "Haynes 230 is a solid-solution nickel alloy for hot oxidising service to 2100 °F (1149 °C), with 417 MPa yield in sheet at 70 °F and 294 MPa at 1000 °F. It is used in gas turbine combustors and furnace parts, and a NASA study considered it for a nuclear thermal propulsion chamber but rated its hydrogen risk high. Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen are its weak points, and no atomic oxygen or outgassing data were found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Haynes 230 is a solid-solution nickel alloy made to the nominal composition in the brochure's Nominal Composition table, with chromium, tungsten and molybdenum as the main alloying elements. The brochure says it can be cast, forged, hot-worked and cold-formed, and that wrought material is furnished solution heat-treated.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Base element of the alloy; the brochure does not describe its role separately.",
          "share_percent": 57,
          "share_note": "nominal, balance of the alloy"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Main element behind the brochure's claim of resistance to oxidising environments up to 2100 °F.",
          "share_percent": 22,
          "share_note": "nominal"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tungsten",
          "symbol": "W",
          "role": "Element that, with molybdenum, is named in the brochure's description of the alloy as solid-solution strengthened.",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "share_note": "nominal"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Alloying element named in the alloy's designation (nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum).",
          "share_percent": 2,
          "share_note": "nominal"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Residual element with a maximum limit in the brochure's composition table.",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "share_note": "maximum"
        },
        {
          "name": "Cobalt",
          "symbol": "Co",
          "role": "Element with a maximum limit in the brochure; its dust and fume are covered by the SDS hazard text.",
          "share_percent": 5,
          "share_note": "maximum"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The general Haynes safety data sheet classifies the alloy's dust and fume. The solid wrought form is not expected to cause these hazards under normal handling.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "The Haynes general SDS lists H350 (may cause cancer), H334 (respiratory sensitisation), H317 (skin sensitisation), H315, H332 and H302 for the alloy's dust and fume. The solid form is not expected to cause these under normal handling."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fume and dust",
            "line": "Grinding, cutting or welding the alloy releases metal particles. Excessive inhalation can cause metal fume fever, and insoluble nickel compounds and hexavalent chromium are linked to lung cancers."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust and fume are the hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These are the failure routes found in the sources. Two of them are test results from the manufacturer, and one is a NASA rating that conflicts with the manufacturer's hydrogen test.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hydrogen",
            "line": "The brochure's notched tensile test in hydrogen gave a ratio of 0.92 at 3000 psig, but a 2022 NASA trade study rated the hydrogen environmental embrittlement risk as High."
          },
          {
            "label": "Long exposure at 1400 °F",
            "line": "After 8,000 hours at 1400 °F, room-temperature elongation fell from 50 % to 32 %."
          },
          {
            "label": "Very high temperature",
            "line": "At 2100 °F for 200 hours of cycling, the burner rig test gave 163 µm of metal loss and a 333 µm affected layer."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Solution treat at 2150 to 2275 °F and rapidly cool. Annealing below that range precipitates carbides and can reduce strength and ductility."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and fume",
            "line": "Wear respiratory protection when grinding or welding. The SDS says the dust and fume contain nickel, cobalt and chromium compounds."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 25,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the Haynes brochure PDF (text extracted with pdftotext) and the NASA JANNAF 2022 and USGS 2026 PDFs. Unreachable: the Ulbrich datasheet (redirect error) and the PubChem nickel record (verification page). Caveats: tensile values are typical brochure values, not guaranteed minima; the hydrogen rating conflicts between the brochure (0.92 ratio) and the NASA study (High); the shares are calculated from USGS tonnages; the SDS hazard codes are for dust and fume."
  },
  "sources": {
    "haynes-principal-web": {
      "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features web page (Haynes International)",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/en/?p=1916",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "haynes-230-brochure": {
      "title": "HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "sds-h2071": {
      "title": "Haynes International Safety Data Sheet H2071-12, Corrosion-resistant Alloys and High-temperature Alloys (general SDS, 2025 PDF)",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/H2071-12-Corrosion-Resistant-Alloys-and-High-Temperature-Alloys-2025.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-ntp-jannaf": {
      "title": "Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Material Trade for Additively Manufactured Regenerative Chambers, JANNAF 2022 (NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Project)",
      "id": "NTRS 20220018322",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220018322/downloads/2022-11-21-NTP-NNE-MaterialTrade_Pres.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public release (Statement A)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-tungsten": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tungsten",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "aerospace-brief-2026": {
      "title": "Haynes International, Aerospace Alloys and Applications tech brief (2026)",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Aerospace-Alloy-Tech-Brief.pdf.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer tech brief (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "aircraftmaterials-230": {
      "title": "Nickel Alloy 230 / Haynes 230 (aircraftmaterials.com)",
      "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/230.html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/haynes-230/"
}