{ "spore": "profile", "id": "ductile-iron", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "cast-irons", "name": "Ductile iron (nodular iron, SG iron)", "abbreviation": "SG iron (ASTM A536, EN-GJS)", "role": "spheroidal-graphite cast iron", "category": "metals", "type": "steels-and-stainless", "summary": "Ductile iron, also called nodular iron or spheroidal graphite iron, is a cast iron whose graphite is substantially spheroidal in shape (ASTM A536 summary; West Yorkshire Steel calls it SG iron). Goldens prints seven ASTM A536 grades, from 60-40-18 to 120-90-02, with tensile strengths of 60,000 to 120,000 psi and elongation from 18 percent down to 2 percent. Goldens also prints the grey iron classes at 22,000 to 52,500 psi (ASTM A48). The grade sets the heat treatment, and each grade's test bar is poured from the ladle. Total Materia gives a modulus of 169 GPa for EN-GJS-400-15.\n", "best_for": "Castings that need the ASTM A536 strengths of 60,000 to 120,000 psi, such as high-strength gears and rollers and pressure-containing valve and pump bodies (Goldens; Daycounter)", "weakest_at": "Elongation falls as the grade rises, from 18 percent at 60-40-18 to 2 percent at 120-90-02 (Goldens). Properties also depend on the heat treatment that each grade requires (ASTM A536 summary)", "identity": { "formula": "Fe balance; 3.55 to 3.65 C, 2.30 to 2.70 Si, 0.030 to 0.045 Mg, 0.008 to 0.015 S, max 0.050 P (wt%, all grades); Mn 0.40 max or 0.40 to 0.60, Cu below 0.30 to 0.80, Ni 0.04 to 1.0 and Sn 0.02 to 0.05, by grade", "designations": [ { "system": "ASTM", "code": "A536", "note": "ductile iron castings, printed as ASTM A536-84(2014)", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Resource title and Description" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "60-40-18", "note": "grade of ASTM A536", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description, heat treatment list" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "65-45-12", "note": "grade of ASTM A536", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description, heat treatment list" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "80-55-06", "note": "grade of ASTM A536", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description, heat treatment list" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "100-70-03", "note": "grade of ASTM A536", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description, heat treatment list" }, { "system": "SAE", "code": "J434B", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, column header SAE J434B" }, { "system": "JIS", "code": "G5502", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, column header JIS G5502" }, { "system": "DIN", "code": "1693", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, column header DIN 1693" }, { "system": "DIN", "code": "GGG-40", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "International Equivalent Materials, DIN row (Official)" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "0.7040", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "International Equivalent Materials, DIN row 0.7040 (Official)" }, { "system": "EN name", "code": "EN-GJS-400-15", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Page title and Standards field" }, { "system": "EN name", "code": "EN-JS1072", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "International Equivalent Materials, EN row (Official)" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "SG iron", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Page heading, Spheroidal Graphite / SG Iron" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "spheroidal graphite iron", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Description paragraph" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "nodular iron", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description, also known as spheroidal or nodular iron" } ], "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Composition rows of the grades table (Goldens); Fe balance from the typical analysis on the West Yorkshire Steel datasheet" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "mechanisms", "structures" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 60-40-18", "value": 60000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "60-40-18", "heat_treatment": "full ferritizing anneal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says may be annealed", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 60,000 psi as Min. Tensile" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 60-40-18", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 60-40-18", "value": 40000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "60-40-18", "heat_treatment": "full ferritizing anneal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says may be annealed", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 40,000 psi as Min. Yield" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 60-40-18", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 60-40-18", "value": 18, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "60-40-18", "heat_treatment": "full ferritizing anneal (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 60-40-18", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 65-45-12", "value": 65000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "65-45-12", "heat_treatment": "as-cast (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 65,000 psi as Min. Tensile" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 65-45-12", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 65-45-12", "value": 45000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "65-45-12", "heat_treatment": "as-cast (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 45,000 psi as Min. Yield" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 65-45-12", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 65-45-12", "value": 12, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "65-45-12", "heat_treatment": "as-cast (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 65-45-12", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 70-50-07", "value": 70000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "70-50-07", "heat_treatment": "not stated in the fetched sources", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; no minimum label in the fetched sources" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 70-50-07", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 70-50-07", "value": 50000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "70-50-07", "heat_treatment": "not stated in the fetched sources", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; no minimum label in the fetched sources" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 70-50-07", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 70-50-07", "value": 7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "70-50-07", "heat_treatment": "not stated in the fetched sources", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; printed as 07" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 70-50-07", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 80-55-06", "value": 80000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "80-55-06", "heat_treatment": "as-cast (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter prints the same 80,000 psi as Min. Tensile under the label 80-50-06" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 80-55-06", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 80-55-06", "value": 55000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "80-55-06", "heat_treatment": "as-cast (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter prints the same 55,000 psi as Min. Yield under the label 80-50-06" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 80-55-06", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 80-55-06", "value": 6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "80-55-06", "heat_treatment": "as-cast (ASTM A536 summary)", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; printed as 06" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 80-55-06", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 80-60-03", "value": 80000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "80-60-03", "heat_treatment": "not stated in the fetched sources", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; no minimum label in the fetched sources" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 80-60-03", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 80-60-03", "value": 60000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "80-60-03", "heat_treatment": "not stated in the fetched sources", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; no minimum label in the fetched sources" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 80-60-03", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 80-60-03", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "80-60-03", "heat_treatment": "not stated in the fetched sources", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; printed as 03" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 80-60-03", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 100-70-03", "value": 100000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "100-70-03", "heat_treatment": "quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says usually normalized", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 100,000 psi as Min. Tensile" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 100-70-03", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 100-70-03", "value": 70000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "100-70-03", "heat_treatment": "quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says usually normalized", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 70,000 psi as Min. Yield" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 100-70-03", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 100-70-03", "value": 3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "100-70-03", "heat_treatment": "quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says usually normalized", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; printed as 03" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 100-70-03", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, 120-90-02", "value": 120000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "120-90-02", "heat_treatment": "quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says quenched and tempered", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 120,000 psi as Min. Tensile" }, "method": "Grades table, Tensile Strength psi column, value as printed (psi is converted on import)", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 120-90-02", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 120-90-02", "value": 90000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "120-90-02", "heat_treatment": "quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says quenched and tempered", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary prints the same 90,000 psi as Min. Yield" }, "method": "Grades table, Yield Strength psi column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 120-90-02", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, 120-90-02", "value": 2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "120-90-02", "heat_treatment": "quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal (ASTM A536 summary); Daycounter says quenched and tempered", "test_bar": "separate test bar poured from the ladle and pulled to failure (Goldens text)", "temperature": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated", "basis": "grade value as printed; printed as 02" }, "method": "Grades table, % Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, row 120-90-02", "source_detail": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Modulus of elasticity, EN-GJS-400-15", "value": 169, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN-GJS-400-15", "heat_treatment": "not stated on the page", "test_bar": "not stated on the page", "temperature": "not stated beside the value; the page's first temperature column is 0 to 30 °C" }, "method": "Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity value, as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "EN EN-GJS-400-15 Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Total Materia: EN EN-GJS-400-15 Cast irons (free view, latest update 2021-10)", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1055031", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, EN-GJS-400-15 (minimum)", "value": 350, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN-GJS-400-15", "heat_treatment": "not stated on the page", "test_bar": "not stated on the page", "temperature": "not stated beside the value; the page's first temperature column is 0 to 30 °C" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties, Tensile Strength printed as ≥ 350 MPa", "status": "ground", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "EN EN-GJS-400-15 Mechanical Properties, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Total Materia: EN EN-GJS-400-15 Cast irons (free view, latest update 2021-10)", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1055031", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, EN-GJS-400-15 (minimum)", "value": 8, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN-GJS-400-15", "heat_treatment": "not stated on the page", "test_bar": "not stated on the page", "gauge": "not stated on the page", "temperature": "not stated beside the value; the page's first temperature column is 0 to 30 °C" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties, Elongation A printed as ≥ 8 %", "status": "ground", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "EN EN-GJS-400-15 Mechanical Properties, Elongation A row", "source_detail": { "title": "Total Materia: EN EN-GJS-400-15 Cast irons (free view, latest update 2021-10)", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1055031", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness_brinell", "label": "Brinell hardness, EN-GJS-400-15", "value": 135, "value_high": 180, "bound": "range", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN-GJS-400-15", "heat_treatment": "not stated on the page", "test_bar": "not stated on the page", "temperature": "not stated beside the value; the page's first temperature column is 0 to 30 °C" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties, Brinell Hardness (HB) printed as 135 to 180; hardness_brinell is not in property-canon", "status": "ground", "source": "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "EN EN-GJS-400-15 Mechanical Properties, Brinell Hardness row", "source_detail": { "title": "Total Materia: EN EN-GJS-400-15 Cast irons (free view, latest update 2021-10)", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1055031", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Typical tensile strength, EN GJS 400-15 SG iron", "value": 400, "bound": "exact", "unit": "N/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN GJS 400-15 (SG iron)", "basis": "typical value; the datasheet says values may vary with the size and section of the grade", "heat_treatment": "not stated", "test_bar": "not stated" }, "method": "Typical Properties table, Typical Tensile Strength column, printed as N/mm² (written N/mm2 here)", "status": "ground", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Typical Properties table, Typical Tensile Strength column", "source_detail": { "title": "West Yorkshire Steel: EN GJS 400-15 SG iron datasheet", "url": "https://www.westyorkssteel.com/wp-content/uploads/../../files/en-gjs-400-15-sg-iron.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Typical elongation, EN GJS 400-15 SG iron", "value": 15, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN GJS 400-15 (SG iron)", "basis": "typical value; the datasheet says values may vary with the size and section of the grade", "heat_treatment": "not stated", "test_bar": "not stated", "gauge": "not stated" }, "method": "Typical Properties table, Typical Elongation column, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Typical Properties table, Typical Elongation column", "source_detail": { "title": "West Yorkshire Steel: EN GJS 400-15 SG iron datasheet", "url": "https://www.westyorkssteel.com/wp-content/uploads/../../files/en-gjs-400-15-sg-iron.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness_brinell", "label": "Typical hardness, EN GJS 400-15 SG iron", "value": 120, "value_high": 180, "bound": "range", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "EN GJS 400-15 (SG iron)", "basis": "typical value; the datasheet says values may vary with the size and section of the grade", "heat_treatment": "not stated", "test_bar": "not stated" }, "method": "Typical Properties table, Typical Hardness column, printed as 120-180 HB", "status": "ground", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Typical Properties table, Typical Hardness column", "source_detail": { "title": "West Yorkshire Steel: EN GJS 400-15 SG iron datasheet", "url": "https://www.westyorkssteel.com/wp-content/uploads/../../files/en-gjs-400-15-sg-iron.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } } ], "corrosion": [], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem GHS for elemental magnesium: signal word Danger; H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H260 (releases flammable gases in contact with water); H228 (44.9%) and H252 (18%) also appear. The record says 18.4% (405 of 2205) of reports do not meet GHS criteria. It covers the metal, not the cast iron.", "ghs": [ "H250", "H260", "H228", "H252" ], "source": "pubchem-mg", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification" }, { "text": "PubChem GHS for elemental iron: H228 (15.5%) flammable solid and H251 (21.2%) self-heating appear in some notifications; the record says 74.1% (4458 of 6013) of reports do not meet GHS criteria. It covers the metal, not the cast iron.", "ghs": [ "H228", "H251" ], "source": "pubchem-fe", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification" }, { "text": "PubChem GHS for elemental manganese: signal word Danger; H228 (11.6%) flammable solid and H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure) appear in some notifications; the record says 46.1% (1429 of 3101) of reports do not meet GHS criteria. It covers the metal, not the cast iron.", "ghs": [ "H228", "H372" ], "source": "pubchem-mn", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Grade and heat treatment do not match", "trigger": "Castings not heat treated as the ASTM A536 summary requires for their grade", "consequence": "Castings are tested against the tensile, yield and elongation requirements of their grade (ASTM A536 summary), so a treatment that does not match the grade can leave those requirements unmet", "severity": "moderate", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Give the heat treatment for each grade: a full ferritizing anneal for 60-40-18; as-cast for 65-45-12 and 80-55-06; quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal treatment for 100-70-03 and 120-90-02 (ASTM A536 summary).", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description" }, { "text": "Daycounter also prints usual treatments: 60-40-18 may be annealed, 100-70-03 is usually normalized and 120-90-02 is quenched and tempered.", "source": "daycounter-ductile-iron", "where": "Short Summary of Ductile Iron Specifications, Heat Treatment column" }, { "text": "West Yorkshire Steel says EN GJS 400-15 has machining characteristics similar to grey iron, and supplies it as bar in 3 metre lengths that can be sawn to length.", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Description and Form of Supply" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Where hardness, chemical composition or other special checks matter, state them in the contract or purchase order, because the ASTM A536 summary applies them only when they are indicated there.", "source": "astm-a536-codehub", "where": "Description" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Gears and rollers (100-70-03 and 120-90-02 grades)", "example": "Daycounter lists high strength gears, automotive and machine components for 100-70-03, and pinions, gears, rollers and slides for 120-90-02.", "source": "daycounter-ductile-iron", "where": "Short Summary of Ductile Iron Specifications, Typical Applications column" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Pressure-containing valve and pump bodies (60-40-18 grade)", "example": "Daycounter lists pressure-containing castings such as valve and pump bodies for 60-40-18, and says the grade suits maximum shock resistance at sub-zero temperatures.", "source": "daycounter-ductile-iron", "where": "Short Summary of Ductile Iron Specifications, Typical Applications column" }, { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Dies, pistons, valves and moulds (EN GJS 400-15 SG iron)", "example": "West Yorkshire Steel lists dies, pistons, valves and moulds as typical applications of EN GJS 400-15 SG iron.", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Applications section" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Iron and steel (United States)", "abundance": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). US raw steel production was 82 million metric tons in 2025e, and net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025e. Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments and automotive 15 percent (USGS).", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "See the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter, which is not summarised in this profile (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "Aluminum and plastics compete in automotive use, and aluminum, concrete and wood in construction (USGS substitutes text)" ], "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Raw steel production by country (2025e)", "abundance": "World raw steel production was 1,900 million metric tons in 2025e (rounded total). Shares below are computed from the printed tonnages over that total: China 980, India 160, United States 82, Japan 81 and Russia 65 million tons.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 51.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "India", "share_percent": 8.4, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "United States", "share_percent": 4.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Japan", "share_percent": 4.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 3.4, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "", "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026", "where": "World Production table, Raw steel 2025e" }, { "subject": "Silicon (ferrosilicon and silicon metal)", "abundance": "Ferrosilicon and silicon metal were produced at five US facilities in 2025 (USGS). Most ferrosilicon was consumed in the ferrous foundry and steel industries (USGS). China accounted for almost 80 percent of global estimated production of silicon materials in 2025 (USGS, as printed). Silica (quartzite) is the source, and world resources are described as abundant (USGS).", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 80, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [ { "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (silicon added, published 7 November 2025, per USGS)", "listed": true } ], "recycling": "Insignificant (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "Aluminum, silicon carbide and silicomanganese can be substituted for ferrosilicon in some applications (USGS)" ], "source": "usgs-silicon-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Production; World Resources; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Manganese", "abundance": "Manganese ore containing 20 percent or more manganese has not been produced in the United States since 1970 (USGS). Net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption from 2021 to 2025e (USGS). South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources (USGS).", "producers": [ { "country": "South Africa", "share_percent": 38, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Gabon", "share_percent": 25, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Australia", "share_percent": 8, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Recycled incidentally in ferrous and nonferrous scrap; scrap recovery specifically for manganese is negligible (USGS).", "substitutes": [ "Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications (USGS)" ], "source": "usgs-manganese-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; World Mine Production (manganese content, 2025e, shares computed from the 20,000 thousand t total); World Resources; Substitutes" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (PDF, revised 9/2/14)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014 }, { "title": "ASTM A536-84(2014) Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings (NZ Building Code Hub summary)", "type": "standard", "url": "https://codehub.building.govt.nz/resources/astm-a536-842014", "year": 2014 }, { "title": "Total Materia: EN EN-GJS-400-15 Cast irons (free view)", "type": "database", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1055031", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "West Yorkshire Steel datasheet: EN GJS 400-15 SG iron", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.westyorkssteel.com/wp-content/uploads/../../files/en-gjs-400-15-sg-iron.pdf" }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON" }, { "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON" }, { "title": "PubChem: Magnesium (CID 5462224), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5462224/JSON" } ], "gaps": [ "The Ductile Iron Society 'Ductile Iron Data for Design Engineers' PDF (243 pages) is a scan with no text layer, so its tables were not read and it is not used.", "No yield strength, density or Poisson value for EN-GJS-400-15 was readable. Total Materia shows these as placeholders behind a free registration.", "No density or thermal conductivity is recorded for any grade. Daycounter prints a specific gravity of 0.25 with the unit 'lb/in' (the exponent is missing), conductivity in Cal/cmsec C and modulus in psi x 10 to the 6th; none of these units is in scripts/units.mjs, so they are left out.", "No impact energy (Charpy) or fatigue value for ductile iron was found. The Daycounter impact table is for austempered ductile iron (ASTM A897), so it is not used.", "EN-GJS-500-7, 600-3 and 700-2 have no property values: they appear only in the approximate column of the Goldens table and in the West Yorkshire list of supplied grades.", "ASTM A395 is not printed on any page fetched in this run, so no A395 designation is listed. No UNS number was printed on a fetched page (MakeItFrom returned an empty page).", "GGG-50 is printed only as an approximate equivalent of 70-50-07 (Goldens), so it is not listed as a designation. 'Nodular cast iron' and 'ductile cast iron' appear only on Wikipedia, which the brief limits to composition and history, so they are not listed.", "Heat treatment for 70-50-07 and 80-60-03 is not stated in any fetched source; the ASTM A536 summary does not list them.", "Goldens does not say whether its grade values are minimums or typicals; Daycounter's ASTM A536-80 summary labels the same figures as minimums. The two EN-GJS-400-15 sources disagree: Total Materia gives at least 350 MPa and 8 percent, West Yorkshire gives typical 400 N/mm2 and 15 percent. Both are recorded with their basis.", "No corrosion, ageing or environment result for ductile iron was found. The only corrosion statement (alloying for corrosion resistance) is on Wikipedia, which the brief limits to composition and history. Kipp's grade pages returned no content.", "No failure-mode or low-temperature test value for the grades was read; the failure risk recorded is the grade and heat-treatment mismatch.", "Hazard records are PubChem entries for elemental iron, manganese and magnesium, not for the cast alloy. No ductile iron safety data sheet was read, and no dust or fume limit was found.", "The USGS magnesium chapter URL returned a 404, so magnesium supply is not recorded. Producer shares for raw steel, silicon and manganese are computed from printed tonnages or taken from the printed silicon statement.", "hardness_brinell is not in spores/property-canon.yaml, so it is used as a snake_case name for the Brinell rows.", "The web search budget for this turn ran out after five searches, so MatWeb, DIPRA, Kipp, MatMatch and open papers could not be searched for or read." ], "story": { "why": "Ductile iron is a cast iron with spheroidal graphite. Goldens prints tensile strengths of 60,000 to 120,000 psi for the ASTM A536 grades, against 22,000 to 52,500 psi for the ASTM A48 grey iron classes on the same page. West Yorkshire Steel says the SG iron suits applications where electrical conductivity, impact, fatigue and magnetic permeability features are required. The cost of the higher grades is elongation, which falls from 18 percent to 2 percent (Goldens).", "uses": [ { "where": "Gears and rollers", "line": "Daycounter lists high strength gears, automotive and machine components for 100-70-03, and pinions, gears, rollers and slides for 120-90-02." }, { "where": "Pressure-containing valve and pump bodies", "line": "Daycounter lists pressure-containing castings such as valve and pump bodies for 60-40-18." }, { "where": "Dies, pistons, valves and moulds", "line": "West Yorkshire Steel lists dies, pistons, valves and moulds as typical applications of EN GJS 400-15 SG iron." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength, 60-40-18 and 65-45-12", "line": "Goldens prints 60,000 psi and 65,000 psi tensile strength, with 40,000 psi and 45,000 psi yield strength and 18 and 12 percent elongation.", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Strength, 120-90-02", "line": "Goldens prints 120,000 psi tensile and 90,000 psi yield for the highest grade, with 2 percent elongation.", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "Total Materia prints a modulus of elasticity of 169 GPa for EN-GJS-400-15.", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material", "value": "169 GPa" }, { "label": "Hardness", "line": "Total Materia prints 135 to 180 HB for EN-GJS-400-15; West Yorkshire Steel prints a typical 120 to 180 HB.", "benchmark": "hardness_brinell", "scope": "material", "value": "135 to 180 HB" } ], "compare": "Compared with grey iron, the ASTM ductile grades run from 60,000 to 120,000 psi tensile, against 22,000 to 52,500 psi for the grey classes in Goldens, and West Yorkshire Steel says the SG iron machines with characteristics similar to grey iron. Two sources give different figures for EN-GJS-400-15: Total Materia prints a tensile of at least 350 MPa and an elongation of at least 8 percent, while the West Yorkshire datasheet prints typical values of 400 N/mm2 and 15 percent. Both are recorded with their basis and are not reconciled here.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Tensile strength, 60-40-18 to 120-90-02", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Yield strength, 60-40-18 to 120-90-02", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness, EN-GJS-400-15", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Give the grade and its heat treatment with every strength value, since the ASTM A536 summary ties the treatment to each grade.", "Ask for hardness or chemistry checks in the purchase order when they matter; the ASTM A536 summary applies them only when the order says so.", "Machine it much as grey iron, as West Yorkshire Steel describes. The bar is supplied in 3 metre lengths that can be sawn to length.", "PubChem lists elemental magnesium as catching fire in air and releasing flammable gas in water (H250, H260), so the magnesium addition needs the supplier's safety data sheet." ], "good_for": [ "High-strength gears and rollers, typically the 100-70-03 and 120-90-02 grades (Daycounter, typical applications).", "Pressure-containing valve and pump bodies, typically the 60-40-18 grade (Daycounter, typical applications).", "Parts that need impact, fatigue and magnetic permeability features (West Yorkshire Steel)." ], "watch_out": [ "Elongation drops from 18 percent at 60-40-18 to 2 percent at 120-90-02 (Goldens), so the strongest grades are the least ductile.", "Strength is set by grade and heat treatment, and the two EN-GJS-400-15 sources disagree on tensile and elongation figures.", "No corrosion, impact or fatigue data for these grades was read, so none is given (see gaps)." ], "verdict": "Ductile iron is a cast iron whose grade sets its strength, elongation and heat treatment. The grade values are clear for the ASTM A536 grades (Goldens), but corrosion, impact and density data are missing, so check the grade and the supplier data before use.", "recipe": { "line": "Ductile iron is iron with 3.55 to 3.65 percent carbon and 2.30 to 2.70 percent silicon, with magnesium at 0.030 to 0.045 percent and sulfur at 0.008 to 0.015 percent (Goldens grade table). Goldens says the grade is set by adding specific alloys and controlling the carbon content of each ladle.", "parts": [ { "name": "Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "role": "The matrix of the cast iron, and the rest of the composition", "share_note": "balance (West Yorkshire Steel typical analysis)", "source": "wys-en-gjs-400-15", "where": "Typical Analysis" }, { "name": "Carbon", "symbol": "C", "role": "Controlled in each ladle to set the grade (Goldens)", "share_percent": 3.55, "share_high": 3.65, "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, C% row" }, { "name": "Silicon", "symbol": "Si", "role": "A graphite-forming element (Wikipedia, Composition)", "share_percent": 2.3, "share_high": 2.7, "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, Si% row" }, { "name": "Manganese", "symbol": "Mn", "role": "Limit set for each grade (Goldens)", "share_percent": 0.4, "share_high": 0.6, "share_note": "0.40 max in 60-40-18 and 65-45-12; 0.40 to 0.60 in the other grades", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, Mn% row" }, { "name": "Magnesium", "symbol": "Mg", "role": "Printed limit; the US patent on a cast ferrous alloy for ductile iron names magnesium (Wikipedia, lead)", "share_percent": 0.03, "share_high": 0.045, "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, Mg% row" }, { "name": "Sulfur", "symbol": "S", "role": "Impurity held within a printed limit (Goldens)", "share_percent": 0.008, "share_high": 0.015, "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, S% row" }, { "name": "Phosphorus", "symbol": "P", "role": "Impurity held to a maximum limit (Goldens)", "share_note": "max 0.050", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, P% row" }, { "name": "Copper", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "Can raise tensile and yield strength while reducing ductility (Wikipedia, Composition)", "share_note": "below 0.30 in 60-40-18 and 65-45-12; 0.40 to 0.60 in 70-50-07, 80-55-06 and 80-60-03; 0.60 to 0.80 in 100-70-03 and 120-90-02", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, Cu% row" }, { "name": "Nickel", "symbol": "Ni", "role": "Alloying element printed per grade (Goldens)", "share_note": "0.04 to 1.0 from 80-55-06 upward; not specified below", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, Ni% row" }, { "name": "Tin", "symbol": "Sn", "role": "Alloying element printed for the two highest grades (Goldens)", "share_note": "0.02 to 0.05 in 100-70-03 and 120-90-02", "source": "goldens-ductile-grades", "where": "Grades table, Sn% row" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The PubChem records cover elemental magnesium, iron and manganese, not the cast iron. No safety data sheet for ductile iron was read.", "points": [ { "label": "Magnesium", "line": "PubChem lists elemental magnesium as Danger, with H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H260 (releases flammable gases in contact with water). Magnesium is the element named in the US patent on a cast ferrous alloy for ductile iron production (Wikipedia, lead)." }, { "label": "Iron", "line": "PubChem lists elemental iron with H228 (15.5%) and H251 (21.2%) in some notifications, and as not meeting GHS criteria in 74.1% of reports." }, { "label": "Manganese", "line": "PubChem lists elemental manganese with H228 (11.6%) and H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure)." }, { "label": "Workshop", "line": "No dust or fume limit was read for the cast alloy, so check the supplier's safety data sheet before cutting or grinding." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "PubChem hazards are for the elements" }, { "title": "Fabrication and heat", "lead": "The ASTM A536 summary ties heat treatment to each grade, so the treatment must be stated with every property value.", "points": [ { "label": "By grade", "line": "A full ferritizing anneal for 60-40-18; as-cast for 65-45-12 and 80-55-06; quench and temper, normalize and temper, or isothermal treatment for 100-70-03 and 120-90-02 (ASTM A536 summary)." }, { "label": "Machining", "line": "West Yorkshire Steel says EN GJS 400-15 has machining characteristics similar to grey iron." }, { "label": "Supply", "line": "Round bar and a limited size range of flat bar, in 3 metre lengths that can be sawn to length (West Yorkshire Steel)." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Heat treatment must match the grade" } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-24", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 28, "unreachable": 5, "caveats": 3, "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run. Grade values come from the Goldens table in psi, and the heat-treatment conditions from the ASTM A536 summary. EN-GJS-400-15 values come from Total Materia (minimums) and West Yorkshire Steel (typicals), which disagree. The Ductile Iron Society PDF is image-only; Kipp, MatMatch and MakeItFrom returned no content." }, "sources": { "goldens-ductile-grades": { "title": "Goldens' Guide to Ductile Iron Grades (grade table with ASTM, SAE, JIS and DIN columns; composition table; grey iron classes)", "url": "https://gfmco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Goldens-Guide-3-Ductile-Iron-Grades.pdf", "year": 2014, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "astm-a536-codehub": { "title": "ASTM A536-84(2014) Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings (NZ Building Code Hub summary)", "id": "ASTM A536-84(2014)", "url": "https://codehub.building.govt.nz/resources/astm-a536-842014", "year": 2014, "kind": "standard", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "totalmateria-en-gjs-400-15": { "title": "Total Materia: EN EN-GJS-400-15 Cast irons (free view, latest update 2021-10)", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1055031", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "wys-en-gjs-400-15": { "title": "West Yorkshire Steel: EN GJS 400-15 SG iron datasheet", "url": "https://www.westyorkssteel.com/wp-content/uploads/../../files/en-gjs-400-15-sg-iron.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "daycounter-ductile-iron": { "title": "Daycounter: Physical Properties of Ductile Iron and Alternative Materials (ASTM A536-80 summary and typical applications)", "url": "https://daycounter.com/LabBook/Physical-Properties-Ductile-Iron", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "usgs-iron-steel-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel", "id": "mcs2026-iron-steel", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "usgs-silicon-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silicon", "id": "mcs2026-silicon", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "usgs-manganese-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese", "id": "mcs2026-manganese", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "pubchem-fe": { "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)", "id": "CID 23925", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" }, "pubchem-mn": { "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)", "id": "CID 23930", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" }, "pubchem-mg": { "title": "PubChem: Magnesium (CID 5462224), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)", "id": "CID 5462224", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5462224/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" }, "wiki-ductile-iron": { "title": "Wikipedia: Ductile iron (lead paragraph, composition and history only)", "id": "Ductile iron", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductile_iron", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/ductile-iron/" }