{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "copper-nickel-beryllium-c17510",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "copper-alloys",
  "name": "Copper nickel beryllium C17510 (Alloy 3)",
  "abbreviation": "C17510",
  "role": "high-conductivity precipitation-hardening copper alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "copper-alloys",
  "summary": "C17510 is a copper alloy with 0.20 to 0.60 wt% beryllium and 1.4 to 2.2 wt% nickel, the balance copper, sold by Materion as Alloy 3. Materion gives a typical elastic modulus of 138 GPa and a thermal conductivity of 240 W/m K at 25 °C for the heat-treated condition. Its typical yield strength is 550 to 690 MPa in the AT (TF00) temper and 650 to 830 MPa in the HT (TH04) temper.\n",
  "best_for": "Strong, electrically conductive springs and switch contacts that can be heat treated (Materion and Smiths High Performance)",
  "weakest_at": "Beryllium content: the datasheets warn of serious lung disease from airborne beryllium, and no space test data were found",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Cu balance with Be 0.20 to 0.60 wt% and Ni 1.4 to 2.2 wt% (copper-nickel-beryllium precipitation-hardening alloy, UNS C17510)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "C17510",
        "source": "materion-alloy3",
        "where": "Industry Standards and Specifications line, UNS# C17510"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Alloy 3",
        "source": "materion-alloy3",
        "where": "Title, Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip"
      }
    ],
    "source": "materion-alloy3",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, weight percent: Beryllium 0.20 - 0.60, Nickel 1.4 - 2.2, Copper balance; UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "thermal-control"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, C17510 (Materion typical, heat-treated condition)",
      "value": 8.83,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17510 (Alloy 3)",
        "condition": "precipitation age hardened (heat treated), per the datasheet footnote",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer data sheet; footnote says properties are listed for the precipitation age hardened condition",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Physical Properties table, Density column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, C17510 (Fisk Alloy Wire page)",
      "value": 0.317,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lb/in³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17510",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Fisk Alloy Wire product page; unit as printed, not converted",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Same value as the Smiths typical density of .317 lbs./in3 at 68 °F.",
      "source": "fiskalloy-c17510",
      "where": "Physical Properties list, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C17510 Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Wire, Fisk Alloy Wire Inc. product page",
        "id": "Fisk Alloy Wire Inc., page copyright 2026",
        "url": "https://fiskalloy.com/pdf/c17510",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier page, information for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point (solidus), C17510 (Materion typical)",
      "value": 1040,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17510 (Alloy 3)",
        "unit_in_source": "1900 °F",
        "condition": "heat-treated, per the datasheet footnote"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Fisk Alloy Wire prints a different solidus (1,750 °F); both kept, not reconciled.",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Physical Properties table, Melting Point (Solidus) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point (solidus), C17510 (Fisk Alloy Wire page)",
      "value": 1750,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "C17510",
        "basis": "solidus as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Fisk Alloy Wire product page; unit as printed, not converted",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Materion prints a solidus of 1040 °C (1900 °F) for the same grade; the two sources disagree.",
      "source": "fiskalloy-c17510",
      "where": "Physical Properties list, Melting Point (Solidus) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C17510 Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Wire, Fisk Alloy Wire Inc. product page",
        "id": "Fisk Alloy Wire Inc., page copyright 2026",
        "url": "https://fiskalloy.com/pdf/c17510",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier page, information for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C17510 (Materion typical, heat-treated)",
      "value": 45,
      "value_high": 60,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "precipitation age hardened (heat treated)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Electrical conductivity in %IACS is not a canonical benchmark, so the snake-case name electrical_conductivity is used.",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity/resistivity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity, C17510 minimum in the HT (TH04) temper (Smiths)",
      "value": 48,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HT (TH04)",
        "basis": "minimum value"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Snake-case name electrical_conductivity, as above.",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Electrical Conductivity %IACS min., column H HT (TH04)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, C17510 (Materion typical, heat-treated)",
      "value": 2.9,
      "value_high": 3.8,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "μΩ-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "precipitation age hardened (heat treated)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity/resistivity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, C17510 at 25 °C (Materion typical, heat-treated)",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "condition": "precipitation age hardened (heat treated)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smiths prints a different value in other units (see the 145 row); the two are not converted to one unit.",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity (25 °C) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, C17510 at 68 °F (Smiths typical)",
      "value": 145,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU/(ft. x hr. x °F)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "68 °F",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet; unit as printed, not converted",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Materion prints 240 W/m K at 25 °C for the same grade; both kept as printed.",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Physical Properties (typical) list, Thermal Conductivity BTU/(ft. x hr. x °F) @ 68°F row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, C17510 (Materion typical, heat-treated)",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "precipitation age hardened (heat treated)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer data sheet; 20,000 ksi is printed alongside",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Physical Properties table, Elastic Modulus column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% offset yield strength, C17510 AT (TF00) strip (Materion typical)",
      "value": 550,
      "value_high": 690,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip",
        "temper": "AT (TF00)",
        "note": "properties may vary by thickness"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row AT (TF00), column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% offset yield strength, C17510 HT (TH04) strip (Materion typical)",
      "value": 650,
      "value_high": 830,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip",
        "temper": "HT (TH04)",
        "note": "properties may vary by thickness"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smiths gives a higher minimum for the same temper (760 MPa); the sources disagree and both are kept.",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row HT (TH04), column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17510 AT (TF00) strip (Materion typical)",
      "value": 680,
      "value_high": 900,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip",
        "temper": "AT (TF00)",
        "note": "properties may vary by thickness"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row AT (TF00), column Ultimate Tensile Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17510 HT (TH04) strip (Materion typical)",
      "value": 750,
      "value_high": 940,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip",
        "temper": "HT (TH04)",
        "note": "properties may vary by thickness"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row HT (TH04), column Ultimate Tensile Strength MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% offset yield strength, C17510 A (TB00) minimum (Smiths)",
      "value": 170,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "A (TB00)",
        "basis": "minimum value"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row 0.2% Yield Strength MPa min., column A (TB00)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% offset yield strength, C17510 H (TD04) minimum (Smiths)",
      "value": 380,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H (TD04)",
        "basis": "minimum value"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row 0.2% Yield Strength MPa min., column H (TD04)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% offset yield strength, C17510 AT (TF00) minimum (Smiths)",
      "value": 550,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "AT (TF00)",
        "basis": "minimum value"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Agrees with the lower end of the Materion AT (TF00) range.",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row 0.2% Yield Strength MPa min., column AT (TF00)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% offset yield strength, C17510 HT (TH04) minimum (Smiths)",
      "value": 760,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HT (TH04)",
        "basis": "minimum value"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Materion prints 650 to 830 MPa for this temper; the sources disagree and both are kept.",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row 0.2% Yield Strength MPa min., column HT (TH04)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17510 A (TB00) (Smiths)",
      "value": 240,
      "value_high": 380,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "A (TB00)",
        "basis": "range"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength MPa, column A (TB00)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17510 H (TD04) (Smiths)",
      "value": 450,
      "value_high": 550,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "H (TD04)",
        "basis": "range"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength MPa, column H (TD04)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17510 AT (TF00) (Smiths)",
      "value": 690,
      "value_high": 895,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "AT (TF00)",
        "basis": "range"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength MPa, column AT (TF00)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, C17510 HT (TH04) (Smiths)",
      "value": 793,
      "value_high": 960,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "HT (TH04)",
        "basis": "range"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength MPa, column HT (TH04)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
        "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, C17510 AT (TF00) strip (Materion typical)",
      "value": 10,
      "value_high": 25,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip",
        "temper": "AT (TF00)",
        "note": "valid for strip 0.10 mm and thicker"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row AT (TF00), column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, C17510 HT (TH04) strip (Materion typical)",
      "value": 8,
      "value_high": 20,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip",
        "temper": "HT (TH04)",
        "note": "valid for strip 0.10 mm and thicker"
      },
      "method": "Typical range printed in a manufacturer data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, row HT (TH04), column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
        "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Sulphide and chloride solutions (stress corrosion cracking)",
      "headline": "C17510 resists stress corrosion cracking in sulphide and chloride solutions, per Smiths High Performance.",
      "effect": "The datasheet says the alloy resists stress corrosion cracking in both sulphide and chloride solutions and is not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. No test duration, concentration or threshold stress is printed.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test data printed"
      },
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Weldability and corrosion text block on page 1"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Saltwater atmosphere and non-oxidising media",
      "headline": "Smiths lists corrosion resistance to a saltwater atmosphere, most organic solutions and non-oxidising acids.",
      "effect": "The same datasheet lists resistance to most organic solutions, a saltwater atmosphere, non-oxidising acids and diluted alkalis. It gives no corrosion rate or exposure time.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test data printed"
      },
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Weldability and corrosion text block on page 1"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong oxidising acids and ammonium hydroxide",
      "headline": "Smiths advises against use with strong oxidising acids or ammonium hydroxide.",
      "effect": "The datasheet says use with strong, oxidising acids or ammonium hydroxide is not recommended. No attack rate is printed, so the rating is unknown.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer advice; no test data printed"
      },
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Weldability and corrosion text block on page 1"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ambient air (compared with pure copper)",
      "headline": "Smiths describes corrosion-resistant characteristics similar to pure copper.",
      "effect": "This is a comparison statement from the datasheet. No test data or exposure time are printed for ambient air.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "comparison statement from the manufacturer"
      },
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Opening description, page 1"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Materion's data sheet says inhalation of airborne beryllium can cause serious lung diseases in some individuals, and that processing beryllium-containing alloys poses a health risk if safe practices are not followed.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "materion-alloy3",
        "where": "Health and Safety section"
      },
      {
        "text": "OSHA says workers who become sensitised and then inhale airborne beryllium are at risk of chronic beryllium disease, and that exposed workers may also develop acute beryllium disease and lung cancer.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "osha-beryllium",
        "where": "Health effects section of the OSHA beryllium page"
      },
      {
        "text": "NIOSH gives an IDLH of 4 mg Be/m3 for beryllium compounds (as Be), based on 2,000 times the OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Be/m3.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "niosh-idlh-beryllium",
        "where": "IDLH value and IDLH basis text, page Beryllium compounds (as Be), CAS 7440-41-7"
      },
      {
        "text": "CAMEO Chemicals (NOAA) says that when inhaled, beryllium and its compounds cause serious and irreversible damage to lungs, and that they are toxic by inhalation and by ingestion.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "cameo-beryllium-compound",
        "where": "Health hazard and water solubility text, page BERYLLIUM COMPOUND, N.O.S., UN/NA 1566"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Under-strength part from a soft temper",
        "trigger": "Specifying the A (TB00) or H (TD04) temper where high strength is needed",
        "consequence": "Smiths lists a minimum 0.2% yield strength of 170 MPa for A (TB00) and 380 MPa for H (TD04), against 550 MPa for AT (TF00) and 760 MPa for HT (TH04).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "smiths-c17510",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Attack by strong oxidising acids or ammonium hydroxide",
        "trigger": "Service in strong oxidising acids or in ammonium hydroxide",
        "consequence": "Smiths advises against this use. No attack rate or failure data are printed.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "smiths-c17510",
        "where": "Weldability and corrosion text block on page 1"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Smiths says weldability is only fair, though the alloy is highly weldable to copper.",
        "affects": "Joining by welding",
        "source": "smiths-c17510",
        "where": "Weldability text block on page 1"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Read and follow the Materion safety data sheet before working with the material, as the datasheet directs.",
        "source": "materion-alloy3",
        "where": "Health and Safety section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Smiths says the alloy is non-magnetic, is fully heat-treated and needs no further treatment.",
        "source": "smiths-c17510",
        "where": "Page 1 description"
      },
      {
        "text": "Smiths says use with strong, oxidising acids or ammonium hydroxide is not recommended.",
        "source": "smiths-c17510",
        "where": "Weldability and corrosion text block on page 1"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Spring contacts for switches and relays",
      "example": "Materion describes Alloy 3 strip as having high reliability spring contacts for switches and relays, in automotive, appliance and telecom markets.",
      "source": "materion-alloy3",
      "where": "Opening paragraph and Typical applications line"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Automotive and motorsport connectors and sensor terminals",
      "example": "Smiths lists engine compartment connectors, switches, sensor terminals, coaxial connectors and signal connectors among motorsport and automotive uses of the alloy.",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Motorsport and Automotive Uses list, page 1"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Parts in any environment where thermal management is required",
      "example": "Smiths lists 'any environment where a degree of thermal management is required' among its applications for C17510.",
      "source": "smiths-c17510",
      "where": "Motorsport and Automotive Uses list, page 1"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Beryllium (USGS mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 53.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 18.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 17.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "share_percent": 9.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: beryllium recovered from new and old scrap may account for as much as 20% to 25% of total beryllium consumption. The leading U.S. producer recovered approximately 40% of the beryllium content of its alloy scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: copper alloys containing nickel and silicon, tin, titanium or other alloying elements, or phosphor bronze, may be substituted for beryllium-copper alloys, but these substitutions can result in substantially reduced performance."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e, metric tons of beryllium content (United States 230, Brazil 80, China 77, Nigeria 40; world total 430, rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom from these printed values. Import sources 2021 to 2024: Kazakhstan 31%, Latvia 25%, Japan 19%, Germany 5%, other 20%. Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper (USGS mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of the U.S. copper supply.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, Mine production 2025e, thousand metric tons copper content (Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; world total 23,000, rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom as each country value divided by 23,000. Critical minerals text: the 2025 list added copper. Recycling paragraph."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (USGS mine production)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption in the United States.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e, metric tons nickel content (Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; New Caledonia 140,000; world total 3,900,000, rounded). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom as each country value divided by 3,900,000. Recycling paragraph."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Materion Alloy 3 (C17510) strip data sheet, DS-AM-36 (2021)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Fisk Alloy Wire: C17510 Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Wire (product page)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://fiskalloy.com/pdf/c17510",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths High Performance: Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NIOSH IDLH: Beryllium compounds (as Be), CAS 7440-41-7",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440417.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "CAMEO Chemicals: Beryllium compound, n.o.s. (UN 1566), NOAA",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/238"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Composition differs by source: Materion and Fisk Alloy print nickel as 1.4 to 2.2 wt%, while Smiths prints a minimum of 1.80 and a maximum of 2.20. All three are kept as printed and none is merged.",
    "The solidus differs by source: Materion prints 1040 °C (1900 °F) and Fisk Alloy prints 1,750 °F. Both are recorded and neither is converted.",
    "Thermal expansion is not recorded. Materion and Smiths print the coefficient in exponent form (x 10-6), and Fisk Alloy prints '9.8 per °F' with no exponent or unit basis that can be checked.",
    "Fisk Alloy prints the tension modulus as '19 ksi', which conflicts with Materion's 20,000 ksi and is not recorded. Smiths prints 19.2 x 106 psi in exponent form, also not recorded.",
    "Fisk Alloy tensile ranges by temper are printed in ksi only, so they are not recorded; the MPa values from Materion and Smiths are used.",
    "Hardness is not recorded: Materion prints DPH and Smiths prints Rockwell B, and the property file has no canonical hardness benchmark.",
    "Electrical conductivity in %IACS is not a canonical benchmark; it uses the snake-case name electrical_conductivity.",
    "No corrosion rate, salt-spray exposure time or stress-corrosion threshold was found. The corrosion entries rest on manufacturer statements only.",
    "No flight, outgassing, atomic oxygen, vacuum or radiation data for C17510 were found in any page read in this run.",
    "GHS classification for beryllium and for this alloy could not be read: the PubChem beryllium page returned an automated browser check during this run.",
    "Beryllium's status on the U.S. or EU critical-mineral lists was not confirmed from a fetched list, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "No EN material number was printed on the pages read. Materion lists 'EN 1652' and 'EN 1654' under industry standards; these are standards, not grade designations, so they are not recorded as designations.",
    "Beryllium abundance and crustal figures were not looked up.",
    "Nickel is not listed as critical: its status on the USGS 2025 critical-mineral list was not confirmed from a fetched list, so critical_lists is empty. The USGS copper summary names copper as added to the 2025 list.",
    "Hazards: PubChem GHS data could not be read, so the new hazard entries cite the NIOSH IDLH page and the NOAA CAMEO page, and their ghs fields are empty.",
    "The Copper Development Association alloy page (alloys.copper.org/alloy/C17510) returned HTTP 403 and was not read."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "C17510 is a high-conductivity copper-beryllium alloy with 1.4 to 2.2 wt% nickel. Fisk Alloy Wire places it at the lower-strength end of the beryllium copper range, with a substantial increase in electrical conductivity. Smiths says it is stronger than other copper alloys and resists corrosion similar to pure copper. It is used where springs and contacts need strength and electrical conduction together, and where a degree of thermal management is required.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Spring contacts",
        "line": "Materion describes Alloy 3 strip for high reliability spring contacts for switches and relays, in automotive, appliance and telecom markets."
      },
      {
        "where": "Connectors and sensor terminals",
        "line": "Smiths lists engine compartment connectors, switches, sensor terminals and coaxial and signal connectors among its motorsport and automotive uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Long-reach power and signal solutions",
        "line": "Smiths says traditional applications for Alloy 3 include oil and gas, particularly long-reach power and signal solutions."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry current",
        "line": "Typical electrical conductivity is 45 to 60 %IACS in the heat-treated condition (Materion), and the HT (TH04) temper has a minimum of 48 %IACS (Smiths).",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 240 W/m K at 25 °C (Materion typical), and 145 BTU/(ft. x hr. x °F) at 68 °F (Smiths typical).",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus is 138 GPa (Materion typical, heat-treated condition).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "138 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "The HT (TH04) yield strength is 650 to 830 MPa typical (Materion) and at least 760 MPa minimum (Smiths).",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 8.83 g/cm3 (Materion typical), and 0.317 lb/in³ (Fisk Alloy Wire).",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.83 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The solidus is 1040 °C per Materion, while Fisk Alloy Wire prints 1750 °F for the same point.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Within the beryllium copper family, the sources place C17510 at the low-beryllium end. Fisk Alloy Wire says it sits at the lower-strength end of the range but with a substantial increase in electrical conductivity. Smiths says it is stronger than other copper alloys. The datasheets differ on nickel limits and on the solidus, so the table below gives each value with its own source.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper: Smiths gives a minimum yield of 170 MPa in A (TB00) and 550 MPa in AT (TF00).",
      "Read the Materion safety data sheet before processing, because beryllium-containing alloys pose a health risk.",
      "Do not use with strong oxidising acids or ammonium hydroxide, as Smiths advises."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Springs and switch contacts that need strength and conductivity: at least 48 %IACS in the HT (TH04) temper, per Smiths.",
      "Motorsport and automotive connectors and sensor terminals, per Smiths."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Beryllium: inhaling airborne beryllium can cause serious lung disease, per Materion.",
      "Solidus differs between datasheets: 1040 °C from Materion against 1750 °F from Fisk Alloy Wire.",
      "No corrosion rate, space flight, outgassing or radiation data were found for this grade."
    ],
    "verdict": "C17510 suits strong, conductive springs and connectors when beryllium dust is controlled. The datasheets agree on strength and on resistance to most media, but differ on nickel limits and solidus, and no space test data were found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "C17510 is a copper alloy with beryllium and nickel added to copper (Materion, Fisk Alloy Wire). It is a beryllium copper that is heat treated after forming, and Smiths says it is fully heat-treated and needs no further treatment. It is sold as strip, wire, rod, bar, tube and plate.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Beryllium",
          "symbol": "Be",
          "role": "Alloying element named first in the composition table."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Alloying element in the composition limits of all three datasheets."
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "The matrix, listed as the balance in the Materion composition table."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The health warnings on the datasheets are about beryllium, not copper or nickel.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Processing",
            "line": "Materion says processing beryllium-containing alloys poses a health risk if safe practices are not followed, and points to its safety data sheet."
          },
          {
            "label": "Long-term effects",
            "line": "OSHA says exposed workers can develop chronic beryllium disease, acute beryllium disease and lung cancer."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Beryllium dust is the main health concern"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are about temper choice and strong chemicals. No space flight data were found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Soft temper",
            "line": "Smiths lists a minimum yield strength of 170 MPa in the A (TB00) temper, against 550 MPa in the AT (TF00) temper."
          },
          {
            "label": "Strong chemicals",
            "line": "Smiths advises against use with strong oxidising acids or ammonium hydroxide."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Smiths says the alloy is fully heat-treated and needs no further treatment, so the datasheet quotes its properties after ageing."
          },
          {
            "label": "Safety data",
            "line": "Read the Materion safety data sheet before processing the material."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. PubChem could not be read in this run. Caveats: the datasheets disagree on nickel limits, solidus and HT yield strength; corrosion entries are manufacturer statements; properties are typical or minimum values from datasheets, not test results; the electrical conductivity benchmark is a snake-case name."
  },
  "sources": {
    "materion-alloy3": {
      "title": "Alloy 3 (C17510) Strip, Materion data sheet",
      "id": "DS-AM-36 (2021); UNS# C17510 in the Industry Standards line",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/ba59a03ca04211ee8bacd256c1cf15d2",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, reference purposes only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "fiskalloy-c17510": {
      "title": "C17510 Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Wire, Fisk Alloy Wire Inc. product page",
      "id": "Fisk Alloy Wire Inc., page copyright 2026",
      "url": "https://fiskalloy.com/pdf/c17510",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier page, information for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "smiths-c17510": {
      "title": "Beryllium Copper Technical Datasheet C17510 (Alloy 3), Smiths High Performance",
      "id": "SHP/english/datasheets/c17510/12.02.2025",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/beryllium-copper/c17510-beryllium-copper-english.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Beryllium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
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    },
    "osha-beryllium": {
      "title": "OSHA: Beryllium (health effects and exposure information)",
      "id": "osha.gov/beryllium",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/beryllium",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (U.S. government)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
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    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "niosh-idlh-beryllium": {
      "title": "NIOSH IDLH: Beryllium compounds (as Be), CAS 7440-41-7",
      "id": "NIOSH IDLH, CAS 7440-41-7",
      "url": "https://cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440417.html",
      "kind": "handbook",
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    },
    "cameo-beryllium-compound": {
      "title": "CAMEO Chemicals: Beryllium compound, n.o.s. (UN 1566), NOAA",
      "id": "NOAA CAMEO Chemicals, UN/NA 1566",
      "url": "https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/238",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NOAA)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/copper-nickel-beryllium-c17510/"
}