{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "cupronickel-70-30",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Cupronickel 70/30",
  "abbreviation": "CuNi 70/30",
  "role": "seawater-resistant condenser and heat-exchanger tube alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Cupronickel 70/30 (UNS C71500, EN CuNi30Mn1Fe, DIN 2.0882) is a copper alloy with about 30 % nickel and small iron and manganese additions. Wieland gives a density of 8.94 g/cm3, a thermal conductivity of 29 W/(m·K) at 20 °C, and tensile strength of 358 to 414 MPa for soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm diameter. The alloy was developed for naval seawater condensers. In a sulphide-polluted seawater immersion test, its corrosion rate was 0.15 mm/a at first and settled near 0.09 mm/a after 168 h. No source read gives a maximum service temperature.\n",
  "best_for": "Seawater condenser, heat-exchanger and piping parts, where resistance to seawater matters more than strength or service temperature",
  "weakest_at": "Strength and rated temperature: soft rod gives 358 to 414 MPa, no maximum service temperature is printed, and sulphide-rich seawater still corrodes it at about 0.09 mm/a in the laboratory test",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu balance with 29.0 to 33.0 % Ni, 0.4 to 1.0 % Fe and up to 1.0 % Mn (C71500, CuNi30Mn1Fe)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C71500",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Designations list, UNS: C71500"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CuNi30Mn1Fe",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Designations list, EN: EN 12451 (CuNi30Mn1Fe, CW 354H)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CW354H",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Designations list, EN: EN 12451 (CuNi30Mn1Fe, CW 354H)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.0882",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Designations list, DIN: DIN 17664 (CuNi30Mn1Fe, 2.0882)"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "C7150",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Designations list, JIS: JIS H 3320 (C7150)"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "70/30 copper nickel",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Page title block: C71500 Copper Nickel, also called 70/30 Copper Nickel"
      }
    ],
    "source": "jtcopper-c71500",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, rows Ni 29.0-33.0, Fe 0.4-1.0, Mn up to 1.0. The copper row in that table reads 65.0-70.0, which does not fit with the other rows, so copper is taken as balance from the Wikipedia 70-30 row."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, C71500 as printed on the maker's page",
      "value": 8.94,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (Wieland)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, C71500",
      "value": 1170,
      "value_high": 1240,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (Wieland)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page (the imperial column prints a reversed range, 2260-2140 ºF, so the metric column is used)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Range, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat at 20 °C, C71500",
      "value": 377,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (Wieland)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Heat, metric column (377 J/kg ºK @20 ºc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, C71500",
      "value": 29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (Wieland)",
        "temperature": "20 °C (printed as 68 ºF in the imperial column)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity range, C71500",
      "value": 29,
      "value_high": 33,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (JTCopper)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jtcopper-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity (remark: moderate heat dissipation)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JTCopper, C71500 copper product page",
        "url": "https://en.jtcopper.com/c71500-copper.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, C71500",
      "value": 37.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (Wieland)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical Resistivity, metric column (37.4 µΩcm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity_iacs",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C71500",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (Wieland)",
        "temperature": "68 ºF as printed (about 20 °C)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical Conductivity, imperial column (5% IACS @68ºF)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C, C71500",
      "value": 13.2,
      "value_high": 16.2,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C71500 (JTCopper)",
        "temperature": "20 to 300 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "×10⁻⁶/°C"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier product page; 10⁻⁶ per °C is the same as ppm/K, so the unit is converted and the printed unit is kept in conditions",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jtcopper-c71500",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Expansion, remark (20-300°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "JTCopper, C71500 copper product page",
        "url": "https://en.jtcopper.com/c71500-copper.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.5 % yield strength, soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm",
      "value": 124,
      "value_high": 179,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter up to 12 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)",
        "offset": "0.5 %"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Rod and Bar, ASTM B 151, 060 soft anneal), row up to 0.5 in (up to 12 mm), column 0.5% Yield (N/mm2)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.5 % yield strength, soft-annealed rod 12 to 25.4 mm",
      "value": 124,
      "value_high": 165,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter 12 to 25.4 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)",
        "offset": "0.5 %"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row over 0.5 to 1 in (over 12 to 25.4 mm), column 0.5% Yield (N/mm2)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.5 % yield strength, soft-annealed rod over 25.4 mm",
      "value": 124,
      "value_high": 152,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter over 25.4 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)",
        "offset": "0.5 %"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row over 1 in (over 25.4 mm), column 0.5% Yield (N/mm2)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm",
      "value": 358,
      "value_high": 414,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter up to 12 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Rod and Bar, ASTM B 151, 060 soft anneal), row up to 0.5 in (up to 12 mm), column UTS (N/mm2)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, soft-annealed rod 12 to 25.4 mm",
      "value": 331,
      "value_high": 400,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter 12 to 25.4 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row over 0.5 to 1 in (over 12 to 25.4 mm), column UTS (N/mm2)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, soft-annealed rod over 25.4 mm",
      "value": 310,
      "value_high": 358,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter over 25.4 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row over 1 in (over 25.4 mm), column UTS (N/mm2)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm",
      "value": 30,
      "value_high": 45,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter up to 12 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row up to 0.5 in (up to 12 mm), column Elong (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, soft-annealed rod 12 to 25.4 mm",
      "value": 30,
      "value_high": 42,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter 12 to 25.4 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row over 0.5 to 1 in (over 12 to 25.4 mm), column Elong (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, soft-annealed rod over 25.4 mm",
      "value": 30,
      "value_high": 40,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "rod and bar, diameter over 25.4 mm",
        "temper": "060 soft anneal (ASTM B 151)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row over 1 in (over 25.4 mm), column Elong (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
        "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "corrosion_rate",
      "label": "Immersion corrosion rate, early stage, sulphide seawater",
      "value": 0.15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm/a",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "solution": "3.5 % NaCl + 0.5 % Na2S (wt.%), pH 8.20",
        "temperature": "35 ±2 °C (methods section; the Figure 1 caption says room temperature)",
        "immersion_time": "initial stage"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the paper abstract (laboratory immersion test)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Laboratory test in a sulphide-polluted solution, not natural seawater. The name corrosion_rate is not in the canonical property list.",
      "source": "gao2022",
      "where": "Abstract; Section 3.1 (Figure 1)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Corrosion Behavior of High-Strength C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy in Simulated Seawater with High Concentration of Sulfide",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9738436/",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (Materials, MDPI, open access via PMC)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "corrosion_rate",
      "label": "Immersion corrosion rate after 168 h, sulphide seawater",
      "value": 0.09,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm/a",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "solution": "3.5 % NaCl + 0.5 % Na2S (wt.%), pH 8.20",
        "temperature": "35 ±2 °C (methods section)",
        "immersion_time": "168 h"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the paper abstract (laboratory immersion test)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The corrosion rate stabilised at about this value; the per-time values in Figure 1 were not extractable.",
      "source": "gao2022",
      "where": "Abstract",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Corrosion Behavior of High-Strength C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy in Simulated Seawater with High Concentration of Sulfide",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9738436/",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (Materials, MDPI, open access via PMC)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater containing sulphide (3.5 % NaCl and 0.5 % Na2S, pH 8.20)",
      "headline": "In a sulphide-polluted immersion test the corrosion rate fell from 0.15 mm/a to about 0.09 mm/a over 168 h.",
      "effect": "Gao and Liu measured the corrosion rate at 0.15 mm/a early in immersion, which then settled to about 0.09 mm/a after 168 h as a dark-brown film formed. The film was mainly Cu2S early on and Cu2O later. The test used a sulphide-rich solution, so the rate may not carry over to natural seawater.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "35 ±2 °C (methods section)",
        "basis": "laboratory immersion test with electrochemical tests; composition Ni 30.54, Mn 0.93, Fe 0.80 wt% (sample), balance Cu"
      },
      "source": "gao2022",
      "where": "Section 2.1 (materials and solution), Section 3.1 and Figure 1, Section 3.6 (XRD), Conclusions"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Marine saltwater at ambient temperature",
      "headline": "Wieland says the alloy has excellent corrosion resistance in marine saltwater and is insensitive to stress corrosion.",
      "effect": "Wieland's page states excellent corrosion resistance, especially in marine saltwater environments, and insensitivity to stress corrosion. It also says iron additions refine the grain and improve erosion resistance in flowing seawater, and that the high copper content gives anti-biofouling properties. The page prints no corrosion rate or test data.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement, no test data printed"
      },
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Description and Main features text"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The nickel wire safety data sheet (NextSDS, CAS 7440-02-0, EC 231-111-4) lists H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction, H351 Suspected of causing cancer and H372 Causes damage to the lung, the kidneys and the liver through prolonged or repeated exposure, with signal word danger. That is the nickel metal classification, not a SDS for this alloy, and the alloy SDS was not opened. Nickel is about 30 % of the alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "nextsds-ni",
        "where": "Hazard Classifications and Hazard Statements sections of the nickel wire SDS page"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Sulphide-rich seawater attack",
        "trigger": "Seawater containing sulphide, as in the 3.5 % NaCl plus 0.5 % Na2S test",
        "consequence": "Corrosion rate of 0.15 mm/a at the start of immersion, settling to about 0.09 mm/a after 168 h, with a film of Cu2S and later Cu2O. The test is a laboratory result, so the rate in natural seawater is not known from these sources.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "gao2022",
        "where": "Abstract; Section 3.1 (Figure 1); Conclusions"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Use at elevated temperature",
        "trigger": "Service above room temperature, where no maximum service temperature is printed",
        "consequence": "Wieland says only that the alloy retains its strength well at moderately elevated temperatures, and the only temperature in its table is the hot working range of 925 to 1025 °C. No source read gives a service limit, so use above the rated range has no printed data.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Main features text; Physical Properties table, row Hot Working Range"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Large section size",
        "trigger": "Rod or bar over 12 mm diameter in place of thin stock",
        "consequence": "Tensile strength falls from 358 to 414 MPa for rod up to 12 mm to 310 to 358 MPa for rod over 25.4 mm, so the size sets the strength of the part.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Rod and Bar rows"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "The alloy is about 30 % nickel, so its cost follows nickel supply and price. The USGS says the 2025 average LME nickel cash price fell by an estimated 11 % from 2024, and that the global primary nickel market has been in surplus since 2022.",
        "affects": "Cost of the alloy",
        "source": "usgs-ni-2026",
        "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues section"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the product form, size and temper when ordering. The Wieland mechanical data are for soft-annealed rod (ASTM B 151, 060 soft anneal), and the strength changes with size.",
        "source": "wieland-c71500",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table"
      },
      {
        "text": "The nickel wire SDS lists skin sensitisation (H317) for the nickel component, so the supplier's SDS for the alloy should be read before handling.",
        "source": "nextsds-ni",
        "where": "Hazard Statements section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Condenser and heat-exchanger tubes and tube plates, feed-water heaters and desalination plants",
      "example": "Wieland lists tube and tube plates for heavy-duty water condensers, heat exchangers, desalination plants, and feed-water heaters and evaporators in power stations. The alloy was developed for naval seawater condensers in the 1920s, according to Wikipedia.",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Applications, Chemical and Marine list; Details section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Cooling-water circuits, salt-water pumps and piping on ships and submarines",
      "example": "Wieland lists cooling-water circuits and sanitary services on board ship, fire sprinkler systems for ships, and salt-water pumps and piping for submarines and naval surface ships.",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Applications, Chemical and Marine list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Offshore platform cladding and underwater cages for fish farming",
      "example": "Wieland lists cladding for offshore platforms and underwater cages for fish farming, and wave and tidal energy generation equipment.",
      "source": "wieland-c71500",
      "where": "Details section; Applications, Chemical and Marine list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Copper (balance of the alloy), mine production 2025e",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, per the USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: old scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of the U.S. copper supply. Brass and wire-rod mills accounted for approximately 80% of the copper recovered from scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in automobile radiators, cooling and refrigeration tube, electrical equipment and power cable. Titanium and steel are used in heat exchangers."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-cu-2026",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e column (world total 23,000 thousand t). Shares calculated from the printed values 5,300, 3,200, 2,700, 1,800 and 1,300 over 23,000. Critical list paragraph; Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (about 30 % of the alloy), mine production 2025e",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments. Low-nickel, duplex and ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-ni-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t). Shares calculated from the printed values 2,600,000, 270,000, 200,000 and 140,000 (twice) over 3,900,000. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/"
    },
    {
      "title": "JTCopper, C71500 copper product page (chemical composition and physical properties)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://en.jtcopper.com/c71500-copper.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow, Copper/Nickel Cu70/Ni30 foil, material information",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/copper-nickel-cu70-ni30-foil-material-information/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gao X. and Liu M., Corrosion Behavior of High-Strength C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy in Simulated Seawater with High Concentration of Sulfide (Materials, 2022, open access)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9738436/",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NextSDS, Nickel wire safety data sheet, CAS 7440-02-0, hazard classification",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://nextsds.com/sds/en/281331501257788/nickel-wire"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Elastic modulus is not entered. The Wieland page prints 22 ksi and 152 N/mm2 under a table header marked 10³, so the scale is inconsistent and the unit cannot be confirmed.",
    "Maximum service temperature: no source read gives one. Wieland gives only the hot working range (925 to 1025 °C), which is a fabrication range and not a service limit.",
    "Space and flight use: the NASA NTRS search found no cupronickel 70/30 record for spacecraft or heat exchangers in the sources read. No space use is recorded here.",
    "Nickel critical-list status is not confirmed. The USGS nickel chapter read in this run mentions critical minerals only in a policy paragraph, so no critical_lists entry is given for nickel.",
    "Copper composition: the JTCopper table prints Cu 65.0 to 70.0, which does not fit with the other rows. Copper is taken as balance from the Wikipedia 70-30 row and no range is entered.",
    "Mean linear expansion printed on the Wieland page as 0.0162 with the unit ºc x10-3 is not entered, because the unit form is unusual. The JTCopper range 13.2 to 16.2 x10-6/°C is used instead.",
    "Electrical conductivity is entered as an IACS value under the name electrical_conductivity_iacs, and corrosion rate as corrosion_rate. Neither name is in the canonical property list, so both need adding to it.",
    "Hardness is not entered: no source read gave a hardness value for this grade.",
    "Yield strength: only soft-annealed rod (ASTM B 151, 060 soft anneal) has 0.5 % yield values in the sources read. No yield value for hard or half-hard temper was found.",
    "Corrosion data: the Gao and Liu Figure 1 per-time rates are not extractable from the text. The paper's methods give 35 ±2 °C, but its Figure 1 caption says room temperature, so the temperature is recorded as the methods value.",
    "Alloy SDS: the supplier's SDS for cupronickel 70/30 was not opened. The hazard entries use the nickel metal SDS only. PubChem returned a browser-check page, so no PubChem GHS summary was used.",
    "Designations: Wieland also prints UNS C71520, which is a different product number and is not called the same grade, so it is not entered. The ASTM specification numbers on the Wieland page are product standards, not grade codes, and are not entered as designations.",
    "Wikipedia is used for composition ranges and history only, not for property or failure values, as the brief requires.",
    "MatWeb and MakeItFrom returned HTTP 403, and matmatch.com could not be resolved, so no values from them are used."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Cupronickel 70/30 (UNS C71500) is a copper alloy with about 30 % nickel and small iron and manganese additions. It was developed for naval seawater condensers in the 1920s, according to Wikipedia. Wieland says it has excellent corrosion resistance in marine saltwater and is insensitive to stress corrosion. It is used where seawater meets the metal, in condenser and heat-exchanger tubing, seawater piping and marine hardware.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Condensers and heat exchangers",
        "line": "Wieland lists tube and tube plates for heavy-duty water condensers, heat exchangers, desalination plants, and feed-water heaters and evaporators in power stations."
      },
      {
        "where": "Ships and submarines",
        "line": "Wieland lists cooling-water circuits and sanitary services on board ship, fire sprinkler systems for ships, and salt-water pumps and piping for submarines and naval surface ships."
      },
      {
        "where": "Offshore and aquaculture",
        "line": "Wieland lists cladding for offshore platforms and underwater cages for fish farming."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Resist seawater",
        "line": "In a sulphide-polluted immersion test the corrosion rate settled near 0.09 mm/a after 168 h (Gao and Liu 2022). The test is a laboratory result, not natural seawater.",
        "benchmark": "corrosion_rate",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.09 mm/a"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Wieland gives 29 W/(m·K) at 20 °C. JTCopper gives a range of 29 to 33 W/(m·K) with no temperature.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "29 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength in soft rod",
        "line": "Soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm diameter has tensile strength 358 to 414 MPa and 0.5 % yield strength 124 to 179 MPa (Wieland).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "358 to 414 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stretch",
        "line": "Soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm elongates 30 to 45 % (Wieland).",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "30 to 45 %"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 8.94 g/cm3 on the Wieland page, and JTCopper prints the same value.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.94 g/cm3"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Two suppliers give different thermal conductivities for the alloy: 29 W/(m·K) at 20 °C from Wieland, and 29 to 33 W/(m·K) from JTCopper with no temperature. Rod strength depends on size, from 358 to 414 MPa up to 12 mm diameter to 310 to 358 MPa above 25.4 mm. The table rows are examples from these sources and are not a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength (soft rod)",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Name the product form, size and temper, because strength changes with diameter.",
      "No maximum service temperature is printed in any source read, so do not assume one.",
      "Read the supplier SDS before handling, since the nickel component carries H317, H351 and H372 in the nickel SDS."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Seawater condenser and heat-exchanger tubing, the maker's main marine application (Wieland).",
      "Seawater piping and marine hardware, including ship and submarine systems (Wieland).",
      "Resistance to marine saltwater, with stress-corrosion insensitivity stated by the maker (Wieland)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Sulphide-rich seawater: the laboratory test corroded at 0.15 mm/a at first and about 0.09 mm/a after 168 h.",
      "No maximum service temperature is printed in any source read.",
      "Nickel content: the nickel metal is classified H317, H351 and H372.",
      "Size: strength falls for bars over 25.4 mm, to 310 to 358 MPa.",
      "Supply: 66.7 % of 2025 world nickel mine output came from Indonesia (USGS, calculated from printed tonnages)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Cupronickel 70/30 is a copper-nickel alloy for seawater service, with 358 to 414 MPa tensile strength in soft rod and a density of 8.94 g/cm3. The maker's marine corrosion record is supported by a laboratory test, although that test used sulphide-rich solution. The sources give no maximum service temperature and no spacecraft record.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Cupronickel 70/30 is a copper-nickel alloy with a face-centred cubic structure, nominally 70 % copper and 30 % nickel (Goodfellow). Iron and manganese are added in small amounts (JTCopper). A research sample measured 30.54 % Ni, 0.93 % Mn and 0.80 % Fe, with copper as the remainder (Gao and Liu 2022, Section 2.1). Wieland gives a hot working range of 925 to 1025 °C.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Base metal of the alloy. It forms the matrix in which the nickel is dissolved."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Main alloying element. JTCopper says it enhances corrosion resistance and strength."
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Refines grain and improves erosion resistance in flowing seawater (Wieland)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Minor addition that improves machinability (JTCopper)."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard of this alloy comes from its nickel. The opened sources classify nickel metal, not the alloy itself, and no alloy SDS was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel in the alloy",
            "line": "The nickel wire SDS lists H317 (allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (damage to lungs, kidneys and liver through prolonged exposure). Nickel is about 30 % of the alloy."
          },
          {
            "label": "Alloy SDS",
            "line": "No SDS for cupronickel 70/30 was opened, so no H-codes for the alloy itself are recorded."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel classification"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The sources give corrosion rates and size limits, but no service temperature.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Sulphide seawater",
            "line": "In a test with 3.5 % NaCl and 0.5 % Na2S at pH 8.20, corrosion ran at 0.15 mm/a at first and settled near 0.09 mm/a after 168 h. The film was mainly Cu2S early on and Cu2O later."
          },
          {
            "label": "Large sections",
            "line": "Soft-annealed rod up to 12 mm has 358 to 414 MPa tensile strength. Over 25.4 mm the range falls to 310 to 358 MPa (Wieland)."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Choose the form",
            "line": "Name the product form, size and temper on the order. Wieland's mechanical data are for soft-annealed rod."
          },
          {
            "label": "Check the SDS",
            "line": "Read the supplier's SDS before handling, since the nickel component carries a skin-sensitisation classification (H317)."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 19,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 8,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the Wieland, JTCopper, Goodfellow and Gao and Liu pages and the USGS 2026 copper and nickel PDFs. Unreachable: MatWeb, MakeItFrom, matmatch and PubChem. Caveats: the Wieland page prints a reversed imperial melting range and an inconsistent modulus scale, so modulus is left out; the 70/30 nickel shares are nominal; the corrosion rates come from a sulphide test, not natural seawater; the nickel hazard is the nickel metal classification; no service temperature or space record was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wieland-c71500": {
      "title": "Wieland Diversified, C71500 Copper Nickel (70/30) product page",
      "url": "https://www.wieland-diversified.com/copper-nickel/copper-nickel-c71500/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page, cited, not reproduced (page says values are a guide only)"
    },
    "gao2022": {
      "title": "Corrosion Behavior of High-Strength C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy in Simulated Seawater with High Concentration of Sulfide",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9738436/",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY (Materials, MDPI, open access via PMC)"
    },
    "jtcopper-c71500": {
      "title": "JTCopper, C71500 copper product page",
      "url": "https://en.jtcopper.com/c71500-copper.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier product page, cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "goodfellow-cu70ni30": {
      "title": "Goodfellow, Copper/Nickel Cu70/Ni30 foil, material information",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/resources/copper-nickel-cu70-ni30-foil-material-information/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page, cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-cupronickel": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Cupronickel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupronickel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia), cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-cu-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-ni-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "nextsds-ni": {
      "title": "NextSDS, Nickel wire safety data sheet, CAS 7440-02-0, hazard classification",
      "url": "https://nextsds.com/sds/en/281331501257788/nickel-wire",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "SDS summary page (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/cupronickel-70-30/"
}