{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "copper-titanium-c1990",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Copper titanium C1990",
  "abbreviation": "Cu-3Ti",
  "role": "high-strength spring alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Copper titanium C1990 is a copper alloy with 3.0 wt% titanium, sold by JX Advanced Metals as the C1990(HP) alloy and as C1990-GSH(HP) foil. The C1990(HP) product page gives a tensile specification range of 885 to 1080 MPa in the EH temper, and the C1990-GSH(HP) foil page gives a typical tensile strength of 1400 MPa. Electrical conductivity is 12 %IACS for the alloy and 8 %IACS for the foil, at 20 °C.\n",
  "best_for": "High-strength spring parts that must bend: connectors, switches, relays and autofocus camera-module springs, as JX Advanced Metals lists them",
  "weakest_at": "Electrical conduction (8 to 12 %IACS at 20 °C) and stretch in the hardest temper (3.0 % typical elongation in ESH)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu-3Ti: copper with 3.0 wt% titanium, balance copper (JX standard composition)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C19900",
        "note": "printed by a reseller listing; the copper.org UNS page was under maintenance and the manufacturer page does not print a UNS number",
        "source": "urbanmines",
        "where": "Page title and product tag, C19900&C19910 Titanium Copper Alloy"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "C1990",
        "note": "the (HP) high-performance version is printed as C1990(HP)",
        "source": "jx-hptc",
        "where": "Page title, C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "C1990-GSH",
        "note": "the (HP) foil version is printed as C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "source": "jx-gshhp",
        "where": "Table 2 heading, Physical properties of C1990-GSH(HP)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "jx-hptc",
    "where": "Table 1, C1990(HP) chemical composition (%): Cu Remainder, Ti 3.0. The C1990-GSH(HP) foil page prints the same composition in its Table 1."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "optics-and-cameras",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "not named on the product page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 2 Physical properties of C1990(HP), row Electrical conductivity (printed 12)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Specific resistivity, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 144,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "not named on the product page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 2, row Specific resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 54,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/mK",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 2, row Thermal conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 18.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temperature": "20 to 300 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "×10-6/K (20 to 300℃)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the page unit ×10-6/K is the same as ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 2, row Linear expansion coefficient (printed 18.6)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 127,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 2, row Modulus of elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 8.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "basis": "specific gravity is a ratio to water and is printed without a unit"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the short name specific_gravity is not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 2, row Specific gravity (printed 8.70)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, C1990(HP)",
      "value": 0.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the composition and property comparison table of the JX Advanced Metals copper titanium product index",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-index",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Poisson's Ratio, column C1990(HP)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Copper Titanium Alloy, product index with Compare Composition and Properties table, JX Advanced Metals",
        "id": "Alloy names C1990(HP), C1990-GSH(HP), C1995-GSH(HP), NKT322",
        "url": "https://www.jx-nmm.com/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product index (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990(HP), EH temper",
      "value": 860,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "EH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_range": "780-930 MPa"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row EH, column Yield strength (MPa), typical 860 with specification 780-930",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C1990(HP), EH temper",
      "value": 885,
      "value_high": 1080,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "EH",
        "basis": "specification range; the typical value is printed as a dash"
      },
      "method": "Specification range printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row EH, column Tensile strength (MPa), printed 885-1080",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, C1990(HP), EH temper",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "EH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_minimum": "10.0 %"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row EH, column Elongation (%), printed 17.0 with minimum 10.0",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, C1990(HP), EH temper",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Hv",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "EH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_minimum": "280 Hv"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row EH, column Vickers hardness (Hv), printed 300 with minimum 280",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990(HP), SH temper",
      "value": 890,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "SH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_range": "810-960 MPa"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row SH, column Yield strength (MPa), typical 890 with specification 810-960",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C1990(HP), SH temper",
      "value": 910,
      "value_high": 1110,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "SH",
        "basis": "specification range; the typical value is printed as a dash"
      },
      "method": "Specification range printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row SH, column Tensile strength (MPa), printed 910-1110",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, C1990(HP), SH temper",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "SH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_minimum": "8.0 %"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row SH, column Elongation (%), printed 14.0 with minimum 8.0",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, C1990(HP), SH temper",
      "value": 320,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Hv",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "SH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_minimum": "300 Hv"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row SH, column Vickers hardness (Hv), typical 320 with minimum 300",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990(HP), ESH temper",
      "value": 1030,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "ESH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_range": "950-1100 MPa"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row ESH, column Yield strength (MPa), typical 1030 with specification 950-1100",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C1990(HP), ESH temper",
      "value": 1000,
      "value_high": 1180,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "ESH",
        "basis": "specification range; the typical value is printed as a dash"
      },
      "method": "Specification range printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row ESH, column Tensile strength (MPa), printed 1000-1180",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, C1990(HP), ESH temper",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "ESH",
        "basis": "typical value; no specification minimum printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row ESH, column Elongation (%), printed 3.0 with no minimum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, C1990(HP), ESH temper",
      "value": 340,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Hv",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990(HP)",
        "temper": "ESH",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_minimum": "320 Hv"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Table 3, row ESH, column Vickers hardness (Hv), typical 340 with minimum 320",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 2 Physical properties of C1990-GSH(HP), row Electrical conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Specific resistivity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 216,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Specific resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/mK",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Thermal conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 18.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temperature": "20 to 300 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "×10-6/K (20 to 300℃)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the page unit ×10-6/K is the same as ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Linear expansion coefficient (printed 18.6)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 127,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Modulus of elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 8.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "basis": "specific gravity is a ratio to water and is printed without a unit"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the same value is printed in the JX product index",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 2, row Specific gravity (printed 8.70)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 0.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the composition and property comparison table of the JX Advanced Metals copper titanium product index",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-index",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Poisson's Ratio, column C1990-GSH(HP)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Copper Titanium Alloy, product index with Compare Composition and Properties table, JX Advanced Metals",
        "id": "Alloy names C1990(HP), C1990-GSH(HP), C1995-GSH(HP), NKT322",
        "url": "https://www.jx-nmm.com/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product index (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C1990-GSH(HP) foil, GSH(HP) temper",
      "value": 1400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temper": "GSH(HP)",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "specification_range": "1300-1600 MPa"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 3, row C1990-GSH(HP), column Tensile strength (MPa), typical 1400 with specification 1300-1600",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 1390,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temper": "GSH(HP)",
        "basis": "typical value; no specification range printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 3, row C1990-GSH(HP), column Yield Strength (MPa), printed 1390 with a dash for the range",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, C1990-GSH(HP) foil",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Hv",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "temper": "GSH(HP)",
        "basis": "typical value; no specification range printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Table 3, row C1990-GSH(HP), column Vickers hardness (Hv), printed 400 with a dash for the range",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "foil_thickness",
      "label": "Manufacturable foil thickness, C1990-GSH(HP)",
      "value": 30,
      "value_high": 100,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "basis": "manufacturable thickness, typical dimensions (page says typical)"
      },
      "method": "Typical manufacturable dimension printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals); the short name foil_thickness is not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Section Manufacturable thickness (typical dimensions), printed 30µm~100µm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "foil_max_width",
      "label": "Maximum foil width, C1990-GSH(HP)",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "product": "copper titanium foil",
        "basis": "maximum width, typical dimensions (page says typical)"
      },
      "method": "Typical manufacturable dimension printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals); the short name foil_max_width is not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Section Manufacturable thickness (typical dimensions), printed Maximum width 450 mm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
        "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
        "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's ECHA C&L summary for copper (CID 23978) lists the hazard codes H302 (21.7%), H400 (43.1%), H410 (18.8%) and H411 (22.5%), with signal word Warning. The record says the percentage in brackets is the notified classification ratio from companies that give hazard codes, and that copper does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 52.5% (1818 of 3463) of all reports. It is a record for copper metal, not for C1990.",
        "ghs": [
          "H302",
          "H400",
          "H410",
          "H411"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-cu",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 23978)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avantor safety data sheet for copper metal (version 1.0, revised 03-17-2015) classifies the product under GHS as Environmental Hazards, acute and chronic Category 1, with signal word Warning and the statement \"Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.\" Copper is 90 to 100% of that product. The sheet gives no GHS hazard code, only the statement.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "avantor-cu-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazard Classification and Label Elements; Section 3, Composition"
      },
      {
        "text": "ESPI Metals safety data sheet for titanium (revised July 2015) states GHS Classification as \"Not classified as hazardous\" under 29 CFR 1910.1200. The same sheet says that titanium fines or dusts will burn when exposed to an ignition source, and that small chips, fine turnings and dust from processing may be readily ignitable.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "espi-ti-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazards Identification; Section 5, Specific Hazards; Section 10, Possibility of Hazardous Reactions"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS record for titanium (CID 23963) reads Not Classified, reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 606 of 808 companies. Some ECHA notifications give H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating; may catch fire). The record says that information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives and other factors.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H250",
          "H251"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, GHS Hazard Statements and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 23963)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Little stretch in the ESH temper",
        "trigger": "Use or forming of the hardest listed temper, ESH",
        "consequence": "The typical elongation is 3.0 % in ESH, against 17.0 % typical in EH, and no specification minimum is printed for ESH, so the ESH strip has little stretch before breaking.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "jx-hptc",
        "where": "Table 3, rows EH and ESH, column Elongation (%)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Foil thickness variation",
        "trigger": "Foil made without the high thickness precision that JX describes",
        "consequence": "JX says higher thickness precision keeps spring properties stable; its thickness histograms are typical values, not specifications.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "jx-gshhp",
        "where": "Overview paragraph and Figures 1 and 2 captions"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the temper. Yield strength and elongation change strongly from EH to ESH, and the page prints a different typical value for each.",
        "source": "jx-hptc",
        "where": "Table 3 Mechanical properties of C1990(HP)"
      },
      {
        "text": "For foil, specify the thickness range of 30 µm to 100 µm and a width up to 450 mm, which JX gives as typical manufacturable dimensions.",
        "source": "jx-gshhp",
        "where": "Manufacturable thickness (typical dimensions)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Switches, connectors and relays",
      "example": "JX lists high-end switches, connectors, relays and other electronic parts as the intended uses of C1990(HP).",
      "source": "jx-hptc",
      "where": "Overview paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "optics-and-cameras",
      "device": "Spring in autofocus camera modules for mobile phones",
      "example": "JX lists the C1990-GSH(HP) foil as spring material in autofocus camera modules for mobile phones.",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Typical applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Spring contacts in place of beryllium copper",
      "example": "JX says the alloy can be used in place of beryllium copper, with excellent stress relaxation resistance and fatigue properties; no numbers for these are printed.",
      "source": "jx-gshhp",
      "where": "Features list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium (alloying element, 3.0 wt% in the standard composition)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: U.S. imports of titanium scrap were estimated at 32,000 tons in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, nickel, specialty steels and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium in applications that require corrosion resistance."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "World Sponge Metal Production and Sponge and Pigment Capacity table, column Sponge production 2025e in metric tons: China 260,000; Japan 53,000; Russia 25,000; Kazakhstan 16,000; Saudi Arabia 12,000; world total (rounded) 370,000. Shares are not calculated here."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper (the matrix; the balance of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, published 7 November 2025)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: old (post-consumer) scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of U.S. copper supply.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in automobile radiators, cooling and refrigeration tube, electrical equipment and power cable."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-cu-2026",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, column Mine production 2025e in thousand tons: Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; Russia 1,300; world total 23,000. Shares are not calculated here."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, JX Advanced Metals product page (hosted at wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, JX Advanced Metals product page (hosted at wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Copper Titanium Alloy, JX Advanced Metals product index with composition and property comparison",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.jx-nmm.com/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/"
    },
    {
      "title": "C19900&C19910 Titanium Copper Alloy, UrbanMines Alloy product listing (reseller)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.um-alloy.com/C19900C19910Titanium-Copper-Alloy-p6397970.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper (USGS)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Copper (CID 23978), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23978"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963"
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet: Copper metal (Avantor Performance Materials, version 1.0, revision date 03-17-2015)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/copper%20metal%20%20-%20Avantor.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet: Titanium (ESPI Metals, revised July 2015)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/titanium%20metal%20%20-%20ESPI.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No UNS number is printed for C1990 by a manufacturer or standards page that could be read. UNS C19900 comes from a reseller listing only. The copper.org UNS page returned a maintenance notice and could not be read. UNS C19910, which the entry names, is printed on the same reseller listing but was left out because that listing is unreliable.",
    "No EN, EN name, JIS, ASTM, AMS or DIN number was found for C1990 on any page read.",
    "The standard, non-HP C1990 strip is not recorded: the JX index table has no separate row for it, and no datasheet for it was read. All strip values here are for C1990(HP), which is a higher-performance version and not the same product.",
    "The product form of C1990(HP) is not named on its page. The values are recorded without a form, so a reader cannot be sure whether they are for strip, sheet or wire.",
    "Thermal conductivity (54 W/mK and 39 W/mK), modulus and the foil values are printed without a test temperature. Only the expansion coefficient and conductivity values are given at 20 °C, and only the expansion coefficient is given over a range (20 to 300 °C).",
    "Specific gravity is printed without a unit. It is recorded as a dimensionless value and is not converted to density in g/cm3.",
    "The bend-radius table in the JX index (minimum bend radius over thickness, good and bad way) was not recorded: its test conditions are not clear enough to state as values.",
    "No corrosion, tarnish, ageing or stress-corrosion data for C1990 or any copper-titanium alloy were found on the pages read. The corrosion section is empty for that reason.",
    "No safety data sheet or GHS hazard statement for C1990, C1990(HP) or C1990-GSH(HP) itself was found in any source read. The hazards section uses the PubChem records and the supplier safety data sheets for copper metal and titanium metal only. Those describe the elements, not this alloy, and no hazard data for the alloy as made by JX was read.",
    "No outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or cold-welding data for this alloy were found. Space-environment behaviour is not described.",
    "The JX pages state that the alloy is an alternative to beryllium copper and that its properties equal or exceed mill-hardened beryllium copper. No beryllium copper values were read, so no comparison numbers are recorded.",
    "JX makes two strength claims: the C1990-GSH(HP) page says highest strength of any copper alloy, and the JX index says C1995-GSH(HP) has the world's highest tensile strength of any copper alloy. Neither claim was tested here.",
    "The stress relaxation resistance and fatigue properties are described as excellent on the JX pages, but no numbers for them are printed, so none are recorded.",
    "Titanium's status on the U.S. critical minerals list was not confirmed: the USGS titanium summary read in this run does not state it.",
    "Foil thickness and width are recorded under the short names foil_thickness and foil_max_width, which are not in property-canon.yaml. Electrical conductivity in %IACS uses the short name electrical_conductivity for the same reason.",
    "Typical-value and specification-range values are separated in conditions. Where JX prints only a typical value, no specification range is recorded."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Copper titanium C1990 (Cu-3Ti) is a copper alloy with 3.0 wt% titanium that JX Advanced Metals makes as the C1990(HP) alloy and as C1990-GSH(HP) foil. The product page for C1990(HP) gives a tensile specification range of 885 to 1080 MPa in the EH temper, and the foil page gives a typical tensile strength of 1400 MPa. Electrical conductivity is 12 %IACS for the alloy and 8 %IACS for the foil, both at 20 °C. JX lists its uses as connectors, switches, relays and autofocus camera-module springs, and says it can replace beryllium copper in springs. The price of that strength is low conduction and little stretch: the hardest temper, ESH, has a typical elongation of 3.0 %.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Connectors, switches and relays",
        "line": "JX lists high-end switches, connectors, relays and other electronic parts as the intended uses of C1990(HP)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Autofocus camera modules",
        "line": "JX lists the C1990-GSH(HP) foil as the spring material in autofocus camera modules for mobile phones."
      },
      {
        "where": "Replacement for beryllium copper",
        "line": "JX says the alloy can be used in place of beryllium copper, and that its properties equal or exceed those of mill-hardened beryllium copper."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "Electrical conductivity at 20 °C is 12 %IACS for C1990(HP) and 8 %IACS for C1990-GSH(HP). Specific resistivity is 144 nΩ·m for the alloy and 216 nΩ·m for the foil.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "12 %IACS (alloy) and 8 %IACS (foil)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 54 W/mK for C1990(HP) and 39 W/mK for C1990-GSH(HP). Neither page prints a test temperature.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "54 W/mK (alloy) and 39 W/mK (foil)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength in the EH temper",
        "line": "In the EH temper, C1990(HP) has a tensile specification range of 885 to 1080 MPa and a typical yield strength of 860 MPa. Yield strength is the stress at which the metal starts to deform permanently.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "885 to 1080 MPa tensile specification range"
      },
      {
        "label": "Foil strength",
        "line": "The C1990-GSH(HP) foil has a typical tensile strength of 1400 MPa, with a specification range of 1300 to 1600 MPa, and a typical yield strength of 1390 MPa.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1400 MPa typical tensile strength"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The modulus of elasticity, which measures how strongly the metal resists stretching, is 127 GPa for both products.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "127 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Expansion",
        "line": "The linear expansion coefficient is 18.6 ppm/K between 20 and 300 °C for both products.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "18.6 ppm/K"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "JX states that C1990(HP) equals or exceeds mill-hardened beryllium copper, but no beryllium copper values were read, so no comparison number is given. Within this profile the alloy conducts better than the foil (12 %IACS against 8 %IACS, and 54 W/mK against 39 W/mK), while the foil is stronger (1400 MPa typical tensile strength, against an 885 to 1080 MPa specification range for the EH temper of the alloy). These are two products of one composition, so read the rows as a comparison between the two forms, not as a ranking of materials.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Electrical conductivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper. Yield strength and elongation change strongly from EH to ESH, as Table 3 of the JX page shows.",
      "For foil, specify a thickness of 30 µm to 100 µm and a width up to 450 mm, which JX gives as typical manufacturable dimensions.",
      "Do not use the specification ranges as typical values. JX prints a dash where a typical value is not given."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High-strength springs in connectors: 885 to 1080 MPa tensile specification range in the EH temper of C1990(HP), per JX.",
      "Thin foil springs: 1400 MPa typical tensile strength for 30 µm to 100 µm foil, per JX.",
      "Parts that bend in service: JX describes excellent bend formability for the alloy and excellent fatigue properties for the foil."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Electrical conduction is modest: 12 %IACS for the alloy and 8 %IACS for the foil.",
      "Stretch in the hardest temper is low: 3.0 % typical elongation in ESH, with no specification minimum printed.",
      "JX makes two strength claims for different foils, and neither was tested here. No third-party test was read.",
      "No corrosion or space data for this alloy were found. Hazard data exists only for its metals, copper and titanium, and not for C1990 itself, so the alloy's own hazards are unknown rather than absent."
    ],
    "verdict": "Copper titanium C1990 is a high-strength copper alloy with 3.0 wt% titanium, sold by JX Advanced Metals as C1990(HP) and C1990-GSH(HP) foil. It reaches 885 to 1080 MPa in the EH temper and a typical 1400 MPa in foil, but it conducts only 8 to 12 %IACS and stretches little in its hardest temper. The pages read give no corrosion or space-environment data for this grade, and no hazard data for the alloy itself; the copper and titanium metal records give hazards for the elements only.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "C1990 is a copper alloy in which titanium is the only named alloying element. Copper is the balance, and titanium is 3.0 wt% in the standard composition (JX Table 1). JX says all production steps for its foil run from metal melting to product-width slitting at its Kurami Works.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy. The composition table gives copper as the remainder.",
          "share_note": "balance (remainder), per the JX composition table",
          "source": "jx-hptc",
          "where": "Table 1, Cu row (Remainder)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "The main additive element. JX describes titanium as the additive that gives the copper its high strength and springiness.",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "source": "jx-hptc",
          "where": "Table 1, Ti row (3.0); the JX index overview calls titanium the main additive element"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No safety data sheet for C1990 itself was found. The hazards section records the PubChem and supplier data for copper metal and titanium metal, which describe the elements and not this alloy.",
        "points": [],
        "gap": "The JX product pages give no health or safety information.",
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Element data only, not the alloy"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The pages name one measured limit that matters for failure: low stretch in the hardest temper.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hardest temper",
            "line": "The ESH temper has a typical elongation of 3.0 % and no specification minimum, against a typical 17.0 % in EH."
          },
          {
            "label": "Foil thickness",
            "line": "Foil is made at 30 µm to 100 µm, and JX says its higher thickness precision keeps the spring properties stable."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Little stretch in hardest temper"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Pick the temper",
            "line": "EH, SH and ESH give different strength and stretch, so the order must name the temper."
          },
          {
            "label": "Foil width",
            "line": "Foil is made up to 450 mm wide, per JX's typical dimensions."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-02",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 31,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the JX Advanced Metals pages and the JX index (HTML text), and from the USGS summaries (PDF text). Unreachable: the copper.org UNS page (maintenance notice) and the matweb record (access blocked). Caveats: the C1990(HP) product form is not named; thermal conductivity and modulus are printed without a test temperature; the UNS C19900 designation comes from a reseller listing; supply shares are not calculated. Hazards were read on 2026-11-02 from the PubChem GHS records for copper (CID 23978) and titanium (CID 23963) and from the copper and titanium metal safety data sheets; these describe the elements, not C1990."
  },
  "sources": {
    "jx-hptc": {
      "title": "C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
      "id": "Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed",
      "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "jx-gshhp": {
      "title": "C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)",
      "id": "Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)",
      "url": "https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "jx-index": {
      "title": "Copper Titanium Alloy, product index with Compare Composition and Properties table, JX Advanced Metals",
      "id": "Alloy names C1990(HP), C1990-GSH(HP), C1995-GSH(HP), NKT322",
      "url": "https://www.jx-nmm.com/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer product index (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "urbanmines": {
      "title": "C19900&C19910 Titanium Copper Alloy, UrbanMines Alloy product listing (reseller)",
      "id": "UNS C19900 and C19910 as printed in the listing title",
      "url": "https://www.um-alloy.com/C19900C19910Titanium-Copper-Alloy-p6397970.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Reseller web page (cited, not reproduced); description text is unreliable and is not used for values"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide, U.S. Geological Survey",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-cu-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper, U.S. Geological Survey",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-cu": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Copper (CID 23978), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary",
      "id": "CID 23978; CAS 7440-50-8",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23978",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Public database record (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary",
      "id": "CID 23963; CAS 7440-32-6",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Public database record (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "avantor-cu-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet: Copper metal, Avantor Performance Materials, version 1.0, revision date 03-17-2015 (hosted by Purdue University)",
      "id": "Product No. 4649, 1736, 1732, 1720, 24600; CAS 7440-50-8",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/copper%20metal%20%20-%20Avantor.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "espi-ti-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet: Titanium, ESPI Metals, revised July 2015 (hosted by Purdue University)",
      "id": "CAS 7440-32-6; EC 231-142-3",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/titanium%20metal%20%20-%20ESPI.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/copper-titanium-c1990/"
}