{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "ferroalloys",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "ferroalloys",
  "name": "Ferroalloys (steelmaking master alloys)",
  "abbreviation": "FeMo, FeMn, FeV, FeTi",
  "role": "steelmaking additive (iron master alloys)",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Ferroalloys are iron-based master alloys that carry one alloying element into molten steel. The four covered here are ferromolybdenum (about 60 to 70 percent molybdenum), ferromanganese (74 to 95 percent manganese in the USGS typical range), ferrovanadium (35 to 85 percent vanadium, with FeV80 the most common grade) and ferrotitanium (45 to 75 percent titanium). They are added to the melt, so they set the chemistry of the steel rather than forming a part on their own. Their dust is the main health concern in the sources read, and their composition depends on the grade.\n",
  "best_for": "Adding molybdenum, manganese, vanadium or titanium to the melt of structural, high-strength low-alloy and stainless steels in a controlled, known amount",
  "weakest_at": "Grade-to-grade variation in composition and melting point, dust hazards from the powders, and no corrosion or moisture data for the alloys themselves",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron master alloys: ferromolybdenum (Fe-Mo), ferromanganese (Fe-Mn), ferrovanadium (Fe-V) and ferrotitanium (Fe-Ti)",
    "cas": "12604-53-4 (ferromanganese); 12604-58-9 (ferrovanadium)",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "usgs-mn-2026",
    "where": "Salient Statistics footnote 1 (ferromanganese 74 to 95 percent manganese); CAS numbers from the ferromanganese SDS and the NIOSH ferrovanadium entry"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, ferromolybdenum",
      "value": 1800,
      "value_high": 1900,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "industrial ferromolybdenum, about 60 percent Mo",
        "basis": "range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Property text on a chemical database page, printed as 1800 to 1900 degrees C; a database summary, not a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Second-hand database figure; no manufacturer melting value for ferromolybdenum was found.",
      "source": "chemicalbook-femo",
      "where": "Ferromolybdenum property text, melting temperature sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ChemicalBook: Ferromolybdenum property page (CAS 12382-30-8)",
        "url": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/CASEN_12382-30-8.htm",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ferromolybdenum",
      "value": 9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "industrial ferromolybdenum, about 60 percent Mo",
        "basis": "approximate figure as printed"
      },
      "method": "Property text on a chemical database page, printed as approximately 9.0 g/cm3",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Second-hand database figure, stated as approximate.",
      "source": "chemicalbook-femo",
      "where": "Ferromolybdenum property text, density sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ChemicalBook: Ferromolybdenum property page (CAS 12382-30-8)",
        "url": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/CASEN_12382-30-8.htm",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, ferromanganese",
      "value": 1200,
      "value_high": 1300,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ferromanganese, carbon grade not stated",
        "basis": "range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical and chemical properties section of the Wikipedia article, printed as between 1,200 and 1,300 degrees C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-femn",
      "where": "Physical and chemical properties section, melting point sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferromanganese",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromanganese",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ferromanganese",
      "value": 7.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ferromanganese, impurity content not stated",
        "basis": "figure printed as generally around 7.3 g/cm3"
      },
      "method": "Physical and chemical properties section of the Wikipedia article, printed as generally around 7.3 g/cm3 and varying slightly with impurities",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-femn",
      "where": "Physical and chemical properties section, density sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferromanganese",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromanganese",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, ferrovanadium",
      "value": 1480,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ferrovanadium, composition not stated (FeV80 is the most common grade)",
        "basis": "single value from the infobox"
      },
      "method": "Infobox of the Wikipedia article, printed as 1,480 °C (2,700 °F; 1,750 K); the Celsius value is recorded",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-fev",
      "where": "Infobox, melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrovanadium",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovanadium",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, ferrovanadium (NIOSH)",
      "value": 2696,
      "value_high": 2768,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "ferrovanadium, usually 50 to 80 percent vanadium as printed by NIOSH",
        "basis": "range as printed in Fahrenheit"
      },
      "method": "NIOSH Pocket Guide, melting point row, printed as 2696 to 2768 degrees F; values kept in the printed unit",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "niosh-fev",
      "where": "Melting point row, physical description note",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Ferrovanadium dust",
        "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0287.html",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "public domain (CDC)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Molybdenum content, ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70)",
      "value": 60,
      "value_high": 70,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "Mo",
        "grade": "Climax FeMo 60/70",
        "basis": "percent by weight, range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Specifications table of the Climax product datasheet, Molybdenum (Mo) row printed as 60.00 to 70.00 percent by weight",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "climax-femo",
      "where": "Specifications table, Molybdenum (Mo) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
        "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Carbon limit, ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70)",
      "value": 0.1,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "C",
        "grade": "Climax FeMo 60/70",
        "basis": "maximum as printed"
      },
      "method": "Specifications table of the Climax product datasheet, Carbon (C) row printed as 0.10 max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "climax-femo",
      "where": "Specifications table, Carbon (C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
        "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Sulfur limit, ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70)",
      "value": 0.15,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "S",
        "grade": "Climax FeMo 60/70",
        "basis": "maximum as printed"
      },
      "method": "Specifications table of the Climax product datasheet, Sulfur (S) row printed as 0.15 max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "climax-femo",
      "where": "Specifications table, Sulfur (S) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
        "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Phosphorus limit, ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70)",
      "value": 0.05,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "P",
        "grade": "Climax FeMo 60/70",
        "basis": "maximum as printed"
      },
      "method": "Specifications table of the Climax product datasheet, Phosphorus (P) row printed as 0.05 max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "climax-femo",
      "where": "Specifications table, Phosphorus (P) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
        "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Silicon limit, ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70)",
      "value": 1,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "Si (soluble)",
        "grade": "Climax FeMo 60/70",
        "basis": "maximum as printed"
      },
      "method": "Specifications table of the Climax product datasheet, Silicon (Si) (Soluble) row printed as 1.00 max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "climax-femo",
      "where": "Specifications table, Silicon (Si) (Soluble) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
        "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Copper limit, ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70)",
      "value": 0.5,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "Cu",
        "grade": "Climax FeMo 60/70",
        "basis": "maximum as printed"
      },
      "method": "Specifications table of the Climax product datasheet, Copper (Cu) row printed as 0.50 max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "climax-femo",
      "where": "Specifications table, Copper (Cu) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
        "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Manganese content, ferromanganese",
      "value": 74,
      "value_high": 95,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "Mn",
        "grade": "ferromanganese, typical range",
        "basis": "manganese content range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Footnote 1 of the USGS Salient Statistics table, printed as manganese content typically ranging from 74 to 95 percent for ferromanganese",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "usgs-mn-2026",
      "where": "Salient Statistics table, footnote 1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
        "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Carbon content, high-carbon ferromanganese",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "C",
        "grade": "high-carbon ferromanganese",
        "basis": "upper limit as printed"
      },
      "method": "Production section of the Wikipedia article, printed as high-carbon ferromanganese can have a carbon content of up to 6 percent",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-femn",
      "where": "Production section, high-carbon paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferromanganese",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromanganese",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Vanadium content, ferrovanadium",
      "value": 35,
      "value_high": 85,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "V",
        "grade": "ferrovanadium, all grades",
        "basis": "range as printed; FeV80 is the most common grade"
      },
      "method": "Composition section of the Wikipedia article, printed as vanadium content in ferrovanadium ranges from 35 percent to 85 percent",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-fev",
      "where": "Composition section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrovanadium",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovanadium",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Vanadium content, US ferrovanadium price grade",
      "value": 78,
      "value_high": 82,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "V",
        "grade": "US ferrovanadium quoted by USGS for its 2025 price",
        "basis": "range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Events, Trends and Issues section of the USGS vanadium chapter, printed as the estimated United States ferrovanadium price (78 percent to 82 percent vanadium content)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "usgs-v-2026",
      "where": "Events, Trends and Issues, paragraph on ferrovanadium price",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium",
        "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Titanium content, ferrotitanium",
      "value": 45,
      "value_high": 75,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "Ti",
        "grade": "ferrotitanium, all grades",
        "basis": "range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Lead section of the Wikipedia article, printed as 45 to 75 percent titanium",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-fetti",
      "where": "Lead section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrotitanium",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrotitanium",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "alloy_content",
      "label": "Iron content, ferrotitanium",
      "value": 10,
      "value_high": 20,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "element": "Fe",
        "grade": "ferrotitanium, all grades",
        "basis": "range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Lead section of the Wikipedia article, printed as between 10 and 20 percent iron",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-fetti",
      "where": "Lead section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrotitanium",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrotitanium",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Steel made with ferrovanadium",
      "headline": "Wikipedia says ferrovanadium improves corrosion resistance in steel, but gives no rate.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia article calls ferrovanadium a universal hardener, strengthener and anti-corrosive additive for steels, and says it improves corrosion resistance to alkaline reagents as well as sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. No corrosion rate or test is given for any ferrovanadium grade, and the statement describes the steel, not the alloy powder.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement for steel containing the alloy; no test conditions given"
      },
      "source": "wiki-fev",
      "where": "Lead section, uses paragraph; Corrosion paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Stored lump or powder in a warehouse",
      "headline": "The ferromanganese SDS asks for sealed containers in a cool, dry store, but gives no corrosion rate.",
      "effect": "The supplier SDS for ferromanganese says to keep the container tightly sealed and store it in a cool, dry place in tightly closed containers. It gives no corrosion rate, moisture-uptake figure or reaction test.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "storage advice only; no exposure duration or humidity stated"
      },
      "source": "femn-sds",
      "where": "Section 7, Handling and storage"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Stanford Advanced Materials SDS for ferromanganese (CAS 12604-53-4): signal word Warning, H319 causes serious eye irritation and H335 may cause respiratory irritation. Hazards not otherwise classified: no information known.",
        "ghs": [
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "femn-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazards identification"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wikipedia gives GHS hazard statements H320, H335 and H373 for ferrovanadium, with signal word Warning. The dust is a mild eye irritant and caused chronic bronchitis and pneumonitis in animals at high concentration.",
        "ghs": [
          "H320",
          "H335",
          "H373"
        ],
        "source": "wiki-fev",
        "where": "Infobox, Toxicology and Occupational exposure sections"
      },
      {
        "text": "NIOSH gives ferrovanadium dust a recommended exposure limit of 1 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average and 3 mg/m3 short-term, an IDLH of 500 mg/m3, and an OSHA PEL of 1 mg/m3 as a TWA. The metal is listed as noncombustible, but its dust may be an explosion hazard.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "niosh-fev",
        "where": "Exposure limits, IDLH and Physical description rows"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Dust explosion in a powder store or grinding area",
        "trigger": "Airborne dust at or above the minimum explosive concentration",
        "consequence": "NIOSH gives a minimum explosive concentration of 1.3 g/m3 for ferrovanadium dust and says the dust may be an explosion hazard, although the metal is noncombustible.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "niosh-fev",
        "where": "Minimum explosive concentration row; Physical description note"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Respiratory and eye irritation from powder handling",
        "trigger": "Dust or fume above the 1 mg/m3 TWA, without a dust control",
        "consequence": "Eye and respiratory irritation, with chronic bronchitis and pneumonitis in animals at high concentration (Wikipedia; NIOSH target organs and symptoms).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "niosh-fev",
        "where": "Symptoms and Target organs rows"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fire fought with water",
        "trigger": "A fire involving ferromanganese powder or lump",
        "consequence": "The SDS lists water as an unsuitable extinguishing agent, names special powder for metal fires, and says metal oxide fume is released in a fire.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "femn-sds",
        "where": "Section 5, Firefighting measures"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep the container tightly sealed and store it in a cool, dry place in tightly closed containers, with good ventilation at the workplace (ferromanganese SDS, section 7).",
        "source": "femn-sds",
        "where": "Section 7, Handling and storage"
      },
      {
        "text": "NIOSH respirator guidance for ferrovanadium dust: up to 10 mg/m3, any particulate respirator with an N95, R95 or P95 filter; up to 500 mg/m3, a supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece run in a positive-pressure mode.",
        "source": "niosh-fev",
        "where": "Respirator recommendations"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use special powder for metal fires and do not use water on a ferromanganese fire (SDS, section 5).",
        "source": "femn-sds",
        "where": "Section 5, Suitable and unsuitable extinguishing agents"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Avoid breathing dust, fume, gas, mist, vapours or spray (ferromanganese SDS precaution P261), and wear protective gloves and eye protection (P280).",
        "source": "femn-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Precautionary statements"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep the material away from strong oxidizers, which NIOSH lists as incompatible with ferrovanadium.",
        "source": "niosh-fev",
        "where": "Incompatibilities and reactivities row"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "High-strength low-alloy structural steel",
      "example": "The Wikipedia article says ferromolybdenum is the main source of molybdenum alloying for HSLA steel, and it is added to the melt before casting.",
      "source": "wiki-femo",
      "where": "Lead section, first paragraph; Production section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Cast iron, steel and superalloys",
      "example": "USGS says molybdenum is used principally as an alloying agent in cast iron, steel and superalloys, and its 2025 US production rose by 18 percent to 40,000 tons of molybdenum content.",
      "source": "usgs-mo-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Alloy steels as a hardener and strengthener",
      "example": "The Wikipedia article calls ferrovanadium a universal hardener and strengthener for steels, and USGS says metallurgical use, mainly as an alloying agent for iron and steel, was more than 90 percent of 2025 reported US vanadium consumption.",
      "source": "wiki-fev",
      "where": "Lead section, uses paragraph; USGS vanadium Domestic Production and Use paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Steel melts treated as a deoxidizer and desulfurizer",
      "example": "The Wikipedia article says ferrotitanium is used as a cleansing agent for iron and steel, as a deoxidizer, and sometimes for desulfurization and denitrogenation, and that titanium gives a finer grain structure.",
      "source": "wiki-fetti",
      "where": "Lead section, uses paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Carbon, low-alloy and stainless steels",
      "example": "The Wikipedia article says the main use of ferromanganese is as a processed manganese source for adding manganese to steels, including stainless steel, and that low-carbon grades are preferred because they control carbon accurately.",
      "source": "wiki-femn",
      "where": "Lead section; Production section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (world mine production, 2025e)",
      "abundance": "World mine production in 2025e was 260,000 metric tons of molybdenum content (USGS, rounded total). China 97,000; Chile 42,000; United States 40,000; Peru 39,000.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap, and the amount recycled may be as much as 30 percent of apparent supply.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons; boron, chromium, niobium, vanadium and tungsten are named as potential substitutes in alloy steels."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mo-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column; Recycling; Substitutes; Critical list entry (not listed)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Ferromolybdenum imports (United States, 2021 to 2024)",
      "abundance": "Ferromolybdenum import sources were Chile 74 percent, Republic of Korea 21 percent, United Kingdom 4 percent and other 1 percent.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Republic of Korea",
          "year": 2024
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mo-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024) paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese (world mine production, 2025e)",
      "abundance": "Manganese ore mine production in 2025e was 20,000 thousand metric tons of manganese content (USGS, rounded total). South Africa 7,600; Gabon 5,000; Ghana 2,000; Australia 1,600; China 700. South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Gabon",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Ghana",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag, and scrap recovery specifically for manganese was negligible.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mn-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column; World Resources paragraph; Substitutes; Recycling"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Manganese (United States import reliance)",
      "abundance": "No manganese ore containing 20 percent or more manganese has been produced domestically since 1970. Net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption in 2025e. In 2025 US ferromanganese imports were an estimated 350 thousand metric tons (from the Salient Statistics table).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mn-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph; Salient Statistics table, Net import reliance and Ferromanganese imports rows"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Ferromanganese import sources (2021 to 2024)",
      "abundance": "Ferromanganese imports came from Malaysia 26 percent, Australia 16 percent, Norway 16 percent, South Africa 14 percent and other sources 28 percent.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "year": 2024
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mn-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024) paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Vanadium (world mine production, 2025e)",
      "abundance": "World vanadium mine production in 2025e was 110,000 metric tons of vanadium content (USGS, rounded total). China 82,000; Russia 21,000; Brazil 5,300; South Africa 5,000. Most of China's output is a coproduct of titanomagnetite processed in steelmaking. Secondary production from ash, residues and spent catalysts was 7,500 metric tons in 2025e.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycling is mainly associated with reprocessing vanadium catalysts into new catalysts.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: steels with other alloying elements can replace vanadium steels; manganese, molybdenum, niobium, titanium and tungsten are interchangeable with vanadium to some degree."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-v-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column; Recycling; Substitutes; Events, Trends and Issues"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Ferrovanadium imports (United States)",
      "abundance": "US ferrovanadium imports were 2,200 metric tons in 2025e. Import sources for 2021 to 2024 were Canada 50 percent, Austria 35 percent, Russia 6 percent and Latvia 4 percent.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Austria",
          "year": 2024
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-v-2026",
      "where": "Salient Statistics table, Ferrovanadium imports row; Import Sources (2021 to 2024) paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Titanium (world sponge production, 2025)",
      "abundance": "World titanium sponge production was 370,000 metric tons in 2025 (USGS, rounded total). China 260,000; Japan 53,000; Russia 25,000; Kazakhstan 16,000; Saudi Arabia 12,000. The United States produced no sponge in 2025 and imported about 44,000 tons. Ferrotitanium is a separate product from the sponge figures.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: a Virginia company began commercial titanium powder production from titanium scrap in late 2024 and aimed to reach 1,400 tons per year in 2027.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, nickel, specialty steels and zirconium alloys may replace titanium where corrosion resistance is required (sponge metal context, not ferrotitanium)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; World Sponge Metal Production table, 2025 column; Events, Trends and Issues; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials safety data sheet: Ferro Manganese (CAS 12604-53-4)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697119575-1673-ferro-manganese-femn-alloy-sds.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Ferrovanadium dust (CAS 12604-58-9)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0287.html",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS: About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferromolybdenum",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromolybdenum"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrovanadium",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovanadium"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrotitanium",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrotitanium"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferromanganese",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromanganese"
    },
    {
      "title": "ChemicalBook: Ferromolybdenum property page (CAS 12382-30-8)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/CASEN_12382-30-8.htm"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Ferrotitanium melting point and density were not found in any page read. The Stanford Advanced Materials FeTi40-A table prints two different Ti ranges under the same label, so it is not used for values.",
    "Ferrovanadium density was not recorded. The NIOSH entry prints specific gravity as a question mark, and Wikipedia gives no figure.",
    "Ferromolybdenum melting point and density come only from a chemical database page (ChemicalBook); no manufacturer or standards figure was found, so treat them as approximate.",
    "Ferromanganese density and melting range come from Wikipedia, not from a manufacturer datasheet. Its carbon grade is not stated, so the figures are for ferromanganese in general.",
    "No corrosion rate, moisture uptake, water reaction or salt-spray result was found for any of the four alloys. The DLA high-carbon ferromanganese SDS, which a search suggested treats contact with water as a flammable-gas hazard, could not be downloaded, so water reactivity is not stated here.",
    "Ferromolybdenum has no SDS value read in this run: Climax says its SDS is available on request. Ferrotitanium has no hazard, dust or exposure data read in this run.",
    "No manganese exposure limit (NIOSH or OSHA) was read for ferromanganese dust or fume; the only limits recorded are for ferrovanadium dust.",
    "Ferrotitanium composition is taken from Wikipedia's 45 to 75 percent titanium range only. ASTM A324 grade limits were not read, so no grade-by-grade composition is given.",
    "Ferrovanadium composition: the 78 to 82 percent vanadium figure is the grade quoted by USGS for its US price, not a manufacturer spec. No FeV80 datasheet was read.",
    "Iron supply (world iron ore and steel scrap) was not characterised for this family. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked; only the USGS 2025 list is recorded.",
    "The alloy_content benchmark is a custom snake_case name, not in property-canon, because the file has no canonical composition property. Exposure limits are recorded in risks, not as properties."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Ferroalloys are iron master alloys that carry one element into a steel melt. Each one in this profile carries a different element: molybdenum for alloying HSLA steel, manganese for steels including stainless, vanadium as a hardener and strengthener, and titanium as a cleansing agent and deoxidizer. The four alloys differ in composition and melting point, so every figure here is kept with the grade it belongs to.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Structural and high-strength low-alloy steel",
        "line": "Ferromolybdenum is the main source of molybdenum for alloying high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel, and it is added to the melt before casting (Wikipedia). USGS says molybdenum is used principally as an alloying agent in cast iron, steel and superalloys."
      },
      {
        "where": "Hardened and strengthened alloy steels",
        "line": "Ferrovanadium is a universal hardener and strengthener for steels, and USGS says more than 90 percent of 2025 US reported vanadium consumption was metallurgical, mainly as an alloying agent for iron and steel."
      },
      {
        "where": "Deoxidizing and cleansing steel",
        "line": "Ferrotitanium is used as a cleansing agent and deoxidizer for iron and steel, and sometimes for desulfurization and denitrogenation (Wikipedia)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Carbon, low-alloy and stainless steels",
        "line": "Ferromanganese is the processed manganese source for adding manganese to steels, including stainless steel. USGS says the metal has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Molybdenum dose",
        "line": "Ferromolybdenum (FeMo 60/70) is 60 to 70 percent molybdenum by weight, with carbon at most 0.10 percent and phosphorus at most 0.05 percent (Climax datasheet).",
        "benchmark": "alloy_content",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Manganese dose",
        "line": "Ferromanganese is typically 74 to 95 percent manganese (USGS). The high-carbon grade can carry up to 6 percent carbon, while the low-carbon grade has less than 2 percent (Wikipedia).",
        "benchmark": "alloy_content",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Vanadium dose",
        "line": "Ferrovanadium ranges from 35 to 85 percent vanadium, and FeV80 is the most common grade (Wikipedia). USGS prices the US ferrovanadium at 78 to 82 percent vanadium.",
        "benchmark": "alloy_content",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Titanium dose",
        "line": "Ferrotitanium ranges from 45 to 75 percent titanium, with 10 to 20 percent iron (Wikipedia).",
        "benchmark": "alloy_content",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "line": "Ferromanganese melts at 1200 to 1300 °C (Wikipedia). Ferrovanadium melts at about 1480 °C, which NIOSH gives as 2696 to 2768 °F. A chemical database gives ferromolybdenum 1800 to 1900 °C.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The four alloys melt at different temperatures and carry different doses. Ferromanganese, at 1200 to 1300 °C, melts lowest. Ferrovanadium, at about 1480 °C, sits in the middle. Ferromolybdenum is given as 1800 to 1900 °C by a chemical database, which is above the other two. Ferrotitanium has no melting figure in the sources read. Dose ranges also differ: manganese 74 to 95 percent, molybdenum 60 to 70 percent, vanadium 35 to 85 percent and titanium 45 to 75 percent.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Element content in the alloy",
        "benchmark": "alloy_content",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep the containers tightly sealed in a cool, dry place with good ventilation (ferromanganese SDS, section 7).",
      "Dust may be an explosion hazard; NIOSH gives a minimum explosive concentration of 1.3 g/m3 for ferrovanadium dust.",
      "Use an N95, R95 or P95 particulate respirator up to 10 mg/m3 of ferrovanadium dust, and a supplied-air respirator above that (NIOSH).",
      "Do not use water on a ferromanganese fire; use special powder for metal fires (SDS, section 5)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Adding a precise dose of molybdenum, manganese, vanadium or titanium to a steel melt.",
      "Deoxidizing and cleansing steel with ferrotitanium."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Dust from the powders can irritate the eyes and lungs, and ferrovanadium dust caused bronchitis and pneumonitis in animals at high concentration (Wikipedia; NIOSH).",
      "Grade-to-grade composition varies a lot. Quote the grade with every number, since the dose ranges overlap between sources.",
      "No corrosion or moisture-reaction data were found for the alloys themselves, so storage advice rests on the supplier SDS alone."
    ],
    "verdict": "Ferroalloys are the usual way to put molybdenum, manganese, vanadium or titanium into steel. Dose depends on grade, and the powders need dust control and dry storage. The file has no corrosion data and no melting point for ferrotitanium.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Each ferroalloy is iron carrying one added element at a large dose. Ferromolybdenum is 60 to 70 percent molybdenum, ferromanganese is 74 to 95 percent manganese, ferrovanadium is 35 to 85 percent vanadium (FeV80 is the most common) and ferrotitanium is 45 to 75 percent titanium. Ferromolybdenum is made by heating molybdenum oxide with aluminium and iron, ferrovanadium by aluminothermic reduction of V2O5 in an electric arc furnace, ferromanganese by reduction in a submerged arc furnace, and ferrotitanium by melting titanium sponge and scrap with iron in an induction furnace (Wikipedia).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The carrier metal. It dissolves the alloying element into the steel melt.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest) in every grade",
          "source": "climax-femo",
          "where": "Specifications table, Balance row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "The alloying element for high-strength low-alloy steel (ferromolybdenum).",
          "share_percent": 60,
          "share_high": 70,
          "source": "climax-femo",
          "where": "Specifications table, Molybdenum row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "The alloying element added to carbon, low-alloy and stainless steels (ferromanganese).",
          "share_percent": 74,
          "share_high": 95,
          "source": "usgs-mn-2026",
          "where": "Salient Statistics table, footnote 1"
        },
        {
          "name": "Vanadium",
          "symbol": "V",
          "role": "Hardens and strengthens steel (ferrovanadium).",
          "share_percent": 35,
          "share_high": 85,
          "source": "wiki-fev",
          "where": "Composition section, first paragraph"
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Cleanses and deoxidizes the melt, and refines grain (ferrotitanium).",
          "share_percent": 45,
          "share_high": 75,
          "source": "wiki-fetti",
          "where": "Lead section, first paragraph"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "An impurity in most ferroalloys. The limit is set per grade.",
          "share_note": "0.10 max in ferromolybdenum; up to 6 in high-carbon ferromanganese",
          "source": "climax-femo",
          "where": "Specifications table, Carbon row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "An impurity in most ferroalloys. Held to a maximum in each grade.",
          "share_note": "1.00 max (soluble) in ferromolybdenum",
          "source": "climax-femo",
          "where": "Specifications table, Silicon row"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The SDS and NIOSH entries point to dust and fume, not to acute toxicity of the lump.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Ferromanganese",
            "line": "The supplier SDS classes it as Warning, with H319 for serious eye irritation and H335 for respiratory irritation."
          },
          {
            "label": "Ferrovanadium",
            "line": "Wikipedia lists H320, H335 and H373; NIOSH gives a 1 mg/m3 TWA and a 500 mg/m3 IDLH for the dust."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Avoid breathing dust, fume, gas, mist or spray (SDS precaution P261)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust is the main hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "In a fire or in storage",
        "lead": "The SDS says water is an unsuitable extinguishing agent and that metal oxide fume is released.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fire",
            "line": "Use special powder for metal fires; do not use water on a ferromanganese fire."
          },
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "Keep the container tightly sealed in a cool, dry place."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Water is the wrong agent"
      },
      {
        "title": "Dust explosion",
        "lead": "The metal is noncombustible, but its dust may be an explosion hazard, according to NIOSH.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Minimum concentration",
            "line": "NIOSH gives a minimum explosive concentration of 1.3 g/m3 for ferrovanadium dust."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust may explode"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 18,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 11,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages and PDFs read in that run. Melting points and densities come from Wikipedia and one chemical database page, not a manufacturer; molybdenum and vanadium composition limits come from a Climax datasheet and USGS text; hazards come from NIOSH, Wikipedia and a supplier SDS. The ferroalloys USGS chapter URL returned a not-found page, so USGS ferroalloy data are taken from the element chapters."
  },
  "sources": {
    "usgs-mn-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-mo-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-v-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-crit-2025": {
      "title": "USGS: About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "climax-femo": {
      "title": "Climax Molybdenum product data sheet: Ferromolybdenum 60/70 (PDS FEMO US REV24-01)",
      "url": "https://www.climaxmolybdenum.com/sites/climaxmoly/files/documents/pdfs/technical-library/metallurgical-product-datasheets/PDS_FEMO_US_65.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "femn-sds": {
      "title": "Stanford Advanced Materials safety data sheet: Ferro Manganese (CAS 12604-53-4)",
      "url": "https://samaterials.com/tds/1697119575-1673-ferro-manganese-femn-alloy-sds.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
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    },
    "niosh-fev": {
      "title": "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Ferrovanadium dust",
      "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0287.html",
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    },
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    },
    "wiki-fev": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrovanadium",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovanadium",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-fetti": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferrotitanium",
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      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-femn": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Ferromanganese",
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      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "chemicalbook-femo": {
      "title": "ChemicalBook: Ferromolybdenum property page (CAS 12382-30-8)",
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  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ferroalloys/"
}