{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "copper-silver",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Silver-bearing copper (CuAg0,10 OF)",
  "abbreviation": "Cu-Ag",
  "role": "electrical conductor",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "Silver-bearing copper is oxygen-free copper with about 0.08 to 0.12 % silver, sold as CuAg0,10(OF) and listed in ASTM B152 as C10700. KGHM's rod datasheet gives a minimum electrical conductivity of 58.0 MS/m (100.0 % IACS) and a tensile strength of 180 ± 10 N/mm2 for rod in its as-cast state. The silver does not change conductivity much but slows softening: CERN chose C10700 for LHC vacuum chambers that are heated to 200 to 300 °C each time their getter coatings are activated, and set a hardness limit of 90 HRF so that strength survives the repeated thermal cycles.\n",
  "best_for": "Conductors that must stay conductive and resist softening after repeated heating, such as commutators and generator rotor bars",
  "weakest_at": "Strength as-cast (180 N/mm2 rod); density, melting point and thermal conductivity for this grade could not be read from a fetched source",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu with 0.08 to 0.12 wt% Ag (CuAg0,10), oxygen 5 ppm or less in KGHM rod; Cu plus Ag at least 99.95 % in the CERN specification for C10700",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C10700",
        "source": "astm-b152",
        "where": "Scope table, row C10400, C10500, C10700 with 'OFS' and 'Oxygen-free, silver bearing'"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CuAg0,10",
        "note": "OF",
        "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
        "where": "Product row, first CuAg0,10(OF) entries"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "CW019A",
        "source": "luvata-brochure",
        "where": "Alloys table, row CuAg0.10(OF), EN column"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "HK015",
        "note": "Luvata alloy name for CuAg0.10(OF)",
        "source": "luvata-brochure",
        "where": "Alloys table, row CuAg0.10(OF), Luvata Alloy column"
      }
    ],
    "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
    "where": "Product row (CuAg0,10(OF)-8 to -25) and Ag content row (CuAg0,10 800-1200 ppm); composition of C10700 from the CERN review, section 4.2"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "thermal-cycling"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, CuAg0,10(OF) rod",
      "value": 58,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MS/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "58.0 MS/m (100.0% IACS)",
        "basis": "minimum printed in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet for oxygen-free silver-bearing rod",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Physical properties section, row 'Conductivity at 20°C: min. 58.0 MS/m (100.0% IACS)'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
        "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, annealed oxygen-free silver-bearing copper",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "basis": "CERN gives this figure for annealed oxygen-free silver coppers in general, not for a named datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Value stated in a CERN accelerator review for the annealed state",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, first paragraph, sentence 'Annealed oxygen-free silver coppers have an electric conductivity of 100% IACS at 20°C'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, CuAg0,10(OF) rod",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)",
        "product": "rod, 8 to 25 mm diameter",
        "gauge_length": "200 mm",
        "temper": "rod in the structurally cast state as produced",
        "tolerance": "± 10 N/mm2 as printed"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in a manufacturer datasheet with a ± 10 N/mm2 tolerance",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Physical properties section, row 'Tensile strength (200 mm): 180 ± 10 N/mm2'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
        "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, CuAg0,10(OF) rod (2025 sheet)",
      "value": 37,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)",
        "gauge_length": "200 mm"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Physical properties section, row 'Elongation (200 mm): min. 37%'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
        "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, CuAg0,10(OF) rod (earlier sheet)",
      "value": 38,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)",
        "gauge_length": "200 mm",
        "tolerance": "± 2 % as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in an earlier revision of the same manufacturer rod datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The 2025 sheet gives a minimum of 37 % for the same rod at 200 mm. The two revisions differ by one point, so the lower figure is the safer design value.",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2016",
      "where": "Physical properties section, row 'Elongation (200 mm): ≥ 38 ± 2%'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (earlier revision, EN, with hydrogen embrittlement row)",
        "url": "https://KGHM.COM/sites/default/files/kghm_drut_z_miedzi_ze_srebrem_en_2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hydrogen_embrittlement_bends",
      "label": "Two-sided bend test without breaks, CuAg0,10(OF)-8 rod",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "bends",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0.10(OF)-8",
        "diameter": "8 mm",
        "test": "two-sided bending, no breaks required"
      },
      "method": "Minimum bend count printed in a manufacturer datasheet as a hydrogen embrittlement check",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2016",
      "where": "Physical properties section, row 'Hydrogen embrittlement' (minimum 10 bends)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (earlier revision, EN, with hydrogen embrittlement row)",
        "url": "https://KGHM.COM/sites/default/files/kghm_drut_z_miedzi_ze_srebrem_en_2.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "silver_content",
      "label": "Silver content, CuAg0,10 rod (range)",
      "value": 800,
      "value_high": 1200,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "ppm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)",
        "basis": "silver content printed for the 0.10 grade"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Ag content row, 'CuAg0,10 (800–1200 ppm)'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
        "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "silver_content",
      "label": "Minimum silver content, alloy C10700 (CERN specification)",
      "value": 0.085,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "C10700",
        "composition": "Cu plus Ag 99.95 % minimum, Ag 0.085 % minimum, oxygen 0.0010 % maximum, as specified for LHC vacuum chambers"
      },
      "method": "Specification quoted in a CERN review, not a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, Copper-silver and copper-zirconium alloys, paragraph on the LHC vacuum chambers",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "copper_plus_silver_content",
      "label": "Copper plus silver, minimum (C10700 specification)",
      "value": 99.95,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "C10700",
        "basis": "copper figure includes silver"
      },
      "method": "Specification quoted in a CERN review",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, same paragraph, 'alloy C10700 (99.95% min Cu+Ag, 0.085% min Ag, Oxygen max: 0.0010%)'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxygen_content",
      "label": "Oxygen, maximum (C10700 specification)",
      "value": 0.001,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "C10700"
      },
      "method": "Specification quoted in a CERN review",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, same paragraph, 'Oxygen max: 0.0010%'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxygen_content",
      "label": "Oxygen, maximum, CuAg0,10(OF) rod",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ppm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Impurities row, 'Maks. 25 ppm, O2 < 5 ppm'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
        "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "total_impurities_max",
      "label": "Total impurities, maximum, CuAg0,10(OF) rod",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ppm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CuAg0,10(OF)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Impurities row, 'Maks. 25 ppm'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
        "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "rockwell_hardness_f",
      "label": "Maximum initial hardness, hard-drawn C10700 for LHC vacuum chambers",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRF",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "C10700",
        "temper": "hard drawn",
        "use": "vacuum chambers repeatedly activated at 200 to 300 °C"
      },
      "method": "Design limit quoted in a CERN review, not a measured value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, sentence 'the maximum allowed initial hardness was limited to 90 HRF'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "exposure_temperature",
      "label": "NEG activation temperature range on C10700 vacuum chambers",
      "value": 200,
      "value_high": 300,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "context": "activation of TiZrV non-evaporable getter coatings on the LHC vacuum chambers"
      },
      "method": "Range quoted in a CERN review",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, sentence 'compatible with an activation in a temperature range between 200°C and 300°C'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "resistivity_increase_per_percent_alloy",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity increase per 1 % silver addition",
      "value": 3.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ·m per 1 %",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloying_element": "Ag",
        "basis": "CERN compares it with zirconium, which adds 80 nΩ·m per 1 % addition"
      },
      "method": "Value stated in a CERN accelerator review, in one sentence comparing silver with zirconium",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, sentence 'The resistivity increase of Zr per 1% addition is 80 nΩ·m, much higher than Ag (3.6 nΩ·m)'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Rural outdoor air (copper, not silver-bearing)",
      "headline": "Copper in rural air forms Cu2O first, then CuOHCl and CuS. The source tested T1 copper, not C10700.",
      "effect": "Liang et al. exposed T1 copper (Cu above 99.95 %) at a Guangdong rural substation. Cu2O dominated at six months; after 12 months the products were mainly CuOHCl and CuS, and local pitting was seen. Silver-bearing copper was not part of this test.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen": "T1 copper, Cu above 99.95 mass %",
        "site": "Guangdong Qingyuan 110 kV substation, rural atmosphere",
        "exposure": "up to 12 months",
        "analysis": "XRD, SEM, EDS, EIS"
      },
      "source": "liang2015",
      "where": "Abstract; Results and Discussion, XRD and EDS analysis"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Brazing or welding in a moist or hydrogen-containing atmosphere",
      "headline": "Oxygen-bearing copper becomes brittle when hydrogen diffuses in. The oxygen-free silver grade is stated to resist this.",
      "effect": "Luvata says commercial coppers with 200 to 600 ppm oxygen become brittle by hydrogen embrittlement, while its oxygen-free silver-bearing grade, with 5 ppm oxygen or less, is immune and can be joined by all brazing and welding methods. KGHM's rod passes a two-sided bend test with a minimum of 10 bends.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statements and a bend-test requirement; no exposure test in this run"
      },
      "source": "luvata-brochure",
      "where": "Consistency and Immunity to hydrogen embrittlement columns"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's ECHA C&L summary for copper (3,463 company reports): 52.5 % (1818 of 3463) do not meet GHS criteria. Reports that give codes include H302 harmful if swallowed (21.7 %), H400 very toxic to aquatic life, H410 and H411. The record says classification depends on form and impurities.",
        "ghs": [
          "H302",
          "H400",
          "H410",
          "H411"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-cu",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, ECHA C&L notifications summary (reference 35), plus reference 80 and 46 entries"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's ECHA C&L summary for silver (2,154 company reports): 28.9 % (623 of 2154) do not meet GHS criteria. H400 is given in 70.4 % of reports that list codes, with signal word Warning.",
        "ghs": [
          "H400"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ag",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, ECHA C&L notifications summary (reference 36)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Embrittlement in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere",
        "trigger": "Brazing, welding or annealing an oxygen-bearing copper in a moist or reducing hydrogen atmosphere",
        "consequence": "Luvata says steam formed from the copper's oxygen pores the metal, so ordinary copper with 200 to 600 ppm oxygen becomes brittle. The oxygen-free silver grade is stated to be immune, so this risk is mainly a risk for other coppers.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "luvata-brochure",
        "where": "Immunity to hydrogen embrittlement column"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Softening after repeated heating",
        "trigger": "Repeated activation of getter coatings at 200 to 300 °C",
        "consequence": "Silver raises the temperature at which cold-worked copper softens, and CERN limited the initial hardness to 90 HRF so that the chamber keeps strength through the thermal cycles. The review gives no measured softening loss for C10700.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
        "where": "Section 4.2, copper-silver alloys paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Tarnish and oxide films on exposed copper",
        "trigger": "Exposure to humid or polluted outdoor air",
        "consequence": "Cu2O, CuOHCl and CuS form on copper. The Liang et al. test was on T1 copper, not silver-bearing copper, so the film growth on C10700 is not measured here.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "liang2015",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "KGHM supplies the rod in coils of 2.5 to 4 t, wrapped in stretch foil, with a synthetic wax coating against oxidation in transport and storage (wax optional on request).",
        "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
        "where": "Packing row and bullet list"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep the oxygen content low. The KGHM sheet gives O2 below 5 ppm, and the CERN specification for C10700 gives 0.0010 % oxygen as a maximum.",
        "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
        "where": "Impurities row"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Commutators, generator rotor bars and welding components",
      "example": "Luvata says its silver-bearing oxygen-free copper (Ag) is perfectly suited to commutators, generator rotor bars and welding components, and lists rotor bars and stator windings for power generators and coils for electrical magnets among its applications. The brochure does not give the silver content for that grade.",
      "source": "luvata-brochure",
      "where": "Consistency column (silver bearing OF-OK paragraph) and Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Wire rod drawn into electrical conductors",
      "example": "KGHM supplies CuAg0,10(OF) rod in 8 to 25 mm diameters, in coils of 2.5 to 4 t, with conductivity at least 58.0 MS/m (100.0 % IACS).",
      "source": "kghm-rod-2025",
      "where": "Product, Dimensions and Packing rows; Physical properties"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Vacuum chambers of the LHC long straight sections (CERN accelerator, not in space)",
      "example": "CERN selected C10700 for the LHC chambers because the TiZrV getter coatings are activated repeatedly at 200 to 300 °C. A hard-drawn temper with a maximum initial hardness of 90 HRF was chosen to keep strength after the thermal cycles.",
      "source": "cern-sgobba-2020",
      "where": "Section 4.2, copper-silver alloys paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Silver (the alloying element)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 24.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 13.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 13.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "share_percent": 5.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 5.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (silver added, Federal Register 90 FR 50494)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 1,000 tons of silver was recovered from new and old scrap in 2025, about 11 % of apparent U.S. consumption; 2025 electrical and electronics took 25 % of domestic silver use.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-silver",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total rounded 26,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 6,300; 3,600; 3,400; 1,500; 1,400); Domestic Production and Use; Recycling; Events, Trends, and Issues"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper (the matrix, at least 99.95 % with silver included)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: old scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and scrap contributed about 30 % of U.S. copper supply.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total rounded 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from 5,300; 3,200; 2,700); Recycling; Events, Trends, and Issues"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ASTM B152 standard scope record (store.astm.org), C10400, C10500, C10700 listed as OFS",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://store.astm.org/b0152_b0152m-19.html",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz, Oxygen-free silver-bearing copper rod datasheet (Cedynia plant, 2025, EN)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz, Oxygen-free silver-bearing copper rod datasheet (earlier revision, EN)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://KGHM.COM/sites/default/files/kghm_drut_z_miedzi_ze_srebrem_en_2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Sgobba, Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties (CERN Accelerator School 2017), arXiv:2006.02212",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Luvata, Oxygen-Free Copper brochure (OF-OK, OFE-OK), October 2023",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://luvata.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Luvata-Oxygen-Free-Brochure_web_A4_25_10_2023.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Silver",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silver.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for copper (CID 23978), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23978/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for silver (CID 23954), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23954/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Liang et al., Study of T1 Copper Corrosion Behavior in Qingyuan Rural Atmosphere (MMECEB 2015)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/25847184.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Density, melting point and thermal conductivity of C10700 were not found in a fetched source. The Aurubis CuAg0,10(OF) datasheet returns HTTP 406 at both aurubis.fi and aurubis.com (after a redirect). The copper.org C10700 alloy page is a Cloudflare maintenance page, and the Ulbrich, makeitfrom and totalmateria pages were blocked or paywalled. Search results gave density and thermal conductivity only for the sister grades C10400 and C10500 (9.0 g/cm3, 390 W/m-K); those are not C10700 and are not recorded.",
    "The UNS C10700 composition table (ASTM B152 Table 1) was not read; only the ASTM scope row and the CERN specification were opened. CW019A is taken from the Luvata alloys table (row CuAg0.10(OF)), and the KGHM product name CuAg0,10(OF) is also recorded.",
    "The Ag softening temperatures and hardness values in the 2024 Journal of Materials Research and Technology paper could not be read (DOAJ returned HTTP 403), so softening is described from the CERN review without numbers.",
    "No atomic-oxygen, outgassing (NASA total mass loss), cold-welding or radiation data for silver-bearing copper were found. No flight result exists in this profile.",
    "Electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance, and cryogenic (RRR) values for C10700 were not found.",
    "The Luvata alloys table maps HK015 (CuAg0.10(OF)) to C10700 OFS, but the brochure gives no silver content range, so its applications are used as examples of the silver-bearing class only.",
    "Atmospheric corrosion of silver-bearing copper was not measured; Liang et al. tested T1 copper, so the corrosion entries describe copper as a class.",
    "Custom benchmark names used because they are not in spores/property-canon.yaml: silver_content, copper_plus_silver_content, oxygen_content, total_impurities_max, hydrogen_embrittlement_bends, rockwell_hardness_f, exposure_temperature, resistivity_increase_per_percent_alloy.",
    "No images (media) for this profile were sourced in this run."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Silver-bearing copper is oxygen-free copper with a small addition of silver, typically 0.08 to 0.12 %. The KGHM datasheet prints a minimum electrical conductivity of 58.0 MS/m (100.0 % IACS) and a tensile strength of 180 ± 10 N/mm2 for its rod. ASTM B152 lists the grade as C10700 in the oxygen-free, silver-bearing group. The silver is there for a specific reason: it stops copper softening after heating. CERN chose C10700 for the vacuum chambers of the LHC, whose getter coatings are heated to 200 to 300 °C each time they are activated.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Commutators and generator rotor bars",
        "line": "Luvata says its silver-bearing oxygen-free copper is perfectly suited to commutators, generator rotor bars and welding components, and lists rotor bars and stator windings for power generators among its applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Wire rod for electrical conductors",
        "line": "KGHM supplies CuAg0,10(OF) rod in diameters from 8 to 25 mm, in coils of 2.5 to 4 t, with conductivity of at least 58.0 MS/m."
      },
      {
        "where": "Accelerator vacuum chambers",
        "line": "CERN selected C10700 for the LHC vacuum chambers, with a hard-drawn temper and a maximum initial hardness of 90 HRF, so that the chambers keep their strength through repeated activation of the getter coatings."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "The KGHM rod has a minimum conductivity of 58.0 MS/m at 20 °C, the reference value of 100 % IACS.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "58.0 MS/m (100.0 % IACS)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Resist softening",
        "line": "CERN states that silver raises the annealing temperature of cold-worked copper, and the LHC chambers are designed around repeated activation between 200 and 300 °C.",
        "benchmark": "exposure_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "200 to 300 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength in the rod",
        "line": "The tensile strength of the rod is 180 ± 10 N/mm2 at 200 mm gauge length, and the elongation is at least 37 %.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "180 N/mm2"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Silver-bearing copper is a conductor that trades a little purity for softening resistance. CERN describes silver as increasing the resistance to softening without a large loss of room-temperature conductivity, and zirconium as stronger at raising the annealing temperature but costlier in conductivity. The density, melting point and thermal conductivity of this grade are missing from this profile.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Electrical conductivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elongation",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper and the product form, because the rod datasheet strength is for the as-cast rod and the CERN limit is for a hard-drawn temper.",
      "Keep oxygen content low, since the grade is chosen for immunity to hydrogen embrittlement.",
      "Keep the rod wrapped and dry, as KGHM supplies it with a wax coating."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Conducting current with a minimum of 58.0 MS/m (100.0 % IACS) in the KGHM rod.",
      "Keeping conductivity and softening resistance after repeated heating, as in the LHC vacuum chambers."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Density, melting point and thermal conductivity for C10700 could not be read from a fetched source.",
      "The rod datasheet gives only 180 N/mm2 tensile strength, and that is the as-cast state.",
      "The corrosion results are for plain T1 copper, not silver-bearing copper."
    ],
    "verdict": "Silver-bearing copper is an oxygen-free conductor with 58.0 MS/m minimum conductivity and a silver addition that slows softening under repeated heating. It is chosen for electrical parts and for the LHC vacuum chambers. This profile still lacks density, melting point, thermal conductivity and any flight or space result.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "CuAg0,10(OF) is copper with about 0.08 to 0.12 % silver and oxygen of 5 ppm or less. KGHM melts Cu-CATH-1 cathode copper with refined silver and casts the rod in a structurally cast state (datasheet, Charge material and Ag content rows).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "The matrix. Cathode copper is the charge material for KGHM's rod."
        },
        {
          "name": "Silver",
          "symbol": "Ag",
          "role": "Raises the softening temperature of copper and keeps the metal soft after cold work and heat."
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Kept very low so the copper is immune to hydrogen embrittlement during brazing and welding."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The copper and silver in this alloy are classified inconsistently by notifiers, and the sources read here do not describe health effects of the alloy itself.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Copper and silver as substances",
            "line": "Of 3,463 company reports on copper to the European chemicals agency, 1,818 (52.5 %) said it does not meet the hazard criteria. Of 2,154 reports on silver, 623 (28.9 %) said the same. Where codes were given, the main one for copper was H302 (21.7 %), and for silver H400 (70.4 %)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cells and components",
            "line": "No safety data sheet for silver-bearing copper rod was read. The rod is supplied waxed against oxidation, and the datasheet lists no toxicology."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed notifications"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These routes come from the sources read here. Only one is a result from a real test rig, the rest are specifications or manufacturer statements.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Softening",
            "line": "Silver raises the softening temperature of copper. CERN specified a maximum hardness of 90 HRF so the LHC chambers keep strength through repeated 200 to 300 °C activations."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hydrogen",
            "line": "Oxygen-bearing coppers become brittle in hydrogen. Luvata states that its oxygen-free silver grade is immune, and KGHM's rod passes a two-sided bend test with at least 10 bends."
          },
          {
            "label": "Tarnish",
            "line": "In rural air, copper forms Cu2O, then CuOHCl and CuS after 12 months. That test used T1 copper, not silver-bearing copper."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep it oxygen-free",
            "line": "The KGHM datasheet gives oxygen below 5 ppm and total impurities up to 25 ppm. Silver-bearing rod should be kept wrapped and dry."
          },
          {
            "label": "Mechanical state",
            "line": "The rod datasheet gives 180 N/mm2 tensile strength in the as-cast state. Cold work changes this, and the datasheet does not give values for other tempers."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 15,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: the Aurubis CuAg0,10(OF) datasheet (HTTP 406 at aurubis.com after redirect), the copper.org C10700 alloy page (Cloudflare maintenance page), the Ulbrich C10700 wire page (Cloudflare block) and the DOAJ softening paper (HTTP 403). Caveats: the strength values are as-cast rod, not annealed strip; the silver grade's density, melting point and thermal conductivity are missing; the 0.0010 % oxygen and the 90 HRF limit are CERN specification values, not measurements; the corrosion data are for T1 copper."
  },
  "sources": {
    "astm-b152": {
      "title": "ASTM B152/B152M, Standard Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Rolled Bar (scope record for C10700)",
      "id": "UNS C10700, OFS, oxygen-free silver bearing",
      "url": "https://store.astm.org/b0152_b0152m-19.html",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "ASTM record (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kghm-rod-2025": {
      "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (Cedynia Wire Rod Plant, EN, 2025)",
      "url": "https://kghm.com/sites/default/files/kghm_oxygen_free_silver_bearing_copper_rod_en_2025.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kghm-rod-2016": {
      "title": "KGHM Polska Miedz S.A., Oxygen-Free, Silver-Bearing Copper Rod datasheet (earlier revision, EN, with hydrogen embrittlement row)",
      "url": "https://KGHM.COM/sites/default/files/kghm_drut_z_miedzi_ze_srebrem_en_2.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "cern-sgobba-2020": {
      "title": "S. Sgobba (CERN), Vacuum for Accelerators: Introduction to Materials and Properties, CERN Accelerator School 2017, arXiv:2006.02212",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.02212",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv preprint (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "luvata-brochure": {
      "title": "Luvata, Oxygen-Free Copper brochure (OF-OK, OFE-OK), 2023",
      "url": "https://luvata.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Luvata-Oxygen-Free-Brochure_web_A4_25_10_2023.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-silver": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Silver",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silver.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-cu": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Copper (CID 23978), GHS classification including ECHA C&L Inventory summary",
      "id": "CAS 7440-50-8",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23978/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to ECHA"
    },
    "pubchem-ag": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Silver (CID 23954), GHS classification including ECHA C&L Inventory summary",
      "id": "CAS 7440-22-4",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23954/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to ECHA"
    },
    "liang2015": {
      "title": "Liang, Yang, Kuang, Study of T1 Copper Corrosion Behavior in Qingyuan Rural Atmosphere, MMECEB 2015, Atlantis Press",
      "url": "https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/25847184.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "Atlantis Press open access (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/copper-silver/"
}