{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "custom-465",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "stainless-precipitation-hardening",
  "name": "Custom 465 stainless steel",
  "abbreviation": "Custom 465 (UNS S46500, AMS 5936)",
  "role": "precipitation-hardening structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Custom 465 stainless steel (UNS S46500, AMS 5936) is a martensitic, age-hardenable stainless steel. Service Steel Aerospace lists its typical strength as high as 1758 MPa (255 ksi), with fracture toughness of 88-99 MPa-square-root-meter. Its aged H950 and H1000 conditions have yield strengths of 220 ksi and 200 ksi in the datasheet, and the vendor says its corrosion resistance approaches that of Type 304 stainless. Public test data for the alloy are thin, and no flight or space result was found.\n",
  "best_for": "Shafts, fasteners, actuators and landing-gear class parts that need about 200 to 220 ksi yield strength in aged conditions with stainless corrosion resistance (vendor claims)",
  "weakest_at": "Public test data: no melting point, hardness, salt-spray or space test values were found in the sources read",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance with 11.00 to 12.50 Cr, 10.75 to 11.25 Ni, 0.75 to 1.25 Mo, 1.50 to 1.80 Ti, 0.90 to 1.35 Al, max 0.02 C, max 0.25 Mn, max 0.25 Si, max 0.01 S, max 0.015 P, max 0.01 N (wt%, UNS S46500 composition limits)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S46500",
        "source": "ssa-product",
        "where": "Product heading: Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5936",
        "source": "ssa-product",
        "where": "Product heading: Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A564",
        "source": "ti-industries",
        "where": "Specifications list: ASTM A564"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F899",
        "note": "sizes 3 in diameter and below",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Common Specifications list: ASTM F899 for sizes 3 in diameter and below"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Custom 465",
        "source": "ssa-product",
        "where": "Product heading and text: Custom 465 is a registered trademark of Carpenter Technology Corporation"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Alloy 465",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Common Trade Names list"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "C465",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Common Trade Names list"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "465 Stainless",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Common Trade Names list"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ssa-product",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table in the Service Steel Aerospace datasheet (ssa-ds) and the composition table on the product page (ssa-product)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Cond H1000",
      "value": 7.84,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "H1000 (age condition as printed in the table)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a stainless steel supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Cond H1000, column g/cm3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace product page",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, annealed",
      "value": 7.81,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "Annealed (solution annealed, the condition in which the alloy is normally supplied)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a stainless steel supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Annealed, column g/cm3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace product page",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Cond H1000 (imperial)",
      "value": 0.2822,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lbs/in3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "H1000 (age condition as printed in the table)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a stainless steel supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Cond H1000, column lbs/in3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace product page",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, H950 longitudinal",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H950 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "product_form": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H950 Longitudinal, column Yield 0.2% offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, H950 transverse",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H950 (aged)",
        "orientation": "transverse",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "product_form": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H950 Transverse, column Yield 0.2% offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, H1000 longitudinal",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H1000 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "product_form": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H1000 Longitudinal, column Yield 0.2% offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, H1000 transverse",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H1000 (aged)",
        "orientation": "transverse",
        "measure": "0.2% offset",
        "product_form": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H1000 Transverse, column Yield 0.2% offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength range, Rp 0.2 offset (min to max)",
      "value": 170,
      "value_high": 270,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum and maximum of the yield strength range printed in Table 3; the condition and orientation are not printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier product page table of mechanical properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Table 3 (mechanical properties), row Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
        "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, H950 longitudinal",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H950 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal",
        "product_form": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H950 Longitudinal, column Tensile",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, H1000 longitudinal",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H1000 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal",
        "product_form": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H1000 Longitudinal, column Tensile",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength range (min to max)",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 280,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum and maximum of the tensile strength range printed in Table 3; the condition and orientation are not printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier product page table of mechanical properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Table 3 (mechanical properties), row Tensile Strength Range (R m ) (ksi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
        "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Typical strength, upper figure",
      "value": 1758,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "statement that the typical strength can be as high as 1758 MPa (255 ksi); the condition is not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical upper figure printed in the opening text of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Opening paragraph, sentence beginning The typical strength of this alloy",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace product page",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, H950 longitudinal",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H950 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal",
        "gauge": "2 in or 4D (as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H950 Longitudinal, column Elongation 2 in or 4D",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, H950 transverse",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H950 (aged)",
        "orientation": "transverse",
        "gauge": "2 in or 4D (as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H950 Transverse, column Elongation 2 in or 4D",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation range (min to max)",
      "value": 2.3,
      "value_high": 14,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum and maximum printed in Table 3; gauge is AL = 5 x diameter as printed; the condition is not printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier product page table of mechanical properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Table 3 (mechanical properties), row Elongation (AL=5 x Ø)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
        "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Reduction of area, H950 longitudinal",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H950 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H950 Longitudinal, column Reduction of Area",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Reduction of area, H1000 longitudinal",
      "value": 50,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H1000 (aged)",
        "orientation": "longitudinal"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-ds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row H1000 Longitudinal, column Reduction of Area",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fracture_toughness",
      "label": "Fracture toughness, typical",
      "value": 88,
      "value_high": 99,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa-square-root-meter",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "statement of about 88-99 MPa-square-root-meter (80-90 ksi-square-root inch); the condition is not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the opening text of a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Opening paragraph, sentence beginning The typical strength of this alloy",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace product page",
        "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500",
        "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity",
      "value": 32000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of a stainless steel supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Table 3 (mechanical properties), row Modulus of Elasticity (ksi) (E)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
        "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity",
      "value": 2.05,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a stainless steel supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Table 2 (physical properties), column Electrical conductivity (% IACS)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
        "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity",
      "value": 97,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a stainless steel supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Table 2 (physical properties), column Thermal conductivity (BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
        "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "General service, no test condition given",
      "headline": "The vendors say general corrosion resistance is close to Type 304 stainless.",
      "effect": "Titanium Industries says general corrosion resistance is similar to type 304, and Service Steel Aerospace says it approaches that of Type 304. Neither source gives a salt-spray, humidity or immersion test result.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "vendor statements only; no test environment or duration given"
      },
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Product description, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Stressed parts in corrosive media",
      "headline": "The alloy is described as having excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking.",
      "effect": "Service Steel Aerospace describes excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. No threshold stress, test duration or failure time is given in the sources read.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "vendor description; no stress corrosion test data read"
      },
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Grade features paragraph, sentence beginning This grade features"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS summary for nickel metal, not this alloy, lists H317, H351 and H372 in its first notification block, with signal word Danger. The ECHA C&L summary for nickel gives H317 (99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, first notification block and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 935)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS summary for chromium, not this alloy, gives H317 (20.7%) in its ECHA C&L summary, and states that the chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 50% (1202 of 2404) of reports.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-chromium",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 23976)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Low strength when the aging step is skipped",
        "trigger": "Part supplied in the solution-annealed condition (Condition A) and not age-hardened",
        "consequence": "The vendor states that high strength needs an additional age-hardening step; the strengths in this profile apply to aged conditions only.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ssa-product",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, sentence beginning Achieving high strength levels"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Delayed refrigeration step",
        "trigger": "More than 24 hours between solution annealing and the refrigeration step",
        "consequence": "The datasheet says the refrigeration step should follow within a 24-hour period; it does not state what happens after a longer delay.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, final bullets"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Heat treatment as printed: the alloy is normally supplied in Condition A (solution annealed). Heat to 1800° F ± 15° F (982° C ± 8° C) and hold for 1 hour, then quench parts under 12 in or air cool parts over 12 in.",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, first bullet"
      },
      {
        "text": "Refrigerate to -100° F (-73° C) and hold for eight hours, then warm to room temperature. The datasheet asks that this step follow solution annealing within a 24-hour period.",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, second and third bullets"
      },
      {
        "text": "Age hardening for high strength: heat to 900 to 1150° and hold 4 to 8 hours, air cool sizes under 3 in and quench sizes over 3 in. The datasheet prints the age temperature without a unit after 1150°.",
        "source": "ssa-product",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section, paragraph on the age hardening step"
      },
      {
        "text": "Hot working: solution anneal before hardening, then heat to 1850-2000° F (1010-1093° C) and air cool. Cold forming by drawing or rolling is readily done.",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Hot and cold working section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machinability is best in the overaged H1150M condition, and can also be done in the solution annealed condition.",
        "source": "ssa-ds",
        "where": "Machinability section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Landing gear, flap tracks, engine mounts and slat tracks",
      "example": "Service Steel Aerospace lists landing gear, flap tracks, engine mounts, slat tracks and actuators as aerospace uses of Custom 465, and says it can replace 300M and AISI 4340 steels that must otherwise be plated for corrosion protection.",
      "source": "ssa-product",
      "where": "Opening text and Applications list, Aerospace"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Actuators and small shafts",
      "example": "Titanium Industries lists typical uses as small turbine engine shafts, firearms, medical instruments, fasteners and actuators.",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Description, Typical uses paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Small turbine engine shafts",
      "example": "Titanium Industries lists small turbine engine shafts as the first typical use of Stainless Steel Grade 465.",
      "source": "ti-industries",
      "where": "Description, Typical uses paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia (France)",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 3.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel is the nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex, or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 3,900,000 in metric tons, nickel content; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes; Domestic Production and Use (stainless and alloy steel more than 85% of domestic consumption)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 51,000 thousand t; chromite ore reported in gross weight; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30% of the apparent supply of molybdenum.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons; potential substitutes in alloy steels include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-molybdenum",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 260,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes; Events, Trends, and Issues (China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico account for 90% of production)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Custom 465 stainless steel product page, Titanium Industries (UNS S46500)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Custom 465 stainless steel product page, Service Steel Aerospace (AMS 5936, UNS S46500)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Custom 465 stainless steel data sheet, Service Steel Aerospace (PDF)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chromium",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No melting point value: the Titanium Industries physical properties table prints a dash for melting point.",
    "Hardness not recorded: Titanium Industries prints a Brinell range (271 to 560) with no unit.",
    "Specific heat not recorded: printed as 0.107 with no unit.",
    "Thermal expansion not recorded: printed only as a decimal in 1/°F, and this profile does not convert units.",
    "Fracture toughness and reduction of area are not in the canonical property list; recorded under the snake_case names fracture_toughness and reduction_of_area.",
    "The 1758 MPa (255 ksi) figure is a vendor typical upper value with no temper, orientation or test method printed.",
    "Mechanical values come from a distributor and a service center copy of one datasheet; they are nominal and cover only the H950 and H1000 aged conditions, so H900, H1050 and H1100 strengths are not recorded.",
    "Titanium Industries states that its alloy data are for reference only and not for design.",
    "Critical-mineral list status for nickel, chromium and molybdenum was not verified in this run; critical_lists is left empty.",
    "Iron and titanium supply not recorded: no cited supply page for either was read.",
    "No flight, vacuum, outgassing, atomic-oxygen or radiation data for Custom 465 was found; no space source was located.",
    "No salt-spray, humidity or immersion corrosion test results were found in the sources read.",
    "Hazard data are for the component metals (nickel and chromium, via PubChem), not for the alloy; no SDS for Custom 465 itself was found.",
    "Carpenter Technology's own datasheet was not read; the datasheets used are copies published by Service Steel Aerospace and Titanium Industries."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Custom 465 is a martensitic stainless steel that gets its strength from an age-hardening treatment. Service Steel Aerospace says it combines high strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, and that it can replace 300M and AISI 4340 steels that otherwise need a coating for corrosion protection. The aged H950 and H1000 conditions are listed at 220 ksi and 200 ksi yield strength. That combination explains where it is chosen: small shafts, actuators, fasteners and landing-gear class parts.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Aerospace structures",
        "line": "Service Steel Aerospace lists landing gear, flap tracks, engine mounts, slat tracks and actuators as aerospace uses of Custom 465."
      },
      {
        "where": "Shafts, actuators and fasteners",
        "line": "Titanium Industries lists small turbine engine shafts, firearms, medical instruments, fasteners and actuators as typical uses."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry load",
        "line": "Yield strength of 220 ksi in the H950 condition, longitudinal, per the Service Steel Aerospace data sheet.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "220 ksi"
      },
      {
        "label": "Keep toughness",
        "line": "Fracture toughness of 88 to 99 MPa-square-root-meter, per the Service Steel Aerospace product page (vendor statement).",
        "benchmark": "fracture_toughness",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay stiff",
        "line": "Modulus of elasticity of 32000 ksi, per Titanium Industries.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "32000 ksi"
      },
      {
        "label": "Resist corrosion",
        "line": "Corrosion resistance close to Type 304 in general, according to the vendor; no test data were found.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Service Steel Aerospace positions Custom 465 as a corrosion resistant replacement for 300M and AISI 4340 steels, which must be plated or coated for corrosion protection, and says its corrosion resistance approaches that of Type 304 stainless. Titanium Industries states that its general corrosion resistance is similar to type 304. These are vendor statements; the rows below compare this grade's own aged-condition values, because no like-for-like test of Custom 465 against other grades was read in this run.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Modulus of elasticity",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the aged condition (H950, H1000 or another), because the strength values depend on it.",
      "Keep the solution anneal, refrigeration and aging steps within the times the datasheet gives.",
      "Use a dust mask or extraction for grinding dust, pending a safety data sheet for the alloy itself."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High strength in aged conditions: 220 ksi yield in H950 longitudinal, per the datasheet.",
      "Corrosion resistance close to Type 304 (vendor statement)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength depends on the aged condition and the orientation; the aged values here are nominal.",
      "Stress corrosion resistance is described as excellent, but no stress corrosion test data were found.",
      "Nickel and chromium supply is concentrated (Indonesia for nickel; South Africa for chromite ore).",
      "No space, vacuum, outgassing or radiation data were found for this alloy."
    ],
    "verdict": "Custom 465 is a high-strength, age-hardened stainless steel with vendor claims of Type 304 corrosion resistance and excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance. Its aged yield strengths (220 ksi and 200 ksi in the datasheet) are well documented from two copies of one datasheet, but its corrosion and space performance are not backed by test data in the sources read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Custom 465 is an iron-based martensitic stainless steel with 11 to 12.5 percent chromium, about 11 percent nickel and about 1 percent molybdenum, plus titanium and aluminium that form the age-hardening precipitates. Service Steel Aerospace says it is double vacuum melted and normally supplied in the solution-annealed condition, then hardened by a heat treatment.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix. The alloy is martensitic after hardening, and iron makes up the rest of the composition."
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Gives stainless corrosion resistance; the vendor says resistance is close to Type 304."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Helps keep the alloy tough and supports the martensitic structure."
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Adds strength and resistance to pitting."
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Forms the precipitates that harden the alloy during the age treatment."
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Also takes part in the age-hardening precipitates."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Hazard data are for the component metals, not for the finished alloy, and no safety data sheet for Custom 465 itself was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel and chromium",
            "line": "PubChem's summary for nickel metal lists H317 (99.9%) as an allergic skin hazard, with H351 and H372 in one notification block. Its chromium summary lists H317 (20.7%)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and fume",
            "line": "No source read gives a dust or welding fume limit for this alloy, so treat grinding and welding dust as a hazard until a data sheet says otherwise."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Mixed; hazards come from its nickel and chromium"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes below come from the vendor and datasheet. No field or flight failure record was found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Skipped aging",
            "line": "The vendor says the high strength needs an extra age-hardening step, so parts left in the annealed condition are much weaker."
          },
          {
            "label": "Late refrigeration",
            "line": "The datasheet asks for refrigeration within a 24-hour period after solution annealing and does not state what a longer delay does."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Follow the cycle in the datasheet: solution anneal, refrigerate within 24 hours, then age harden."
          },
          {
            "label": "Machining",
            "line": "The datasheet says machining is best in the overaged H1150M condition."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the two product pages and the Service Steel Aerospace data sheet PDF; USGS and PubChem figures read from the PDFs and PubChem JSON. Caveats: strengths are nominal values for aged H950 and H1000 only; the vendor 1758 MPa figure has no condition; supply shares are calculated; hazard data are for component metals."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ti-industries": {
      "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 465 (UNS S46500) product page, Titanium Industries",
      "id": "UNS S46500; ASTM A564; ASTM F899; AMS 5936",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-custom-465/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "ssa-product": {
      "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace product page",
      "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500",
      "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/es/Custom-465-stainless-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.php",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "ssa-ds": {
      "title": "Custom 465 Stainless Steel - AMS 5936 - UNS S46500, Service Steel Aerospace data sheet (PDF)",
      "id": "AMS 5936; UNS S46500; common trade names Custom 465, Alloy 465, C465, 465 Stainless",
      "url": "https://ssa-corp.com/documents/Data%20Sheet%20Custom-465-AMS-5936-UNS-S46500.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-molybdenum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification and ECHA C&L summary",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "pubchem-chromium": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification and ECHA C&L summary",
      "id": "CID 23976",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chromium",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/custom-465/"
}