{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "haynes-214",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "nickel-alloys",
  "name": "Haynes 214",
  "abbreviation": "UNS N07214",
  "role": "high-temperature oxidation-resistant nickel-chromium-aluminium wrought alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Haynes 214 (UNS N07214) is a wrought nickel-chromium-aluminium-iron alloy made for oxidation resistance above about 955 °C (1750 °F). Its nominal composition is 75 % nickel, 16 % chromium, 4.5 % aluminium and 3 % iron. Above 1750 °F it forms a tight alumina scale, and Haynes International's brochure reports only 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air. At room temperature the cold-rolled and annealed sheet has a yield strength of 577 MPa and an elongation of 37.3 %, but its strength falls sharply above about 1800 °F, and welds in restrained parts can crack by strain-age cracking if heated slowly through 595 to 925 °C.\n",
  "best_for": "Static, low-stress parts in hot oxidising gas, such as furnace belts, flame hoods, honeycomb seals and combustor splash plates, where oxidation or scale loss above 1750 °F is the limit",
  "weakest_at": "Strength above about 1800 °F, where sheet UTS falls to 68 MPa, and welding of restrained parts through the 595 to 925 °C range, where gamma-prime precipitation can cause strain-age cracking",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium-aluminium-iron alloy, nominal Ni 75 (balance), Cr 16, Al 4.5, Fe 3 wt %, nominal Y 0.01 and C 0.04, with maxima for Co, Mn, Mo, Ti, W, Nb, Si, Zr and B",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N07214",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "First paragraph of Principle Features: HAYNES 214 alloy (UNS N07214)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4646",
        "source": "elgiloy-strip",
        "where": "Header block, W.Nr 2.4646 printed beside UNS N07214 (the EN material number)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Alloy 214",
        "source": "ulbrich-214",
        "where": "Title line, Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) UNS N07214"
      }
    ],
    "source": "haynes-h3008",
    "where": "Nominal Composition table (weight %), Haynes International brochure H-3008H; UNS N07214 is printed in the first Principle Features paragraph"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat",
      "thermal-cycling"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "heat-shields",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Haynes 214 (room temperature)",
      "value": 8.05,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "RT",
        "unit_in_source": "0.291 lb/in3",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density RT, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, Haynes 214",
      "value": 1355,
      "value_high": 1400,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2475 to 2550 °F",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Melting range printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Range",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at room temperature, Haynes 214",
      "value": 135.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µohm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "RT",
        "unit_in_source": "53.5 µohm-in"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row RT, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at room temperature, Haynes 214",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "RT (21 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "83 Btu-in/ft2-hr-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row RT, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 600 °C, Haynes 214",
      "value": 23.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "600 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "175 Btu-in/ft2-hr-°F at 1200 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row 1200 °F / 600 °C, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat at room temperature, Haynes 214",
      "value": 452,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "RT",
        "unit_in_source": "0.108 Btu/lb-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties Continued table, Specific Heat row RT, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 500 °C",
      "value": 14.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 to 500 °C (mean)",
        "unit_in_source": "8.2 µin/in-°F for 70 to 1000 °F"
      },
      "method": "Mean value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties Continued table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 25-500 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Dynamic modulus of elasticity at room temperature, Haynes 214",
      "value": 218,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "RT",
        "unit_in_source": "31.6 x 10^6 psi"
      },
      "method": "Dynamic modulus printed in a manufacturer brochure; a dynamic, not a static tensile, value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Physical Properties Continued table, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity row RT",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet at RT",
      "value": 577,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick",
        "temperature": "RT",
        "unit_in_source": "83.6 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, tensile test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row RT",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet at RT",
      "value": 975,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick",
        "temperature": "RT",
        "unit_in_source": "141.4 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, tensile test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row RT",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet at RT",
      "value": 37.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick",
        "temperature": "RT"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, tensile test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row RT, Elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, solution annealed sheet at 649 °C",
      "value": 537,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick",
        "temperature": "1200 °F (649 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "77.9 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, elevated-temperature tensile test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row 1200 °F",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, solution annealed sheet at 649 °C",
      "value": 756,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick",
        "temperature": "1200 °F (649 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "109.6 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, elevated-temperature tensile test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row 1200 °F",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, solution annealed sheet at 1093 °C",
      "value": 38,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick",
        "temperature": "2000 °F (1093 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "5.5 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, elevated-temperature tensile test",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 68 MPa at 1800 °F (982 °C), so strength is nearly gone at these temperatures and the alloy suits static, low-stress parts only.",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row 2000 °F",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2 % offset, annealed, minimum (distributor)",
      "value": 438,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "Annealed",
        "temperature": "RT",
        "gauge": "gauges above 0.003 in",
        "unit_in_source": "65 ksi min"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet (typical values only, not a specification)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-214",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Properties Annealed, Yield Strength (0.2% offset)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07214; MSRR7238 (Rolls-Royce)",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, annealed, minimum (distributor)",
      "value": 758,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "Annealed",
        "temperature": "RT",
        "gauge": "gauges above 0.003 in",
        "unit_in_source": "110 ksi min"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet (typical values only, not a specification)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-214",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Properties Annealed, Ultimate Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07214; MSRR7238 (Rolls-Royce)",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, annealed, minimum (distributor)",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "Annealed",
        "temperature": "RT",
        "gauge": "gauges above 0.003 in"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-214",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Properties Annealed, Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07214; MSRR7238 (Rolls-Royce)",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, annealed wire (typical range)",
      "value": 895,
      "value_high": 1035,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire",
        "condition": "annealed",
        "heat_treatment": "1950 to 2050 °F (1066 to 1121 °C)",
        "unit_in_source": "130 to 150 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a supplier wire datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-wire",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Annealed, Tensile Strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes Alloy 214, Wire Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07214; PS-6104, PWA 1130",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Wire-Haynes-214.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Suggested minimum operating temperature, annealed strip",
      "value": -200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "annealed strip",
        "unit_in_source": "-330 °F"
      },
      "method": "Suggested operating limit printed in a supplier strip datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Annealed, Suggested Operating Conditions column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Haynes Alloy 214, Strip Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals",
        "id": "UNS N07214, W.Nr 2.4646; B50A913, B50TF219, PS-6073, MTS 1379-1, MSRR7238, PWA 1130, DMD 0495",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-Alloy-214.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Long-term continuous exposure limit in air or combustion gases (oxidation)",
      "value": 1260,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "oxidation limit for long-term continuous exposure, not a mechanical limit",
        "unit_in_source": "2300 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Oxidation Resistance section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep_stress_1pct_1000h",
      "label": "Stress for 1 % creep in 1000 h at 1093 °C, solution annealed sheet",
      "value": 2.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "solution annealed sheet",
        "temperature": "2000 °F (1093 °C)",
        "creep": "1 %",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "unit_in_source": "0.41 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Approximate initial stress printed in a manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Creep and Rupture Properties table, Solution Annealed Sheet, row 2000 °F, creep 1 %, 1,000 h column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_metal_affected",
      "label": "Average metal affected, flowing air at 1150 °C for 1008 h",
      "value": 13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "flowing air at 7.0 ft/min past the samples, cycled to RT weekly",
        "temperature": "2100 °F (1150 °C)",
        "time": "1008 h",
        "unit_in_source": "0.5 mils"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, comparative oxidation test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Comparative Oxidation Resistance in Flowing Air table, row 214, 2100 °F column, Average Metal Affected",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "burner_rig_metal_affected",
      "label": "Average metal affected in burner rig at 980 °C for 1000 h",
      "value": 45.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "fuel-oil combustion products, burner rig",
        "temperature": "1800 °F (980 °C)",
        "time": "1000 h",
        "unit_in_source": "1.8 mils"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, comparative burner rig test",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Figure caption, Comparative Burner Rig Oxidation Resistance at 1800 °F (980 °C) / 1000 Hours, HAYNES 214 panel",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "chlorine_metal_affected",
      "label": "Average metal affected in air with 2 % chlorine at 1000 °C for 50 h",
      "value": 51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air with 2 % chlorine",
        "temperature": "1830 °F (1000 °C)",
        "time": "50 h",
        "unit_in_source": "2.0 mils"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, chlorine test",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same test gives 8.0 mils (203 µm) for alloy 601, so the chlorine resistance is much better than the comparison alloy.",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Resistance to Chlorine-Bearing Environments Continued, paragraph on 50 hour test",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "nitrogen_absorption",
      "label": "Nitrogen absorption in flowing ammonia at 649 °C for 168 h",
      "value": 1.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mg/cm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "flowing ammonia",
        "temperature": "1200 °F (649 °C)",
        "time": "168 h"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, nitriding test",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 0.3 mg/cm2 at 982 °C and 0.2 mg/cm2 at 1093 °C, so nitriding is worst at the lowest temperature.",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Nitriding Resistance table, row 214, 1200 °F (649 °C) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
        "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
        "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "High-temperature air or combustion gases, 1150 °C",
      "headline": "Haynes 214 forms a tight alumina scale and loses very little metal after 1008 h at 2100 °F.",
      "effect": "In flowing air at 2100 °F for 1008 h the average metal loss was 0.1 mil (3 µm) and the average metal affected 0.5 mil (13 µm). The same test on alloy 600 gave 4.8 mils (122 µm) affected and alloy 601 gave 6.5 mils (165 µm).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen": "sheet coupons",
        "air_velocity": "7.0 ft/min",
        "cycling": "to RT once per week"
      },
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Comparative Oxidation Resistance in Flowing Air table, row 214, and the Comparative Oxidation in Flowing Air 2100 °F figure captions"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Fuel-oil combustion products (burner rig), 980 °C",
      "headline": "Burner-rig oxidation is limited to about 46 µm of affected metal after 1000 h at 1800 °F.",
      "effect": "The average metal affected was 1.8 mils (45.7 µm) after 1000 h at 1800 °F. Alloy 601 was more than 23 mils (584 µm) and RA330 reached 10.5 mils (267 µm) in the same test. At 2100 °F for 200 h, 214 lost 2.0 mils (51 µm) of metal.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "fuel oil 2 parts No. 1 to 1 part No. 2, air to fuel about 50:1, gas velocity about 0.3 Mach"
      },
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Comparative Burner Rig Oxidation Resistance figure captions and table, row 214"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chlorine-bearing oxidising gas, 1000 °C",
      "headline": "Chlorine attack is slight: 2 mils of total affected metal after 50 h at 1830 °F in air with 2 % chlorine.",
      "effect": "Metal loss was 1.0 mil (25 µm) and average internal penetration 1.0 mil, for 2.0 mils (51 µm) of total affected metal. Haynes says the alumina scale gives excellent resistance in chlorine-bearing oxidising environments.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air with 2 % chlorine",
        "temperature": "1830 °F (1000 °C)",
        "time": "50 h"
      },
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Resistance to Chlorine-Bearing Environments Continued, and Principle Features text"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ammonia or nitrogen-bearing gas at 649 °C",
      "headline": "Nitriding is the weak point at low temperature, where the alumina scale does not yet protect the alloy.",
      "effect": "Nitrogen absorption after 168 h in flowing ammonia was 1.5 mg/cm2 at 1200 °F, against 0.3 mg/cm2 at 1800 °F and 0.2 mg/cm2 at 2000 °F. Haynes says the alloy is not the most resistant at 1000 to 1200 °F.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "flowing ammonia",
        "time": "168 h"
      },
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Nitriding Resistance section and table, row 214"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for nickel metal, from 4778 reports: H317 in 99.9 % of reports that give a code, H351 in 72.9 %, H372 in 99.7 %, H350 in 22.5 %, H360F in 18 %, H341 in 13.5 %, H334 in 10.3 %, and H412 in 47.2 %. Signal word Danger. These codes are for nickel metal; the alloy is about 75 % nickel, and no classification for the alloy itself was read.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372",
          "H350",
          "H360F",
          "H341",
          "H334",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, aggregated ECHA C&L notification block (reference 36)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Strain-age cracking in restrained welds",
        "trigger": "Highly stressed, highly restrained welded parts heated slowly through 595 to 925 °C (1100 to 1700 °F), where gamma-prime (Ni3Al) precipitates",
        "consequence": "Cracks in the weld or heat-affected zone. The brochure says this is the main fabrication problem with the alloy and that the remedy is to limit restraint or heat rapidly through the range.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "Fabrication section, first paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of strength at high temperature",
        "trigger": "Use under stress above about 1800 °F (982 °C)",
        "consequence": "Sheet ultimate tensile strength falls from 975 MPa at RT to 68 MPa at 982 °C and 38 MPa at 1093 °C. A 1 % creep strain takes only 2.8 MPa for 1000 h at 1093 °C.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "Tensile Properties table (sheet rows RT, 1800 °F and 2000 °F) and Creep and Rupture Properties table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of ductility in the intermediate range",
        "trigger": "Service or exposure near 700 to 760 °C (1300 to 1400 °F)",
        "consequence": "The brochure says tensile elongation drops from about 90 % near 2000 °F to about 15 % in the 1300 to 1400 °F range, so there is little ductility left in that range.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "Fabrication and Heat Treatment text describing grain size and ductility, Tensile Properties graphs referenced in text"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Solution heat treat at 2000 °F (1095 °C) and cool rapidly or quench for best properties. Heat treatment below the solution temperature causes grain-boundary carbide precipitation, and below 1750 °F (955 °C) it precipitates gamma prime. Those lower-temperature age-hardening treatments are not suggested.",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "Heat-Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Hot working needs a hold at 2100 °F (1150 °C) long enough to bring the whole piece to temperature. All hot or cold worked parts should be annealed and rapidly cooled to restore the best balance of properties.",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "Fabrication section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Minimise weldment restraint through component design, and heat rapidly through 595 to 925 °C during post-fabrication heat treatment or first-use heat-up.",
        "source": "haynes-h3008",
        "where": "Fabrication section, last sentence of first paragraph"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Honeycomb seals, combustor splash plates and other static oxidation-limited parts in gas turbines",
      "example": "Haynes International lists foil honeycomb seals, combustor splash plates and other static parts in gas turbines as uses. These are aircraft and land-based turbine uses, not a spacecraft or rocket record, and no spaceflight use was verified.",
      "source": "haynes-aero-h3228b",
      "where": "HAYNES 214 alloy section, aerospace brochure H-3228B; the same text is in haynes-h3008 Applications"
    },
    {
      "application": "heat-shields",
      "device": "Flame hood exposed to direct flame impingement in an industrial plant",
      "example": "A 214 flamehood remained in service for 16 months in an automotive products plant, where other nickel alloy hoods needed replacement every three to four months. This is a flame-facing part, the closest fit to a heat shield in the sources, and it is not a space application.",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Typical Applications, right-hand column, flamehood photograph caption"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Mesh belts, trays and fixtures for clean firing of electronic devices and technical ceramics",
      "example": "A 214 mesh belt ran for 3000 h at 1800 °F (980 °C) in a chinaware decorating kiln with only minimal wear and oxidation. The brochure also lists heat treatment of electronic devices and technical grade ceramics among its applications.",
      "source": "haynes-h3008",
      "where": "Applications section and Typical Applications, belt photograph caption"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production, 2025 estimate)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for about 60 % of 2025 apparent consumption, and most recycled nickel went to new alloys and stainless steel.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t, nickel content; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 2,600,000; 270,000; 200,000; 140,000; 140,000 t). Domestic Production and Use; Recycling; Substitutes."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy brochure, Haynes International H-3008H, 2021 (datasheet with composition, physical properties, tensile, creep, oxidation and fabrication data)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals datasheet, revision 6.1.2015",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes Alloy 214, Strip Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals, dated 9/30/15",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-Alloy-214.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes Alloy 214, Wire Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals, rev date 8/28/2020",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Wire-Haynes-214.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes International Aerospace Alloys brochure, H-3228B, 2024",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Haynes-International-Aerospace-Alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    },
    {
      "title": "Haynes 214 Foil/Sheet, UNS N07214, Goodfellow product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/haynes-214-foil-group"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use was verified. The Haynes aerospace brochure names 214 only for aircraft gas turbines. A Velo3D datasheet describes rocket-engine suitability, but it returned HTTP 403, so it was not read. Goodfellow's page lists aerospace thermal protection, but that is a distributor claim, not a flight record, so it is not entered as a use.",
    "The Goodfellow page prints a composition of Ni 76 against the brochure's nominal Ni 75, and it prints density 8.05 g/cm3, which matches the brochure. The brochure nominal composition is used. The Elgiloy strip sheet prints density 8.1 g/cm3 at 20 °C and was not entered as a second density.",
    "Distributor specification codes printed in the Elgiloy and Ulbrich sheets (PS-6104, PWA 1130, B50A913, B50TF219, PS-6073, MSRR7238, MTS 1379-1, DMD 0495) are not in the designations list because no system in the list fits them. No AMS or ASTM document was read.",
    "No SDS for solid Haynes 214 stock was read. The hazard codes come from the PubChem nickel record only, and the powder form was not checked.",
    "The USGS 2026 nickel summary prints no critical-mineral list status, so critical_lists is empty. Chromium and aluminium supply were not looked up.",
    "Brinell or Rockwell hardness is printed in the brochure (HRBW 100 plate, 94 bar, 98 sheet) but has no canonical property name, so it is not entered.",
    "The carburization results are shown only as charts in the brochure, so no numbers were read for packed graphite or mixed-gas carburization.",
    "Creep values at other stresses and temperatures, the thermal-stability tensile data after 1000 h at 760 to 870 °C, and the water-vapour oxidation tables were not entered; the numbers are printed but were left out to keep the profile to the core properties.",
    "The ASM Alloy Digest entry is paywalled, and the Merrem page returned HTTP 503 during this run, so neither was read.",
    "No quantitative aqueous corrosion data (pitting temperature, corrosion rate, stress corrosion threshold) was found in a fetched source.",
    "No cryogenic toughness, Charpy or radiation data was found in the fetched sources; the minimum service temperature is the strip datasheet's suggested limit only."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Haynes 214 is a nickel-chromium-aluminium-iron alloy made for oxidation resistance above 955 °C. Its nominal composition is 75 % nickel, 16 % chromium, 4.5 % aluminium and 3 % iron. Above 1750 °F it forms a tight alumina scale, and the brochure reports 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air. The brochure also reports excellent resistance to carburisation, nitriding and corrosion in chlorine-bearing oxidising gas. It is a low-stress, high-temperature alloy: strength falls sharply above about 1800 °F, and welds in restrained parts need care.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Gas-turbine seals and combustor parts",
        "line": "Haynes International's aerospace brochure lists foil honeycomb seals and combustor splash plates in gas turbines. This is aircraft and land-based turbine use, and no spacecraft or rocket record was found."
      },
      {
        "where": "Industrial flame hoods",
        "line": "A 214 flamehood stayed in service for 16 months in an automotive products plant, where other nickel alloy hoods lasted three to four months."
      },
      {
        "where": "Clean firing",
        "line": "A 214 mesh belt ran for 3000 h at 1800 °F in a chinaware kiln with minimal wear. The brochure also lists heat treatment of electronic devices and technical ceramics."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Resist oxidation",
        "line": "After 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air, the average metal loss was 0.1 mil (3 µm), and the average metal affected was 0.5 mil (13 µm).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.1 mil metal loss"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 12 W/m-°C at room temperature and 23.9 W/m-°C at 600 °C. The brochure says it is lower than that of steel.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "12 W/m-°C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 8.05 g/cm3 at room temperature in the brochure.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.05 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The melting range is 1355 to 1400 °C (2475 to 2550 °F).",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1355 to 1400 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength when annealed",
        "line": "Cold-rolled and annealed sheet has a room-temperature yield strength of 577 MPa and a tensile strength of 975 MPa, with 37.3 % elongation.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "577 MPa yield"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The brochure compares 214 with other wrought alloys in flowing air at 2100 °F for 1008 h. Its average metal affected is 13 µm, against 122 µm for alloy 600 and 165 µm for alloy 601, and in the 1095 °C burner-rig test (500 h) it lost 1.2 mils (30 µm) against more than 23 mils (584 µm) for alloy 601. The comparison is within one brochure, and the other alloys have their own profiles, so read the table rows as examples rather than a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper and form, because the tensile values differ between sheet, plate and wire.",
      "Keep restrained welds below the strain-age range, or heat them quickly through 595 to 925 °C.",
      "Do not use the alloy for high-stress parts above about 1800 °F, where its strength is nearly gone."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Oxidation resistance above 1750 °F: 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air.",
      "Chlorine-contaminated hot gas: 51 µm of affected metal after 50 h at 1830 °F with 2 % chlorine.",
      "Static, low-stress hot parts such as seals, belts, flame hoods and splash plates."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength falls sharply above about 1800 °F, and the alloy is for low-stress parts only.",
      "Restrained welds can crack by strain-age cracking through 595 to 925 °C.",
      "Nitriding uptake is highest at the lowest test temperature: 1.5 mg/cm2 in 168 h at 649 °C, against 0.2 mg/cm2 at 1093 °C.",
      "No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use was verified for this alloy."
    ],
    "verdict": "Haynes 214 is a low-stress, oxidation-resistant alloy for hot oxidising and chlorine-bearing gas above about 955 °C, with 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F. It is weak above about 1800 °F, can crack in restrained welds, and takes up the most nitrogen at 649 °C. No spaceflight record was found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Haynes 214 is a wrought, solid-solution nickel alloy with a nominal composition of 75 % nickel, 16 % chromium, 4.5 % aluminium and 3 % iron, plus small additions of yttrium and carbon (Haynes brochure). It is supplied in the solution heat-treated condition, solution treated at 1095 °C and cooled rapidly (Haynes brochure).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Matrix of the alloy",
          "share_percent": 75,
          "share_note": "nominal, balance (Haynes brochure); the Elgiloy wire range is balance"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms a mixed chromium and aluminium oxide scale below 1750 °F (brochure)",
          "share_percent": 16,
          "share_note": "nominal (Haynes brochure)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Forms the protective alumina scale above 1750 °F",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "share_note": "nominal (Haynes brochure)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Balance element",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "share_note": "nominal (Haynes brochure)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Yttrium",
          "symbol": "Y",
          "role": "Trace element in the nominal composition",
          "share_percent": 0.01,
          "share_note": "nominal (Haynes brochure)"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy is a solid metal with no classification in the sources read. Its nickel content carries the hazard codes in the PubChem nickel record.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "The PubChem aggregated nickel record lists skin sensitisation (H317 in 99.9 % of reports that give a code), suspected cancer (H351 in 72.9 %) and organ damage from prolonged exposure (H372 in 99.7 %). Signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fume and dust",
            "line": "The sources read give no safety data for welding fume or grinding dust from this alloy. Treat them with the same care as nickel fume until a safety data sheet is read."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel codes apply"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These failure routes come from the manufacturer's test and fabrication notes, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Weld cracking",
            "line": "Highly restrained welds can crack by strain-age cracking if they are heated slowly through 595 to 925 °C, because gamma prime precipitates there."
          },
          {
            "label": "High-temperature strength",
            "line": "Sheet tensile strength falls from 975 MPa at room temperature to 68 MPa at 982 °C, and 1 % creep takes only 2.8 MPa for 1000 h at 1093 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Intermediate-temperature ductility",
            "line": "The brochure says ductility falls from about 90 % near 1095 °C to about 15 % in the 700 to 760 °C range."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Solution treat at 1095 °C, then cool quickly. Lower-temperature age hardening below 955 °C is not suggested."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Limit restraint in the weld design, and heat rapidly through 595 to 925 °C."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 25,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the Haynes International H-3008H brochure (text extracted from the PDF), the Ulbrich and Elgiloy datasheets, the USGS nickel summary and the PubChem nickel record. Unreachable: Velo3D datasheet (HTTP 403) and Merrem page (HTTP 503). Caveats: the tensile values are one brochure's sheet and plate tests; the Ulbrich values are distributor minimums; the Elgiloy wire range is a supplier typical; the supply shares are calculated from USGS tonnages; the hazard codes are for nickel metal, not this alloy; no spacecraft use was verified."
  },
  "sources": {
    "haynes-h3008": {
      "title": "HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H",
      "id": "H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "ulbrich-214": {
      "title": "Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals",
      "id": "UNS N07214; MSRR7238 (Rolls-Royce)",
      "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "elgiloy-strip": {
      "title": "Haynes Alloy 214, Strip Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals",
      "id": "UNS N07214, W.Nr 2.4646; B50A913, B50TF219, PS-6073, MTS 1379-1, MSRR7238, PWA 1130, DMD 0495",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-Alloy-214.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "elgiloy-wire": {
      "title": "Haynes Alloy 214, Wire Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals",
      "id": "UNS N07214; PS-6104, PWA 1130",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Wire-Haynes-214.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "haynes-aero-h3228b": {
      "title": "Haynes International Aerospace Alloys, H-3228B",
      "id": "H-3228B, Haynes International, 2024",
      "url": "https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Haynes-International-Aerospace-Alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 935, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NIH), public domain"
    },
    "goodfellow-214": {
      "title": "Haynes 214 Foil/Sheet, UNS N07214, Goodfellow",
      "id": "UNS N07214, Grade Haynes 214",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/haynes-214-foil-group",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Distributor product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/haynes-214/"
}