{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "fepm-aflas",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "fluoroelastomers",
  "name": "Tetrafluoroethylene-propylene rubber (FEPM, Aflas)",
  "abbreviation": "FEPM",
  "role": "Fluoroelastomer for seals and wire insulation in hot water, steam and base service",
  "category": "seals-adhesives",
  "type": "elastomers-and-o-rings",
  "summary": "FEPM is an alternating copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene, sold by AGC under the trade name AFLAS (AGC technical brochure). AGC gives a continuous service temperature of 200 degC and a maximum peak exposure of 250 degC for AFLAS. Kalsi Engineering says FEPM resists hot water, steam, bases and brine better than FKM, but has poor compression set when used in rotary seals. ERIKS gives a tensile strength of 16 MPa and an elongation at break of 240 percent for its 75 IRHD O-ring compound 223002 (ISO 37).\n",
  "best_for": "Seals and insulation that must resist hot water, steam and bases at up to 200 degC, where FKM is weaker",
  "weakest_at": "Compression set: AGC gives 46 percent for conventional AFLAS 150P against 30 percent for an FKM terpolymer in the same table, and Kalsi calls FEPM compression set poor for rotary seals",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Alternating copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene, -(CF2-CF2)p-(CH2-CH(CH3))q-, with a TFE/P composition ratio of 55/45 as printed by AGC",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "FEPM",
        "source": "kalsi-b4",
        "where": "Section 1, ASTM designation field"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Aflas",
        "source": "kalsi-b4",
        "where": "Section 1, Trade names field"
      }
    ],
    "source": "agc-intro",
    "where": "AGC intro, Polymer Structure panel; AGC technical brochure, Heat Resistance section (composition ratio TFE/P=55/45)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat",
      "extreme-cold"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density (ERIKS 223002, 75 IRHD compound)",
      "value": 1640,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m-3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "compound": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002, peroxide cured, black",
        "test": "ISO 2781"
      },
      "method": "Technical data sheet value, printed in kg/m-3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 3, Physical Properties, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
        "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
        "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness (ERIKS 223002, 75 IRHD compound)",
      "value": 75,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "IRHD",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 7619",
        "tolerance": "printed as plus or minus 5",
        "compound": 223002
      },
      "method": "Technical data sheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 3, Physical Properties, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
        "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
        "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength at break (ERIKS 223002)",
      "value": 16,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 37",
        "compound": 223002
      },
      "method": "Technical data sheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 3, Physical Properties, Tensile Strength at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
        "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
        "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break (ERIKS 223002)",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ISO 37",
        "compound": 223002
      },
      "method": "Technical data sheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 3, Physical Properties, Elongation at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
        "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
        "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength (AFLAS 150P, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 150P",
        "formulation": "Polymer 100, MT carbon N990 30 phr, TAIC 5 phr, peroxide A 1 phr, sodium stearate 1 phr",
        "cure": "170 degC x 20 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result, not a commercial compound",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 150P column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength (AFLAS 400E, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E",
        "formulation": "Polymer 100, MT carbon N990 30 phr, TAIC 5 phr, peroxide A 1.5 phr, calcium stearate 1 phr, processing aid 1 phr",
        "cure": "160 degC x 10 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result, not a commercial compound",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 400E column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength (AFLAS 600X, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 600X",
        "formulation": "Polymer 100, MT carbon N990 30 phr, TAIC 3 phr, peroxide A 1 phr, calcium stearate 1 phr",
        "cure": "160 degC x 10 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result, not a commercial compound",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 600X column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break (AFLAS 400E, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 460,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E",
        "cure": "160 degC x 10 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 400E column, Tensile Elongation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break (AFLAS 600X, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 600X",
        "cure": "160 degC x 10 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 600X column, Tensile Elongation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness (AFLAS 400E, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 72,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Shore A",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E",
        "cure": "160 degC x 10 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 400E column, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness (AFLAS 600X, AGC standard formulation)",
      "value": 70,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Shore A",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 600X",
        "cure": "160 degC x 10 min press cure, 200 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC standard formulation test result",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 4, Standard Formulations and Properties table, 600X column, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous service temperature (AFLAS, AGC)",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "continuous service; AGC also gives a maximum peak exposure of 250 degC"
      },
      "method": "Statement by the manufacturer",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Introduction (first pages), first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Typical upper limit of quoted FEPM range (Kalsi)",
      "value": 232,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Kalsi prints the typically quoted range as -35 to 450 degF (-37 to 232 degC)"
      },
      "method": "Typical quoted range in Kalsi Seals Handbook",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kalsi-b4",
      "where": "Section 1, General material description, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kalsi Seals Handbook, Chapter B4, FEPM seal material, Revision 3",
        "id": "Kalsi Document 3054, Chapter B4",
        "url": "https://www.kalsi.com/handbook/B04_FEPM_seal_material.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "Kalsi Engineering handbook chapter, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Temperature resistance lower limit (ERIKS 223002)",
      "value": -5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "compound": 223002,
        "basis": "ERIKS prints the range as -5 to +200 degC"
      },
      "method": "Technical data sheet statement",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 4, Temperature Resistance",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
        "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
        "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Typical lower limit of quoted FEPM range (Kalsi)",
      "value": -37,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Kalsi prints the typically quoted range as -35 to 450 degF (-37 to 232 degC)"
      },
      "method": "Typical quoted range in Kalsi Seals Handbook",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kalsi-b4",
      "where": "Section 1, General material description, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kalsi Seals Handbook, Chapter B4, FEPM seal material, Revision 3",
        "id": "Kalsi Document 3054, Chapter B4",
        "url": "https://www.kalsi.com/handbook/B04_FEPM_seal_material.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "Kalsi Engineering handbook chapter, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Brittle point (Kalsi)",
      "value": -43,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Kalsi prints the brittle point as -45 degF (-43 degC)"
      },
      "method": "Brittle point stated in Kalsi Seals Handbook",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kalsi-b4",
      "where": "Section 1, General material description, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Kalsi Seals Handbook, Chapter B4, FEPM seal material, Revision 3",
        "id": "Kalsi Document 3054, Chapter B4",
        "url": "https://www.kalsi.com/handbook/B04_FEPM_seal_material.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "handbook",
        "license": "Kalsi Engineering handbook chapter, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "low_temperature_tr10",
      "label": "Low temperature resistance, TR10 (ERIKS 223002)",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "compound": 223002,
        "test": "TR10"
      },
      "method": "Technical data sheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 4, Temperature Resistance, TR10 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
        "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
        "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition point (AFLAS 150P)",
      "value": -3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 150P",
        "basis": "grade table, Glass Transition Point row"
      },
      "method": "AGC grade table value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 2, Grade range table, Glass Transition Point row, 150P column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition point (AFLAS 400E)",
      "value": -3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E",
        "basis": "grade table, Glass Transition Point row"
      },
      "method": "AGC grade table value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 2, Grade range table, Glass Transition Point row, 400E column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition point (AFLAS 600X)",
      "value": -3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "degC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 600X",
        "basis": "grade table, Glass Transition Point row"
      },
      "method": "AGC grade table value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 2, Grade range table, Glass Transition Point row, 600X column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity (AFLAS 400E)",
      "value": 1.55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E",
        "basis": "grade table, printed without unit; AGC physical table prints 1.6 for 400E compound (see gaps)"
      },
      "method": "AGC grade table value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "Grade table, Specific Gravity row, 400E and 600X columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Volume resistivity (AFLAS 400E)",
      "value": 30000000000000000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω.cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E compound",
        "cure": "170 degC x 10 min press, 220 degC x 4 h post cure"
      },
      "method": "AGC physical and electrical performance table, printed as 3 x 10^16",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 400E: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Volume Resistivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 1 kHz (AFLAS 400E)",
      "value": 2.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1 kHz",
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E compound"
      },
      "method": "AGC physical and electrical performance table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 400E: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Dielectric Constant row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric breakdown (AFLAS 400E)",
      "value": 23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E compound"
      },
      "method": "AGC physical and electrical performance table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 400E: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Dielectric Breakdown row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Dielectric loss tangent at 1 kHz (AFLAS 400E)",
      "value": 0.03,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1 kHz",
        "grade": "AFLAS 400E compound"
      },
      "method": "AGC physical and electrical performance table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 400E: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Dielectric Loss Tangent row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compression_set",
      "label": "Compression set (conventional AFLAS 150P)",
      "value": 46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cure": "170 degC x 10 min press, 220 degC x 4 h post cure",
        "test_condition": "200 degC and 25 percent compression, as printed beside the AGC 600X compression chart",
        "time": "not printed in the table row"
      },
      "method": "AGC physical table, compared with an FKM terpolymer in the same row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Compression Set row, 150P column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compression_set",
      "label": "Compression set (AFLAS 600X compound A)",
      "value": 29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "cure": "170 degC x 10 min press, 220 degC x 4 h post cure",
        "test_condition": "200 degC and 25 percent compression, as printed beside the AGC 600X compression chart",
        "compound": "600X compound A"
      },
      "method": "AGC physical table, same row as the 150P value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Compression Set row, compound A column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
        "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
        "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fluorine_content",
      "label": "Fluorine content (AFLAS 150P)",
      "value": 57,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AFLAS 150P"
      },
      "method": "AGC grade table value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 2, Grade range table, Fluorine Content row, 150P column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
        "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
        "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Hot air, 200 degC, 70 h",
      "headline": "Heat ageing for 70 h at 200 degC changes hardness and strength only slightly.",
      "effect": "ERIKS 223002 after 70 h at 200 degC (ISO 188): hardness +2 points, tensile strength -10 percent, elongation at break -15 percent.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "70 h",
        "temperature": "200 degC",
        "standard": "ISO 188"
      },
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 3, Heat Ageing 70h/200 degC rows"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Steam, 180 degC, 70 h",
      "headline": "Steam at 180 degC cuts tensile strength by 18 percent in 70 h, more than hot-air ageing does.",
      "effect": "ERIKS 223002 after 70 h at 180 degC steam (ISO 1817): hardness -5 points, tensile strength -18 percent, elongation at break -22 percent, volume +6.5 percent.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "70 h",
        "temperature": "180 degC",
        "standard": "ISO 1817"
      },
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 3, Steam Resistance 70h/180 degC rows"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Steam, 170 degC, 720 h (AFLAS 600X)",
      "headline": "AFLAS 600X keeps most of its strength after 720 h in 170 degC steam.",
      "effect": "After 720 h at 170 degC steam, AFLAS 600X hardness changed by -1 point, elongation by -7 percent, tensile strength by -7 percent, and volume by 2 percent (rating A).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "720 h",
        "temperature": "170 degC"
      },
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Steam Resistance table, 170 degC Steam Resistance, 720 hours"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot water, 40 and 80 degC, 720 h (AFLAS 600X)",
      "headline": "Hot water swells AFLAS 600X by less than half a percent in 720 h.",
      "effect": "AFLAS 600X volume change after 720 h: 0.3 percent at 40 degC and 0.4 percent at 80 degC (both rating A).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "720 h",
        "temperature": "40 degC and 80 degC"
      },
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Steam and Hot Water resistance table, 720 hours"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sodium hydroxide 48 percent, 70 degC, 720 h (AFLAS 600X)",
      "headline": "Strong caustic soda has little effect on AFLAS 600X.",
      "effect": "AFLAS 600X volume change 0.4 percent after 720 h at 70 degC in 48 percent NaOH (rating A).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "720 h",
        "temperature": "70 degC"
      },
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Chemical Resistance table, NaOH (48%) row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Aqueous ammonia 28 percent, 70 degC, 720 h (AFLAS 600X)",
      "headline": "Aqueous ammonia swells AFLAS 600X by under 3 percent in 720 h.",
      "effect": "AFLAS 600X volume change 2.7 percent after 720 h at 70 degC in 28 percent ammonia (rating A).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "720 h",
        "temperature": "70 degC"
      },
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Chemical Resistance table, Aq. Ammonium (28%) row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hydrochloric acid 20 percent, 70 degC, 720 h (AFLAS 600X)",
      "headline": "Hydrochloric acid at 20 percent swells AFLAS 600X by 3.1 percent in 720 h.",
      "effect": "AFLAS 600X volume change 1.2 percent after 168 h and 3.1 percent after 720 h at 70 degC in 20 percent HCl (rating A).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "time": "720 h",
        "temperature": "70 degC"
      },
      "source": "agc-intro",
      "where": "AFLAS 600X: Chemical Resistance table, HCl (20%) row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "ASTM Fuel C, acetone, MEK and related solvents",
      "headline": "FEPM is poor in fuel C, acetone and MEK, but good in oil and water.",
      "effect": "ERIKS rates ASTM Fuel C, acetone and MEK as unsatisfactory, MTBE as fair, and ASTM oil No. 3, crude oil, kerosine, water and steam at 200 degC as very good (qualitative table).",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative table rating, no test time given"
      },
      "source": "eriks-aflas75",
      "where": "Section 5, Chemical Resistance table"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Acetates, ethers, ketones, halohydrocarbons and toluene",
      "headline": "Kalsi says to avoid these media with FEPM seals.",
      "effect": "Kalsi lists acetates, ethers, ketones (MEK, acetone), halohydrocarbons (carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene) and toluene as known media limitations for FEPM.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement in Kalsi handbook"
      },
      "source": "kalsi-b4",
      "where": "Section 1, Known media limitations"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "No safety data sheet for an FEPM compound is among the sources. The GHS entries below are for the two monomers, not the compound.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "agc-tech",
        "where": "Notice, item 2 (refer to the SDS)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Propylene is an extremely flammable gas. PubChem aggregates 2232 reports, with H220 in more than 99.9 percent and H280 in 55.3 percent of them.",
        "ghs": [
          "H220",
          "H280"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-propylene",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated notifications (2232 reports)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Tetrafluoroethylene is an extremely flammable gas that may explode if heated. PubChem aggregates 811 reports: H220 (30.7 percent), H280 (36.6 percent), H350 (36 percent) and H371 (32.2 percent). 59.3 percent of reports say the chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H220",
          "H280",
          "H350",
          "H371"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-tfe",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated notifications (811 reports)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Poor compression set in rotary seals",
        "trigger": "Solid cross-section FEPM rotary seals exposed to shaft deflection or runout",
        "consequence": "The seal loses recovery and can leak, so Kalsi recommends spring preload or isolation from shaft runout",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kalsi-b4",
        "where": "Section 1, FEPM has poor compression set resistance"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Stiffening at low temperature",
        "trigger": "Operation below the brittle point of -43 degC (Kalsi)",
        "consequence": "Seal loses flexibility and may crack or leak",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kalsi-b4",
        "where": "Section 1, General material description"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fuel swelling and loss of strength",
        "trigger": "Exposure to ASTM Fuel C at room temperature",
        "consequence": "ERIKS rates ASTM Fuel C as unsatisfactory for this compound",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "eriks-aflas75",
        "where": "Section 5, Chemical Resistance table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Attack by ketones, ethers and halohydrocarbons",
        "trigger": "Service in acetone, MEK, acetates, ethers, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene or toluene",
        "consequence": "Kalsi says to avoid these media, which can degrade the seal",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "kalsi-b4",
        "where": "Section 1, Known media limitations"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "No side-effect data for FEPM appear in the sources used.",
        "affects": "Not sourced",
        "source": "agc-tech",
        "where": "Not stated"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Refer to the safety data sheet for the specific FEPM compound before handling, as AGC asks.",
        "source": "agc-tech"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep propylene away from heat and ignition sources; PubChem gives precautionary codes P210 and P410+P403 for propylene.",
        "source": "pubchem-propylene"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Preload homogeneous FEPM rotary seals with a spring and washer, as Kalsi recommends, to offset compression set.",
        "source": "kalsi-b4",
        "where": "Section 1, FEPM has poor compression set resistance"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use a molding grade with lower compression set, such as AFLAS 600X (29 percent) instead of conventional AFLAS 150P (46 percent) in the AGC table.",
        "source": "agc-intro",
        "where": "AFLAS 600X: Physical and Electrical Performance table, Compression Set row"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Rotary shaft seals in drilling and downhole equipment (Kalsi Seals)",
      "example": "Kalsi tested 2.75 in (69.85 mm) spring-loaded FEPM rotary seals in an 80 Shore A compound at a drilling fluid temperature of 275 degF (135 degC), for about 235 hours at 522 ft/min (2.652 m/s).",
      "source": "kalsi-b4",
      "where": "Section 1, Testing of homogeneous FEPM seals"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "O-rings and gaskets from AFLAS 600X or AFLAS 400E",
      "example": "AGC says AFLAS 600X is a high-speed molding grade similar to 400E, and is suitable for sealing materials such as O-rings and gaskets. No space mission is named.",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Section 2, Commercial Polymer Types and AFLAS Grades, 600X description"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Wire and cable insulation",
      "example": "AGC says AFLAS has been finding new applications in wire and cable as an elastomeric insulating material with the highest heat resistance, with electrical resistivity of the order of 10^15 to 10^16 ohm cm.",
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Introduction, wire and cable paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Fluorspar (calcium fluoride), the fluorine feedstock for fluoropolymers",
      "abundance": "World mine production was 10,000 thousand t in 2025 (rounded) and world reserves were 330,000 thousand t (USGS). 2025 mine production in thousand t: China 6,000; Mexico 1,500; Mongolia 1,500; South Africa 410; Vietnam 160 (USGS). Aqueous HF is the primary feedstock for fluorine-bearing chemicals, particularly refrigerants and fluoropolymers (USGS). The United States was 100 percent net import reliant (USGS).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Synthetic fluorspar may be produced from neutralization of waste from uranium enrichment, petroleum alkylation and stainless-steel pickling, but impurities constrain its use. Primary aluminum producers recycle HF and fluorides from smelting operations (USGS).",
      "substitutes": [
        "Fluorosilicic acid has been used as an alternative to fluorspar in making AlF3 and HF (USGS)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-fluorspar",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; World Mine Production and Reserves table; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "FEPM (AFLAS) producer",
      "abundance": "AGC introduced the TFE-propylene copolymer family in 1975 under the trade name AFLAS (AGC brochure). The brochure names AGC Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) as manufacturer and lists AGC regional companies in the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific and China. No production share or capacity figure for FEPM was found.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not stated in the sources.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "agc-tech",
      "where": "Introduction, first section; Manufacturer/distributor block"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "title": "Kalsi Seals Handbook, Chapter B4, FEPM seal material",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.kalsi.com/handbook/B04_FEPM_seal_material.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Fluorspar",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem, Propylene (CID 8252)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8252"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem, Tetrafluoroethylene (CID 8301)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8301"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Outgassing to ASTM E595 (total mass loss and CVCM) for FEPM: no value found. A search for Aflas outgassing returned only the ASTM E595 method text, and the NASA outgassing database was not checked in this run.",
    "No spacecraft, vacuum or radiation flight use is named for FEPM in the sources used. All figures are ground results.",
    "Composition basis: AGC prints TFE/P=55/45 without saying whether the ratio is by mole or by mass. Fluorine content for AFLAS 400E and 600X is printed in parentheses, and the explanation is not given in the table text.",
    "Specific gravity for AFLAS 400E and 600X is 1.55 in the AGC grade table but 1.6 in the AGC physical table for the test compounds. The profile uses the grade-table value and keeps the physical-table value here.",
    "Low-temperature limits disagree: ERIKS gives -5 degC for compound 223002, Kalsi gives a typical lower limit of -37 degC and a brittle point of -43 degC. All three are kept with their source.",
    "AGC standard formulation values (N990 carbon, TAIC, peroxide) are for AGC test compounds, not a commercial product. AFLAS 400E intro values (tensile 12 MPa, elongation 490 percent, hardness 73 Shore A) differ from the brochure standard formulation values (11 MPa, 460 percent, 72 Shore A) and are not mixed into the same property.",
    "Grade-level compression set for the 150P, 400E and 600X standard formulations was not parsed cleanly from the brochure table, so the only compression set values used come from the AGC intro table (test time not printed in that row).",
    "Monomer composition by mass fraction and the cure system of commercial grades were only partly stated; the brochure gives TFE/P=55/45 and peroxide cure, with no mass fraction.",
    "ASTM D1418 or ISO 1629 designation for FEPM: not stated in the Wikipedia Fluoroelastomer page, which gives those for FKM. Kalsi prints ASTM designation FEPM, listed in identity.designations.",
    "Critical-mineral status of fluorspar is not stated in the USGS 2026 fluorspar summary.",
    "FEPM producer production shares, capacity, and propylene and TFE feedstock suppliers were not found in any source used.",
    "Non-canonical benchmark names used: hardness, compression_set, specific_gravity, fluorine_content, low_temperature_tr10. Canonical names exist for density, tensile strength, elongation, glass transition and the dielectric properties.",
    "Decomposition: the AGC brochure says the copolymer only starts to decompose in nitrogen at 400 degC. A thermogravimetric curve in the same section gives 415 degC without naming the grade, so 415 degC is not used as a value.",
    "No safety data sheet for an FEPM compound was used. The GHS data are for propylene and tetrafluoroethylene from PubChem.",
    "ERIKS data sheet is dated 12.01.2010 and may predate current AGC grades."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "FEPM (AFLAS) is a fluoroelastomer that Kalsi says outperforms FKM in hot water, steam, explosive decompression, brine and bases. It has slightly less oil resistance and substantially less high-temperature compression set resistance than FKM. AGC gives a continuous service temperature of 200 degC.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Rotary shaft seals in drilling and downhole equipment",
        "line": "Kalsi tested spring-loaded FEPM rotary seals in an 80 Shore A compound for about 235 hours with drilling fluid at 135 degC. Kalsi recommends spring preload to offset compression set."
      },
      {
        "where": "O-rings and gaskets",
        "line": "AGC describes AFLAS 600X as a molding grade suitable for sealing materials such as O-rings and gaskets, with improved compression set. No space mission is named."
      },
      {
        "where": "Wire and cable insulation",
        "line": "AGC says AFLAS is finding new applications in wire and cable as an elastomeric insulating material with the highest heat resistance."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Temperature",
        "line": "ERIKS gives -5 to +200 degC for compound 223002, and AGC gives 200 degC continuous service with a 250 degC peak. The copolymer only starts to decompose in nitrogen at 400 degC (AGC brochure).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "-5 to 200 degC"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "ERIKS gives 16 MPa tensile strength and 240 percent elongation for compound 223002. AGC standard formulations give 11 to 23 MPa, depending on grade and formulation.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "16 MPa (ISO 37)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Steam and bases",
        "line": "After 720 h in 170 degC steam, AFLAS 600X swells by 2 percent (AGC). After 720 h in 28 percent ammonia at 70 degC, it swells by 2.7 percent.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2 percent volume change"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical insulation",
        "line": "AFLAS 400E has a volume resistivity of 3 x 10^16 ohm cm and a dielectric constant of 2.8 at 1 kHz (AGC intro, compound values).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "3 x 10^16 ohm cm"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Against FKM, AGC gives a compression set of 30 percent for an FKM terpolymer and 46 percent for conventional AFLAS 150P in the same table. Kalsi says FEPM has substantially less high-temperature compression set resistance and slightly less oil resistance than FKM, but about the same resistance to acids and better resistance to hot water, steam, bases and brine.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Compression set",
        "benchmark": "compression_set",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Continuous service temperature",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Low-temperature limit",
        "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Refer to the safety data sheet for the specific FEPM compound before handling.",
      "Avoid acetates, ethers, ketones, halohydrocarbons and toluene in service, as Kalsi advises.",
      "Keep propylene away from heat, as PubChem precautionary codes P210 and P410+P403 advise."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Hot water and steam service: AFLAS 600X swells by 0.3 to 0.4 percent in hot water after 720 h, and by 2 percent in 170 degC steam (AGC).",
      "Base and amine service: AFLAS 600X swells by 0.4 percent in 48 percent NaOH and by 2.7 percent in 28 percent ammonia after 720 h at 70 degC (AGC).",
      "Heat service at 200 degC continuous (AGC) and electrical insulation with volume resistivity of 3 x 10^16 ohm cm for AFLAS 400E (AGC)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Compression set: 46 percent for conventional AFLAS 150P and 29 percent for AFLAS 600X compound A, against 30 percent for an FKM terpolymer (AGC table).",
      "Cold: Kalsi gives a brittle point of -43 degC, and ERIKS gives a TR10 value of +2 degC for compound 223002.",
      "Fuel and solvents: ERIKS rates ASTM Fuel C, acetone and MEK as unsatisfactory, and Kalsi says to avoid ketones, ethers, halohydrocarbons and toluene."
    ],
    "verdict": "FEPM (Aflas) is a fluoroelastomer for hot water, steam and strong base service where FKM is weaker, rated to 200 degC continuous by AGC. Its compression set is high in rotary and solid-seal use. No outgassing, space flight, producer share or critical-mineral data for FEPM were found in the sources used.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "FEPM is an alternating copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and propylene, introduced by AGC under the trade name AFLAS in 1975 (AGC brochure). The composition ratio is TFE/P=55/45 as printed, with the basis not stated. AGC cures AFLAS with peroxide; the Kalsi handbook calls FEPM a fluorocarbon polymer, and Wikipedia describes it as tetrafluoroethylene/propylene rubber.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE, C2F4)",
          "role": "The fluorinated unit that gives the chain its heat and chemical resistance. ERIKS says the propylene units sit between neighbouring TFE units, which gives excellent heat resistance even at a lower fluorine content."
        },
        {
          "name": "Propylene (C3H6)",
          "role": "The hydrocarbon unit that makes the polymer alternate with TFE. AGC says the TFE/P=55/45 composition gives excellent heat stability."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No safety data sheet for an FEPM compound is among the sources. The hazard figures below are for the monomers.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Safety data",
            "line": "Refer to the safety data sheet for the specific FEPM compound before handling."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "For the monomers",
        "lead": "PubChem classifies the two monomer gases, not the FEPM compound.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Propylene",
            "line": "PubChem lists it as an extremely flammable gas (H220, more than 99.9 percent of reports) that may explode if heated (H280, 55.3 percent)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Tetrafluoroethylene",
            "line": "PubChem lists it as an extremely flammable gas (H220), a gas under pressure (H280), a suspected or confirmed cancer hazard (H350) and a hazard to organs (H371), in 30.7 to 36.6 percent of reports."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Flammable gases with suspected cancer hazards"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 28,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 0,
    "note": "Written on 2026-11-01 from the AGC brochure and AGC intro, the ERIKS 223002 data sheet, Kalsi Seals Handbook Chapter B4, USGS fluorspar 2026, PubChem REST records for propylene and tetrafluoroethylene, and Wikipedia Fluoroelastomer, all read in this run."
  },
  "sources": {
    "kalsi-b4": {
      "title": "Kalsi Seals Handbook, Chapter B4, FEPM seal material, Revision 3",
      "id": "Kalsi Document 3054, Chapter B4",
      "url": "https://www.kalsi.com/handbook/B04_FEPM_seal_material.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "handbook",
      "license": "Kalsi Engineering handbook chapter, cited"
    },
    "eriks-aflas75": {
      "title": "ERIKS technical data sheet, Aflas 75-compound 223002",
      "id": "ERIKS Aflas 75-compound 223002 data sheet",
      "url": "https://o-ring.info/en/datasheets%20o-ring/aflas/ERIKS%20-%20Datasheet%20-%20Aflas%2075-compound%20223002.pdf",
      "year": 2010,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
    },
    "agc-tech": {
      "title": "AFLAS Technical Brochure, AGC Chemicals and AGC Inc.",
      "id": "AFLAS Technical Brochure (agcce.com)",
      "url": "https://agcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFLAS_Technical.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure, cited"
    },
    "agc-intro": {
      "title": "Introduction to AFLAS 400E and 600X Grades, AGC Chemicals Americas",
      "id": "AGC intro, AFLAS 400E and 600X",
      "url": "https://www.agcchem.com/wp-content/uploads/wpfd/preview_files/Introduction-to-AFLAS-400E-and-600X-Grades(52d2752b150f9c35ccb6869cbf074e48).pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer presentation, cited"
    },
    "usgs-fluorspar": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Fluorspar, U.S. Geological Survey",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, fluorspar",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-propylene": {
      "title": "PubChem, Propylene (CID 8252)",
      "id": "PubChem CID 8252",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8252",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public database"
    },
    "pubchem-tfe": {
      "title": "PubChem, Tetrafluoroethylene (CID 8301)",
      "id": "PubChem CID 8301",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8301",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public database"
    },
    "wikipedia-fluoroelastomer": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Fluoroelastomer",
      "id": "Wikipedia Fluoroelastomer; describes FEPM as tetrafluoroethylene/propylene rubber and gives standard designations for FKM only",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroelastomer",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/fepm-aflas/"
}