{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "hard-maple",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "wood",
  "name": "Hard maple (Acer saccharum)",
  "role": "Hardwood for floors, musical instrument parts and turned items",
  "category": "living",
  "type": "bio-grown-building-materials",
  "summary": "Hard maple is the wood of the sugar maple (Acer saccharum), a tree native to the hardwood forests of eastern North America. The Wood Handbook gives a clear-wood bending modulus of elasticity of 10,700 MPa when green and 12,600 MPa at 12% moisture. The wood is used for flooring, musical instrument parts and turned items, and its dust is a recorded cancer hazard.",
  "best_for": "Floors, instrument parts and turned items where a dense, hard hardwood is wanted",
  "weakest_at": "Decay and insect resistance: the Wood Database rates it non-durable to perishable and susceptible to insect attack",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Wood of Acer saccharum, with a cellulose structure and lignin resin",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "wikipedia-sugar-maple",
    "where": "Timber section: 'the cellulose structure of the wood' and 'the lignin resins' (torrefied guitar wood)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Average dried weight",
      "value": 705,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "not stated for this row on the page",
        "printed": "44.0 lbs/ft 3 (705 kg/m 3)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Wood Database hard maple page; the page gives no test method",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Properties block, Average Dried Weight",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
        "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, two values printed under 'Basic, 12% MC'",
      "value": 0.56,
      "value_high": 0.71,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "printed": ".56, .71 under the label Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC)",
        "assignment": "the page does not say which value is basic and which is at 12% MC"
      },
      "method": "Values as printed on the Wood Database hard maple page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Properties block, Specific Gravity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
        "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "janka_hardness",
      "label": "Janka hardness",
      "value": 1450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lbf",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "printed": "1,450 lb f (6,450 N)",
        "moisture": "not stated for this row"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Wood Database page; the page does not name the test standard",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Properties block, Janka Hardness",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
        "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shrinkage_radial",
      "label": "Radial shrinkage",
      "value": 4.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "shrinkage basis not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Wood Database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Properties block, Shrinkage (Radial 4.8%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
        "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shrinkage_tangential",
      "label": "Tangential shrinkage",
      "value": 9.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "shrinkage basis not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Wood Database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Properties block, Shrinkage (Tangential 9.9%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
        "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shrinkage_volumetric",
      "label": "Volumetric shrinkage",
      "value": 14.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "shrinkage basis not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Wood Database page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Properties block, Shrinkage (Volumetric 14.7%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
        "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, green",
      "value": 0.56,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "basis": "weight when ovendry and volume when green (table footnote b)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; tests on clear specimens (table footnote a) under ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Modulus of rupture, green",
      "value": 65000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "printed": "65,000 kPa"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; tests on clear specimens (table footnote a) under ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Modulus of rupture column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, green",
      "value": 10700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "measurement": "simply supported, center-loaded beam, span to depth 14/1 (table footnote c)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; tests under ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Modulus of elasticity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "work_to_maximum_load",
      "label": "Work to maximum load, green",
      "value": 92,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "printed": "kJ m-3 (metric table header)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Work to maximum load column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_bending",
      "label": "Impact bending, green",
      "value": 1020,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "definition": "height of drop that causes complete failure, using a 0.71-kg hammer (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Impact bending column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compression_parallel_to_grain",
      "label": "Compression parallel to grain, green",
      "value": 27700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "definition": "maximum crushing strength (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Compression parallel to grain column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compression_perpendicular_to_grain",
      "label": "Compression perpendicular to grain, green",
      "value": 4400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "definition": "fibre stress at proportional limit (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Compression perpendicular to grain column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_parallel_to_grain",
      "label": "Shear parallel to grain, green",
      "value": 10100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "definition": "maximum shearing strength (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Shear parallel to grain column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "side_hardness",
      "label": "Side hardness, green",
      "value": 4300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "Green",
        "definition": "hardness measured when load is perpendicular to grain (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, Green row, Side hardness column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, 12% moisture",
      "value": 0.63,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "basis": "weight when ovendry and volume at 12% moisture content (table footnote b)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Modulus of rupture, 12% moisture",
      "value": 109000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "printed": "109,000 kPa"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Modulus of rupture column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, 12% moisture",
      "value": 12600,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "measurement": "simply supported, center-loaded beam, span to depth 14/1 (table footnote c)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Modulus of elasticity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "work_to_maximum_load",
      "label": "Work to maximum load, 12% moisture",
      "value": 114,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "printed": "kJ m-3 (metric table header)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Work to maximum load column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_bending",
      "label": "Impact bending, 12% moisture",
      "value": 990,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "definition": "height of drop that causes complete failure, using a 0.71-kg hammer (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Impact bending column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compression_parallel_to_grain",
      "label": "Compression parallel to grain, 12% moisture",
      "value": 54000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "definition": "maximum crushing strength (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Compression parallel to grain column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compression_perpendicular_to_grain",
      "label": "Compression perpendicular to grain, 12% moisture",
      "value": 10100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "definition": "fibre stress at proportional limit (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Compression perpendicular to grain column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_parallel_to_grain",
      "label": "Shear parallel to grain, 12% moisture",
      "value": 16100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "definition": "maximum shearing strength (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Shear parallel to grain column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "side_hardness",
      "label": "Side hardness, 12% moisture",
      "value": 6400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "moisture": "12%",
        "definition": "hardness measured when load is perpendicular to grain (table footnote a)"
      },
      "method": "Clear-wood test value from Table 5-3a (metric), row Maple, Sugar, 12% row; ASTM D 143 procedures",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wood-handbook-2010",
      "where": "Table 5-3a (metric), Maple, Sugar, 12% row, Side hardness column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
        "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
        "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "US federal government work"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Service exposure to decay and insect attack (rot resistance)",
      "headline": "Rated non-durable to perishable, and susceptible to insect attack.",
      "effect": "The Wood Database gives this rot-resistance rating for hard maple. No exposure test or time to failure for hard maple was found in any source read for this profile.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Rot Resistance line"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Hard maple, along with other maples in the Acer genus have been reported to cause skin irritation, runny nose, and asthma-like respiratory effects. The page refers readers to its wood allergies and dust safety articles, which were not read.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "wood-database",
        "where": "Allergies/Toxicity line"
      },
      {
        "text": "The page on hardwood dust says it 'is classified as Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC', and that 'Prolonged exposure to hardwood dust can cause cancer in the nose and paranasal sinuses.' These are findings for hardwood dust in general, not for sugar maple alone.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "eu-hardwood-dust",
        "where": "Hardwood dust fact sheet, classification and cancer site"
      },
      {
        "text": "The NIOSH pocket guide lists wood dust with a recommended exposure limit of 'Ca TWA 1 mg/m3 [See Appendix A]' and the cancer site '[nasal cancer]'. The entry covers wood dust in general, not sugar maple alone.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "niosh-npg-wood-dust",
        "where": "Exposure limits and cancer site rows"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Burning when machined",
        "trigger": "Machining with high-speed cutters, such as in a router",
        "consequence": "Maple has a tendency to burn when being machined with high-speed cutters such as in a router.",
        "source": "wood-database",
        "where": "Workability line"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Insect attack",
        "consequence": "Hard maple is susceptible to insect attack and is rated non-durable to perishable.",
        "source": "wood-database",
        "where": "Rot Resistance line"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Blotchy stain",
        "trigger": "Staining without preparation",
        "consequence": "Blotches can occur when staining, and a pre-conditioner, gel stain, or toner may be necessary to get an even color.",
        "source": "wood-database",
        "where": "Workability line"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Use a pre-conditioner, gel stain, or toner when staining to get an even color.",
        "source": "wood-database",
        "where": "Workability line"
      },
      {
        "text": "The EU sets a binding occupational exposure limit: 'An EU binding occupational exposure limit of 2mg/m³ (TWA) is in place.' Keep wood dust below that limit.",
        "source": "eu-hardwood-dust",
        "where": "Exposure limits section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Flooring: basketball courts, dance floors, bowling alleys and residential floors",
      "example": "Common uses: flooring (from basketball courts and dance-floors to bowling alleys and residential)",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Comments, Common Uses line"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Musical instrument parts: violin-family sides and back, guitar necks, grand piano rims and drum shells",
      "example": "Maple is widely used in the manufacture of musical instruments, such as the members of the violin family (sides and back), guitars (neck), grand pianos (rim), and drum shells.",
      "source": "wikipedia-sugar-maple",
      "where": "Timber section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Turned and specialty items: cutting boards, butcher blocks, workbenches, baseball bats",
      "example": "Common uses include cutting boards, butcher blocks, workbenches, baseball bats, and other turned objects and specialty wood items.",
      "source": "wood-database",
      "where": "Comments, Common Uses line"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Hard maple wood (sugar maple, Acer saccharum)",
      "abundance": "Native to the hardwood forests of eastern North America and mostly found in the north of its range, according to Wikipedia.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-sugar-maple",
      "where": "Distribution and habitat section"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Hard maple veneer logs, Lake States (1966)",
      "abundance": "Not stated; the source gives a harvest volume only.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "United States (Lake States region)",
          "year": 1966
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "blyth-1966-veneer",
      "where": "Abstract: 'The Lake States hard maple harvest exceeded 13 million board feet, up 1.3 million from 1965.'"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Hard maple lumber market (2024, qualitative)",
      "abundance": "No production share found; the 2024 market note reports the trend only.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "timber-talk-2024",
      "where": "Hardwood market section: 'Through January, Hard Maple production has been extremely low.'"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [],
  "gaps": [
    "No space, vacuum, radiation or flight data for hard maple were found in any source read for this profile. The only space-related use filed under structures is the site's own categorisation of wood flooring and instruments, which is not a space test.",
    "The Wood Handbook table read here gives green and 12% rows for sugar maple only. No air-dried, 15% or fibre-saturation row was found for this grade.",
    "Thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal expansion for sugar maple were not found in any page read. Only mechanical and density values are recorded.",
    "Shrinkage (4.8%, 9.9% and 14.7% on the Wood Database) has no moisture basis printed on the page. The Wood Handbook shrinkage tables for sugar maple were not checked.",
    "The 12% specific gravity disagrees between sources: 0.71 on the Wood Database and 0.63 in Wood Handbook Table 5-3a. The Wood Database does not say which of its two printed values is basic. Both sources are recorded side by side.",
    "The Wood Handbook table printed here is the 2010 edition (FPL-GTR-190). The 2021 edition (FPL-GTR-282) was not checked.",
    "Engineering ToolBox lists maple as one group that includes sugar maple with other maple species. Its group rows are not recorded as this grade's own values.",
    "Current production volumes and country shares for hard maple lumber were not found. The 1966 Lake States veneer-log harvest (Blyth) and the 2024 market note (Nebraska Forest Service) are the only supply figures; the 2015 Luppold and Bumgardner paper gives only hardwood-wide figures, not maple-specific ones.",
    "No critical-mineral list applies to a wood, so none was checked.",
    "NIOSH and EU wood-dust figures cover wood dust in general. No dust limit specific to sugar maple was found.",
    "No safety data sheet or GHS classification for hard maple wood was read. The hazards recorded here come from the Wood Database, NIOSH and the EU fact sheet.",
    "Wood has no UNS, EN or ASTM grade code. The Wood Database gives the common names hard maple and sugar maple; no separate designation code was listed.",
    "Property names used here that are not in spores/property-canon.yaml: specific_gravity, janka_hardness, shrinkage_radial, shrinkage_tangential, shrinkage_volumetric, work_to_maximum_load, impact_bending, compression_parallel_to_grain, compression_perpendicular_to_grain, shear_parallel_to_grain and side_hardness. Units are kept as printed (kPa, MPa, mm, N, kJ/m3).",
    "Clear-wood values (no knots or defects) are the basis of the Wood Handbook rows, as the handbook states. Real timber with defects will differ."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Hard maple (Acer saccharum, sugar maple) is a hardwood used for floors, musical instrument parts and turned items. The Wood Handbook (USDA Forest Products Laboratory, 2010) and the Wood Database both publish clear-wood values for it. This profile sets those values out row by row and records where the two sources disagree. Hard maple is not a space material; it sits in this collection as a bio-grown building material.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Flooring",
        "line": "The Wood Database lists flooring from basketball courts and dance floors to bowling alleys and residential floors as common uses of hard maple."
      },
      {
        "where": "Musical instruments",
        "line": "The Wikipedia article says the wood is used for members of the violin family (sides and back), guitars (neck), grand pianos (rim) and drum shells."
      },
      {
        "where": "Sports equipment",
        "line": "The Wikipedia article says bowling alleys and bowling pins are commonly made from sugar maple, and that maple is a popular wood for baseball bats."
      },
      {
        "where": "Turned and specialty items",
        "line": "The Wood Database lists cutting boards, butcher blocks, workbenches and other turned objects among its common uses."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "The Wood Database prints an average dried weight of 705 kg/m3, with no moisture basis on that row.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Bending strength",
        "line": "The Wood Handbook prints a modulus of rupture of 65,000 kPa when green and 109,000 kPa at 12% moisture.",
        "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Bending stiffness",
        "line": "The Wood Handbook prints a modulus of elasticity of 10,700 MPa when green and 12,600 MPa at 12% moisture.",
        "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hardness",
        "line": "The Wood Database prints a Janka hardness of 1,450 lbf (6,450 N). The Wood Handbook prints a side hardness of 6,400 N at 12% moisture.",
        "benchmark": "janka_hardness",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Compared with the other maples, the Wood Database says hard maple is 'stronger, stiffer, harder, and denser' than the other maple species sold as lumber. The Wood Handbook shows the moisture effect: the bending modulus of elasticity rises from 10,700 MPa when green to 12,600 MPa at 12% moisture, and compression parallel to grain rises from 27,700 kPa to 54,000 kPa. The two sources do not agree on the 12% specific gravity, which is 0.71 on the Wood Database and 0.63 in the Wood Handbook.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Dried weight (density)",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Bending strength (modulus of rupture)",
        "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Janka hardness",
        "benchmark": "janka_hardness",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Use a pre-conditioner, gel stain or toner before staining to get an even colour (Wood Database).",
      "Keep wood dust below the EU binding occupational exposure limit of 2mg/m³ (TWA), as the EU fact sheet prints it.",
      "Expect burning with high-speed router cutters (Wood Database)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Flooring: the Wood Database lists basketball courts, dance floors and bowling alleys as uses.",
      "Instrument parts: the sides and back of violin-family instruments, guitar necks, grand piano rims and drum shells (Wikipedia)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Dust: hardwood dust is a Group 1 carcinogen per the IARC, linked to nose and paranasal sinus cancer after prolonged exposure.",
      "Decay and insects: rated non-durable to perishable and susceptible to insect attack (Wood Database).",
      "Stain: blotches can occur when staining without a pre-conditioner (Wood Database).",
      "Burning: maple tends to burn with high-speed cutters such as in a router (Wood Database).",
      "Specific gravity at 12%: the two sources give 0.71 and 0.63, so check which one your source uses."
    ],
    "verdict": "Hard maple suits flooring, instrument parts and turned items where a hard, dense hardwood is wanted. Its dust is a known cancer hazard, and it needs protection against decay and stain blotching.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Hard maple is wood, not a single compound. The wood is built from a cellulose structure with lignin resin. No source read gives the share of either part.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Cellulose",
          "role": "The structural component of the wood. The Wikipedia sugar maple article calls it 'the cellulose structure of the wood'.",
          "share_note": "Share not found in any source read",
          "source": "wikipedia-sugar-maple",
          "where": "Cultivation and uses, Timber section"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lignin",
          "role": "A resin in the wood. The Wikipedia article says some high-end guitar wood is torrefied 'to cook out the lignin resins'.",
          "share_note": "Share not found in any source read",
          "source": "wikipedia-sugar-maple",
          "where": "Timber section, guitar wood sentence"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard recorded for hard maple is its dust. The dust sources cover wood dust in general, not sugar maple alone.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "IARC",
            "line": "The EU fact sheet says hardwood dust 'is classified as Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC'. It adds that 'Prolonged exposure to hardwood dust can cause cancer in the nose and paranasal sinuses.'"
          },
          {
            "label": "NIOSH",
            "line": "The NIOSH pocket guide lists wood dust with a recommended exposure limit of 'Ca TWA 1 mg/m3 [See Appendix A]' and the cancer site '[nasal cancer]'."
          },
          {
            "label": "Latency",
            "line": "The EU fact sheet says the latency between exposure and wood-dust nose cancer is 'estimated to be at least 20 years'."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Wood dust is a known cancer hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "Skin and breathing",
        "lead": "The Wood Database reports these effects for maples in the Acer genus, which includes hard maple.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Reported effects",
            "line": "'Hard maple, along with other maples in the Acer genus have been reported to cause skin irritation, runny nose, and asthma-like respiratory effects.'"
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Irritation and asthma-like effects"
      },
      {
        "title": "Machining",
        "lead": "The Wood Database notes a tendency to burn in fast machining.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Router",
            "line": "Maple has a tendency to burn when being machined with high-speed cutters such as in a router."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Burns with high-speed cutters"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-02",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-02 from the Wood Handbook (2010) rows and the Wood Database page. The 12% specific gravity differs between the two sources and both are recorded."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wood-handbook-2010": {
      "title": "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, FPL-GTR-190 (Ross, ed.), chapter 5, Tables 5-3a and 5-3b",
      "id": "USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/37440.pdf",
      "year": 2010,
      "kind": "handbook",
      "license": "US federal government work"
    },
    "wood-database": {
      "title": "Wood Database: Hard Maple",
      "url": "https://www.wood-database.com/hard-maple/",
      "kind": "web"
    },
    "wikipedia-sugar-maple": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_maple",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "niosh-npg-wood-dust": {
      "title": "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Wood dust",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0667.html",
      "kind": "database"
    },
    "eu-hardwood-dust": {
      "title": "Stop Carcinogens at Work: The facts on hardwood dust",
      "url": "https://stopcarcinogensatwork.eu/fact/hardwood-dust/",
      "kind": "web"
    },
    "blyth-1966-veneer": {
      "title": "Blyth, J. E. Veneer-log production and consumption, North Central Region, 1966. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin NC-5",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/10285",
      "year": 1968,
      "kind": "report"
    },
    "timber-talk-2024": {
      "title": "Nebraska Forest Service, Timber Talk, March 2024 (hardwood market report)",
      "url": "https://nfs.unl.edu/sites/unl.edu.ianr.nebraska-forest-service/files/media/file/Timber%20Talk%20March%202024.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "report"
    },
    "engineeringtoolbox-timber": {
      "title": "Engineering ToolBox: Timber, mechanical properties",
      "url": "https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/timber-mechanical-properties-d_1789.html",
      "kind": "web"
    },
    "luppold-bumgardner-2015": {
      "title": "Luppold, W. and Bumgardner, M. Examination of worldwide hardwood lumber production, trade, and apparent consumption: 1995-2013. Wood and Fiber Science 47(3)",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/49153",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "paper"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/hard-maple/"
}